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Futbolcularda Yetkinlik Düzeyi ile Bağıl Yaş Etkileşiminin İncelenmesi: İstanbulspor Örneklemi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 31 - 41, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.29228/ERISS.54

Öz

Bağıl yaş etkisi (BYE), aynı yaş grubunda yer alan ancak doğum ayları farklı olan bireylerin rekabet ortamında dezavantaj yaşamalarına neden olacak bir durum olarak görülmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, İstanbulspor Futbol Kulübü bünyesindeki 14-18 yaş aralığındaki erkek futbolcular arasında BYE’nin algılanan yetkinlik düzeyleri üzerindeki etkilerini; yaş grubu, doğum çeyrekleri ve oyun pozisyonu değişkenleri doğrultusunda incelemektir. İlişkisel tarama modelinde yürütülen araştırmanın örneklemini, İstanbulspor bünyesindeki 14-18 yaş arası 94 erkek (XYaş =15,36) futbolcu oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, Kılıç ve İnce (2017) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanıp güvenirliği test edilen Sporda Yetkinlik Envanteri ile toplanmıştır. Parametrik olmayan analiz yöntemlerine başvurulmuş; algılanan yetkinlik düzeyi ile doğum çeyrekleri, yaş grupları ve oyun pozisyonu gibi kategorik değişkenler arasındaki farkları belirlemek amacıyla Kruskal-Wallis H testi uygulanmıştır. BYE’nin varlığı, sporcuların doğum çeyreklerine göre frekans dağılımları üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz bulgularına göre, tüm sporcular arasında en yüksek değer %34 ile birinci çeyrekte, en düşük değer ise %18,1 ile dördüncü çeyrekte gözlemlenmiştir. Algılanan yetkinlik düzeyleri doğum çeyreklerine göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılık göstermiştir (p = .020). Yılın ikinci ve üçüncü çeyreğinde doğan sporcular, dördüncü çeyrekte doğan sporculara kıyasla kendilerini daha yetkin algılamıştır. Öte yandan, futbolcuların yaş gruplarına göre algılanan yetkinlik düzeylerinde anlamlı bir fark gözlemlenmemiştir (p= .050). Benzer şekilde, oyun pozisyonlarına göre yapılan değerlendirmede de anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmamıştır (p = .218). Bulgular, BYE’nin yalnızca fiziksel gelişim açısından değil, aynı zamanda sporcuların algılarını etkileyen bir değişken olduğunu göstermekte; antrenörlerin bu konuda farkındalık geliştirmesinin önemine işaret etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Barnsley, R. H., Thompson, A. H., & Barnsley, P. E. (1985). Hockey success and birthdate: The relative age effect. Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 51(1), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690210371
  • Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. Handbook of sport psychology, 3(184-202). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011.ch8
  • Côté, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Youth involvement in sport. Sport psychology: A Canadian perspective, 270-298. Toronto: Pearson.
  • Côté, J., & Hancock, D. J. (2016). Evidence-based policies for youth sport programmes. International journal of sport policy and politics, 8(1), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2014.919338
  • Côté, J., & Gilbert, W. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International journal of sports science & coaching, 4(3), 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1260/ 174795409789623892
  • Cumming, S. P., Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Eisenmann, J. C., and Malina, R. M. (2017). Bio-banding in sport: applications to competition, talent identification, and strength and conditioning of youth athletes. Strength Cond. J. 39, 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000281
  • Delorme, N., & Raspaud, M. (2009). Is there an influence of relative age on participation in non-physical sports activities? The example of shooting sports. Journal of sports sciences, 27(10), 1035-1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838. 2008.00781.x
  • Grondin, S,. Deshaies, P., and Nault, L. (1984). Trimestres de naissance et participation au hockey et au volleyball. La Revue Quebecoise de l’Activite Physique, 2, 97-103
  • Hosaini Nia, S. R., Darogheh, N., & BahrolOlom, H. (2015). Relationship between Parental Involvement with Self-Esteem, Perceived Competence and Sport Commitment of Adolescent Martial Arts Athletes. Sport psychology studies, 4(13), 54-39. https://spsyj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_551.html?lang=en
  • Huard Pelletier, V., & Lemoyne, J. (2024). Perceived competence in ice hockey and its associations with relative age, early sport specialization, and players’ position. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1336529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1336529
  • Kara, M., & Demirsoy, I. (2023). 2022 Dünya Kupası’nda bağıl yaş etkisinin incelenmesi. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 12(2), 224-236. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1267530
  • Larouche, R., Laurencelle, L., Grondin, S., & Trudeau, F. (2010). Influence of birth quarter on the rate of physical activities and sports participation. Journal of sports sciences, 28(6), 627-631. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003587392
  • Lemoyne, J., Huard Pelletier, V., Trudeau, F., & Grondin, S. (2021). Relative age effect in Canadian hockey: Prevalence, perceived competence and performance. Frontiers in sports and active living, 3, 622590. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.622590
  • Lovell, R., Towlson, C., Parkin, G., Portas, M., Vaeyens, R., & Cobley, S. (2015). Soccer player characteristics in English lower-league development programmes: The relationships between relative age, maturation, anthropometry and physical fitness. PloS one, 10(9), e0137238. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137238
  • Malina, RM. (2003). Growth and maturity status of young soccer players. In Reilly T. ve Williams AM. (Eds.), Growth and adolescence: Science and Soccer (pp. 289-306, 2nd ed.). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203417553
  • Musch, J., & Grondin, S. (2001). Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: A review of the relative age effect in sport. Developmental review, 21(2), 147-167. doi:10.1006/drev.2000.0516
  • Mülazımoğlu, O., Cihan, H., Erdoğdu, M., & Şirin, E. F. (2013). Türkiye’deki bazı futbol kulüplerinin profesyonel ve alt yapı takımlarında bağıl yaş etkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000244
  • Özen, G. (2019). Sporda bağıl (relatif) yaş etkisi. In: Spor Bilimlerinde Güncel Araştırmalar, Ed: Aykora E., Özen G., İksad yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Pekel, H. A., & Kamiş, O. (2018). 14 Yaş Altı Atletlerde Bağıl Yaş Etkisi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(3), 153-162.
  • Romann, M., & Fuchslocher, J. (2013). Relative age effects in Swiss junior soccer and their relationship with playing position. European journal of sport science, 13(4), 356-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.635699
  • Şahin, L. (2017). Futbol milli takım seçmelerinde bağıl yaş etkisi ve fiziksel performans. Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
  • Thompson, A. H., , R. H., &, J. (2004). The relative age effect and the development of self-esteem. Educational Research, 46(3), 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188042000277368
  • Vincent, J., & Glamser, F. D. (2006). Gender differences in the relative age effect among US Olympic Development Program youth soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 24(4), 405-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500244655
  • Wattie, N., Cobley, S., & Baker, J. (2008). Towards a unified understanding of relative age effects. Journal of sports sciences, 26(13), 1403-1409. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802233034

