Ergenlerde Mutluluk, Öz-Yeterlik, Akran İlişkileri ve Sosyal Onay İhtiyacı Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada liseye devam eden ergenlerde mutluluğun psikososyal göstergeleri arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Öz- yeterlik, akran ilişkileri ve sosyal onay ihtiyacı psikososyal göstergeler olarak ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu 637 lise öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma grubunda yer alan öğrencilerin yaşları 13 ile 19 arasında değişmektedir (X ̅=15,56; Ss=1,19). Analiz sonuçları ergen mutluluğu ile öz-yeterlik, akran ilişkileri ve sosyal onay ihtiyacı arasında, öz-yeterlik ile akran ihtiyacı ve sosyal onay ihtiyacı arasında anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğunu göstermektedir. Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) sonuçlarına göre ergen mutluluğu ve öz- yeterlik arasındaki ilişkide akran ilişkileri ve sosyal onay ihtiyacının kısmi aracı role sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öz-yeterlik, akran ilişkileri ve sosyal onay ihtiyacı, ergen mutluluğunun toplam varyansının %54’ ünü açıklamaktadır. Araştırmada psikososyal göstergeler olarak ele alınan öz-yeterlik akran ilişkileri ve sosyal onay ihtiyacının ergen mutluluğunun anlamlı yordayıcıları olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular alanyazın doğrultusunda tartışılmış ve öneriler sunulmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Akran İlişkisi
• ergenlik
• mutluluk
• öz- yeterlik
• sosyal onay ihtiyacı

Examination of the Associations of Happiness, Self-Efficacy, Peer Relationships and Need for Social Approval Among Adolescents

Öz

In present study, it was aimed to determine the associations among the psychosocial indicators of happiness in adolescents attending high school. Self-efficacy, peer relations, and the need for social approval were considered as psychosocial indicators. The study group of the research consisted of 637 high school students. The ages of the students in the research group ranged from 13 to 19 (M=15.56; SD= 1.19). The results of the analysis showed that there were significant associations among adolescent happiness and self-efficacy, the need for peer relationships and social approval, and between self-efficacy and the need for peer and social approval. According to the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) results, it was determined that peer relations and the need for social approval had a partial mediating role in the association between adolescent happiness and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, peer relationships, and the need for social approval accounted for 54% of the total variance of adolescent happiness. In the current study, it was concluded that self-efficacy, peer relations, and the need for social approval, which were considered as psychosocial indicators, were significant predictors of adolescent happiness. The findings were discussed in line with the literature and suggestions were presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adolescent
• happiness
• need for social approval
• peer relationships
• self-efficacy

Kaynakça

1. Andreou, E., Vlachou, A. ve Didaskalou, E. (2005). The roles of self-efficacy, peer interactions and attitudes in bully-victim incidents. Implications For Intervention Policy-Practices, 26, 545-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034305060789.
2. Arseven, A. (2016). Öz yeterlik: Bir kavram analizi. Electronic Turkish Studies, 11, 63-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.10001.
3. Atik, Z. E., Çoban, A. E., Çok, F., Doğan, T., Karaman, N. G. (2014). Akran ilişkileri ölçeği’ nin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14, 433-446. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.2.1778.
4. Bakalım, O. ve Taşdelen-Karçkay, A. (2016). Friendship quality and psychological well-being: The mediating role of perceived social support. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 8, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2016.04.001.
5. Bandura, A. (1977). Self- efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
6. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-Efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147. https://doi.org/0003-066X/82/3702-Ol2200.75
7. Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175-1184.
8. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 4, 71-81.

9. Bandura, A. (1999). Social ognitive theory of personality. In Pervin, L. ve John O. (Eds.), Handbook of Personality (pp. 154-196). Guilford Press.
10. Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents, 5(1), 307-337.
11. Baytemir, K., Karaşar, B., Öğülmüş, S. (2017). Ebeveyne bağlanma ve sosyal onay ihtiyacının kişilerarası yeterliği yordayıcılığı. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 13(3), 949-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.305546
12. Berndt, T. J. (1992). Friendship and friends' influence in adolescence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(5), 156-159.
13. Bingöl, T. Y. (2018). Ergenlerin öz-yeterlik ve mükemmeliyetçi öz-sunum düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(4), 223-232.
14. Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B. ve Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre-and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the friendship qualities scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471-484.
15. Burnham, K. P. ve Anderson, D. R. (2004). Multimodel inference understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods & Research, 33(2), 261-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124104268644
16. Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M. ve Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for adolescents' well-being: Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 15, 30-43.
17. Cattelino, E., Chirumbolo, A., Baiocco, R., Calandri, E. ve Morelli, M. (2021). School achievement and depressive symptoms in adolescence: The role of self-efficacy and peer relationships at school. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 52, 571-578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01043-z
18. Certel, Z., Bahadır, Z., Saracaloğlu, A. S., Varol, S. R. (2015). Lise öğrencilerinin öz- yeterlikleri ile öznel iyi oluşları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4, 307-318.
19. Cervone, D. ve Peake, P. K. (1986). Anchoring, efficacy, and action: The influence of judgmental heuristics on self-Efficacy judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(3), 492.
20. Chang, C. W., Yuan, R. ve Chen, J. K. (2018). Social support and depression among Chinese adolescents: The mediating roles of self-esteem and self-efficacy. Children and Youth Services Review, 88, 128-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.03.001
21. Chen, G., Gully, S. M. ve Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810141004
22. Cheng, H. ve Furnham, A. (2002). Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 25(3), 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1006/yjado.475
23. Cihangir Çankaya, Z., Meydan, B. (2018). Ergenlik döneminde mutluluk ve umut. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 65, 207-222. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.316977
24. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). If we are so rich, why aren't we happy. American Psychologist, 54(10), 821-827.
25. Cresswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research. Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (4th ed.). Pearson.
26. Datu, J.A.D. ve Valdez, J.P. (2012). Exploring filipino adolescents' conception of happiness. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 3, 21-29. https://doi.org/ 10.5861/ijrsp.2012.251.
27. Datu, J. A. D. ve Yuen, M. (2020). Students’ connectedness is linked to higher gratitude and self-efficacy outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105210.
28. Deci, E.L. ve Ryan, R.M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of happiness studies, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1
29. Demir, N. Ö., Baran, A. G., Ulusoy, D. (2005). Türkiye’de ergenlerin arkadaş-akran grupları ile ilişkileri ve sapmış davranışlar: Ankara örneklemi. Bilig, (32), 83-108.
30. Demirli, C., Değirmenci, E. (2019). Çekirdek veya geniş ailede yetişen bireylerde sosyal onay ihtiyacı ile benliğin farklılaşması arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Academic Platform Journal of Education and Change, 79-95.
31. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
32. Diener, E. Saypta, J. J. ve Suh, E. (1999). Subjective well-being is esential to well being. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 33-37.
33. Fishman, C. G. (1965). Need for approval and the expression of aggression under Varying conditions of frustration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2(6), 809-816.
34. Furrer, C. J., Skinner, E. A. ve Pitzer, J. R. (2014). The influence of teacher and peer relationships on students’ classroom engagement and everyday motivational resilience. National Society for the Study of Education, 113, 101-123.
35. Gilman, R. ve Huebner, E. S. (2006). Characteristics of adolescents who report very high life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 311-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9036-7
36. Grams, W. C. ve Rogers, R. W. (1991). Power and personality: Effects of Machiavellianism, need for approval, and motivation on use of ınfluence tactics. The Journal of General Psychology, 117(1), 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1990.9917774
37. Hartup, W. W. ve Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 355-370.
38. Haybron, D.M. (2000). Two philosophical problems in the study of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 207-225.
39. Hebert, J. R., Ma, Y., Clemow, L., Ockene, I. S., Saperia, G., Stanek, E. J. ve Ockene, J. K. (1997). Gender differences in social desirability and social approval bias in dietary self-report. American Journal of Epidemiology, 146, 1046-1055.
40. Heizomi, H., Allahverdipour, H., Jafarabadi, M. A. ve Safaian, A. (2015). Happiness and its relation to psychological well-being of adolescents. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.037
41. Işık, Ş., Üzbe Atalay, N. (2019). Ergen mutluluk ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 9,673-696. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2019.022
42. Jhang, F.H. (2019). Life satisfaction trajectories of junior high school students in poverty: Exploring the role of self-efficacy and social support. Journal of Adolescence, 75, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.07.011.