Analysis of Perceived Competence and the Interaction of the Relative Age Effect in Football Players: The Case of İstanbulspor

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 31 - 41, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.29228/ERISS.54

Öz

Abstract
The Relative Age Effect (RAE) refers to a phenomenon in which individuals in the same age group but born in different months may face disadvantages in competitive environments. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the Relative Age Effect (RAE) on perceived competence levels among male football players aged 14 to 18 within İstanbulspor Football Club, in relation to the variables of age group, birth quarter, and playing position. The study employed a relational screening model and included 94 male football players (M = 15.36). Data were collected using the Sport Competence Inventory, which was adapted into Turkish and validated by Kılıç and İnce (2017). Non-parametric statistical analyses were conducted. The chi-square goodness of fit test was used to assess RAE based on the distribution of birth quarters, while the Kruskal-Wallis H test examined differences in perceived competence across categorical variables. According to the analysis findings, the highest value was observed in the first quarter (34.0%), while the lowest was recorded in the fourth quarter (18.1%). Perceived competence also differed significantly by birth quarter (p = .020); post-hoc comparisons revealed that athletes born in the second and third quarters perceived themselves as more competent than those born in the fourth quarter. No significant differences were observed by age group (p = .050) or playing position (p = .218). These findings suggest that the RAE is not only related to physical development but also influences athletes' perceptions, underlining the importance of coaches developing awareness of this issue.