43. Karaşar, B., Öğülmüş, S. (2016). Sosyal onay ihtiyacı ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 17(1), 84-104.
44. Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R. ve King, L. A. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303044
45. Kell, H. J. (2009). Approval motivation and situational judgment tests: The role of personality and implicit Ttrait policies [Doctoral dissertation, Rice University].
46. Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
47. Koca, D., Ekşi, H. (2021). Fen fisesi öğrencilerinde öz-yeterlik ve iyi oluş: Duygu düzenlemenin aracı rolü. Cumhuriyet Uluslararası Eğitim Dergisi, 10(3), 1047-1065. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.803179
48. Komarraju, M. ve Nadler, D. (2013). Self-efficacy and academic achievement: Why do implicit beliefs, goals, and effort regulation matter? Learning and Individual Differences, 25, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.005
49. Köse N. (2015). Ergenlerde akran ilişkilerinin mutluluk düzeylerine etkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2,1-6.
50. Landstedt, E., Hammarström, A. ve Winefield, H. (2015). How well do parental and peer relationships in adolescence predict health in adulthood? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 43(5), 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494815576360
51. Larsen, K. S., Martin, H. J., Ettinger, R. H. ve Nelson, J. (1976). Approval seeking, social cost, and aggression: A scale and some dynamics. The Journal of Psychology, 94, 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1976.9921389
52. Leung, C., Leung, J. T., Kwok, S. Y., Hui, A., Lo, H., Tam, H. L. ve Lai, S. (2021). Predictors to happiness in primary students positive relationships or academic achievement. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-021-09928-4
53. Lim, S. A., You, S. ve Ha, D. (2015). Parental emotional support and adolescent happiness: Mediating roles of self-esteem and emotional intelligence. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 10, 631-646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9344-0
54. Ling, W. S. veYaacob, S. N. (2015). Peer relationship satisfaction, self-efficacy, and adolescents' suicidal ideation in Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Management Research, 7(2), 286-294. https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v7i2.6958
55. Llorca, A., Cristina Richaud, M. ve Malonda, E. (2017). Parenting, peer relationships, academic self-efficacy, and academic achievement: Direct and mediating effects. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02120
56. Lobel, T. E. ve Teiber, A. (1994). Effects of self-esteem and need for approval on affective and cognitive reactions: Defensive and true self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(2), 315-321.
57. Lunenburg, F.C. (2011). Self-efficacy in the workplace: Implications for motivation and performance. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 14(1), 1-6.
58. Luszczynska, A., Gutiérrez‐Doña, B. ve Schwarzer, R. (2005). General self‐efficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries. International Journal of Psychology, 40, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590444000041
59. Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K.M. ve Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
60. McCollum, D. L. (2005). What are the social values of college students: A social goals approach. Journal of College and Character, 6(6).
61. Moulton, P., Moulton, M. ve Roach, S. (1998). Eating disorders: A means for seeking approval. Eating Disorders, 6(4), 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640269808249268
62. Muris, P. (2001). A brief questionnaire for measuring self-efficacy in youths. Journal of Psychopathology and behavioral Assessment, 23(3), 145-149.
63. Özden, A. T. (2019). Tüketici yenilikçiliği ve sosyal onay ihtiyacı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(3), 1537-1558. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2019.688
64. Özmatyatlı, D. ve Cirhinlioğlu, F. G. (2019). Relations among need for approval, loneliness and personality traits of adult social media users. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 4, 1101-1109.
65. Park, N. (2004). The role of subjective well-being in positive youth development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 25-39.
66. Pajares, F. (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy, erişim http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html.
67. Raboteg-Saric, Z. ve Sakic, M. (2014). Relations of parenting styles and friendship quality to self-esteem, life satisfaction and happiness in adolescents. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(3), 749-765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-013-9268-0
68. Roi, C. et al. (2020). Sexual orientation, peer relationships and deppressive symptoms Findings from a sociometric design. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101086
69. Rudolph, K. D., Caldwell, M. S. ve Conley, C. S. (2005). Need for approval and children's well‐being. Child Development, 76(2), 309-323.
70. Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
71. Salavera, C., Usán, P. ve Jarie, L. (2017). Emotional intelligence and social skills on self-efficacy in secondary education students. Are there gender differences? Journal of Adolescence, 60, 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.009
72. Salı, G. ve Köksal Akyol, A. (2010). A study on the peer relationships, social support perceptions and perfectionism of working and non-working children. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 968-974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.269
73. Scherbaum, C. A., Cohen-Charash, Y. ve Kern, M. J. (2006). Measuring general self-efficacy: A comparison of three measures using item response theory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(6). https://doi.org/1047-1063. 10.1177/0013164406288171
74. Schunk, D. H. (1991). Self- efficacy and academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26, 207-231.
75. Schwarz, B., Mayer, B., Trommsdorff, G., Ben Arieh, A., Friedlmeier, M., Lubiewska, K. ve Peltzer, K. (2012). Does the importance of parent and peer relationships for adolescents’ life satisfaction vary across culture. Journal of Early Adolescent, 32, 55-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431611419508
76. Seiffge- Krenke I. ve Gelhaar, T. (2008). Does succesfull atainment of developmental tasks lead to happiness and success in later developmental tasks? A test of Havighurst’s (1948) theses. Journal of Adolescent, 31, 33-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.04.002
77. Sert, M.., Traş, Z. (2017). Ergenlerin duygusal zekâ düzeyleri ile öz-yeterlik algıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 1205-1220.
78. Sosik, J.J. ve Dinger S.L. (2007). Relationships between leadership style and vision content: The moderating role of need for social approval, self-monitoring and need for social power. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.004
79. Staub, E. ve Sherk, L. (1970). Need for approval, children's sharing behavior, and reciprocity in sharing. Child Development, 243-252.
80. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. ve Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
81. Tamar, M., Özbaran, B. (2004). Çocuk ve ergenlerde depresyon. Klinik Psikiyatri, 2(1), 84-92.
82. Tamir, M., Schwartz, S. H., Oishi, S. ve Kim, M. Y. (2017). The secret to happiness: Feeling good or feeling right? Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 146, 1448-1459. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000303.
83. Telef, B.B., Ergün, E. (2013). Lise öğrencilerinin öznel iyi oluşlarının yordayıcısı olarak öz-yeterlik. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 3, 423-433. https://doi.org/ 10.5578/keg.5955.
84. Telef. B.B., Karaca, R. (2012). Çocuklar için öz-yeterlik ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32,169-187.
85. Tommasi, M., Grassi, P., Balsamo, M., Picconi, L., Furnham, A. ve Saggino, A. (2018). Correlations between personality, affective and filial self-efficacy beliefs, and psychological well- being in a sample of Italian adolescent. Psychological Reports, 121, 59-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117720698
86. Turan, R. ve Duy, B. (2020). Self-esteem, attachment, gender roles and social approval as predictors of the attitudes toward dating violence. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 10(56), 1-36.
87. Twenge, J. M. ve Im, C. (2007). Changes in the need for social approval, 1958–2001. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 171-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.006.
88. Van De Wetering, E. J., Van Exel, N. J. A. ve Brouwer, W. B. F. (2010). Piecing the Jigsaw Puzzle of Adolescent Happiness. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31, 923-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.08.004
89. Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative. Social Indicators Research, 24, 1-34.
90. Vecchio, G. M., Gerbino, M., Pastorelli, C., Del Bove, G. ve Caprara, G. V. (2007). Multi-faceted self-efficacy beliefs as predictors of life satisfaction in late adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(7), 1807-1818.
91. Waldrip, A. M., Malcolm, K. T. ve Jensen‐Campbell, L. A. (2008). With a little help from your friends: The importance of high‐quality friendships on early adolescent adjustment. Social Development, 17(4), 832-852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00476.x
92. Waterman, A.S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (Eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 678-691.
93. Zettergren, P. (2005). Childhood peer status as predictor of midadolescence peer Situation and social adjustment. Psychology in the Schools, 42(7), 745-757. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20121