Kaynakça

  • Barnsley, R. H., Thompson, A. H., & Barnsley, P. E. (1985). Hockey success and birthdate: The relative age effect. Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 51(1), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690210371
  • Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. Handbook of sport psychology, 3(184-202). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011.ch8
  • Côté, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Youth involvement in sport. Sport psychology: A Canadian perspective, 270-298. Toronto: Pearson.
  • Côté, J., & Hancock, D. J. (2016). Evidence-based policies for youth sport programmes. International journal of sport policy and politics, 8(1), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2014.919338
  • Côté, J., & Gilbert, W. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International journal of sports science & coaching, 4(3), 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1260/ 174795409789623892
  • Cumming, S. P., Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Eisenmann, J. C., and Malina, R. M. (2017). Bio-banding in sport: applications to competition, talent identification, and strength and conditioning of youth athletes. Strength Cond. J. 39, 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000281
  • Delorme, N., & Raspaud, M. (2009). Is there an influence of relative age on participation in non-physical sports activities? The example of shooting sports. Journal of sports sciences, 27(10), 1035-1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838. 2008.00781.x
  • Grondin, S,. Deshaies, P., and Nault, L. (1984). Trimestres de naissance et participation au hockey et au volleyball. La Revue Quebecoise de l’Activite Physique, 2, 97-103
  • Hosaini Nia, S. R., Darogheh, N., & BahrolOlom, H. (2015). Relationship between Parental Involvement with Self-Esteem, Perceived Competence and Sport Commitment of Adolescent Martial Arts Athletes. Sport psychology studies, 4(13), 54-39. https://spsyj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_551.html?lang=en
  • Huard Pelletier, V., & Lemoyne, J. (2024). Perceived competence in ice hockey and its associations with relative age, early sport specialization, and players’ position. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1336529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1336529
  • Kara, M., & Demirsoy, I. (2023). 2022 Dünya Kupası’nda bağıl yaş etkisinin incelenmesi. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 12(2), 224-236. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1267530
  • Larouche, R., Laurencelle, L., Grondin, S., & Trudeau, F. (2010). Influence of birth quarter on the rate of physical activities and sports participation. Journal of sports sciences, 28(6), 627-631. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003587392
  • Lemoyne, J., Huard Pelletier, V., Trudeau, F., & Grondin, S. (2021). Relative age effect in Canadian hockey: Prevalence, perceived competence and performance. Frontiers in sports and active living, 3, 622590. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.622590
  • Lovell, R., Towlson, C., Parkin, G., Portas, M., Vaeyens, R., & Cobley, S. (2015). Soccer player characteristics in English lower-league development programmes: The relationships between relative age, maturation, anthropometry and physical fitness. PloS one, 10(9), e0137238. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137238
  • Malina, RM. (2003). Growth and maturity status of young soccer players. In Reilly T. ve Williams AM. (Eds.), Growth and adolescence: Science and Soccer (pp. 289-306, 2nd ed.). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203417553
  • Musch, J., & Grondin, S. (2001). Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: A review of the relative age effect in sport. Developmental review, 21(2), 147-167. doi:10.1006/drev.2000.0516
  • Mülazımoğlu, O., Cihan, H., Erdoğdu, M., & Şirin, E. F. (2013). Türkiye’deki bazı futbol kulüplerinin profesyonel ve alt yapı takımlarında bağıl yaş etkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000244
  • Özen, G. (2019). Sporda bağıl (relatif) yaş etkisi. In: Spor Bilimlerinde Güncel Araştırmalar, Ed: Aykora E., Özen G., İksad yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Pekel, H. A., & Kamiş, O. (2018). 14 Yaş Altı Atletlerde Bağıl Yaş Etkisi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(3), 153-162.
  • Romann, M., & Fuchslocher, J. (2013). Relative age effects in Swiss junior soccer and their relationship with playing position. European journal of sport science, 13(4), 356-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.635699
  • Şahin, L. (2017). Futbol milli takım seçmelerinde bağıl yaş etkisi ve fiziksel performans. Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
  • Thompson, A. H., , R. H., &, J. (2004). The relative age effect and the development of self-esteem. Educational Research, 46(3), 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188042000277368
  • Vincent, J., & Glamser, F. D. (2006). Gender differences in the relative age effect among US Olympic Development Program youth soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 24(4), 405-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500244655
  • Wattie, N., Cobley, S., & Baker, J. (2008). Towards a unified understanding of relative age effects. Journal of sports sciences, 26(13), 1403-1409. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802233034
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm 2025 Haziran
Yazarlar

Elifnur Pınarlı 0000-0002-1623-7374

Veysel Küçük 0000-0001-9260-591X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 18 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Pınarlı, E., & Küçük, V. (2025). Futbolcularda Yetkinlik Düzeyi ile Bağıl Yaş Etkileşiminin İncelenmesi: İstanbulspor Örneklemi. Eurasian Research in Sport Science, 10(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.29228/ERISS.54