GASTRONOMİ ALANINDA TEMEL BAZI BESİNLERDE MİKROPLASTİK TEHLİKESİ VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİ

Öz

Son yıllarda tüm dünyada meydana gelen ekonomik sıkıntıların artması, özellikle besin ürünlerinin hazırlanması, dağıtımı ve tüketimi aşamalarında plastik kullanımının da hızla yaygınlaşmasına sebep olmuştur. Diğer taraftan pandemi döneminde yoğun şekilde maske kullanımı, denizlerdeki ve doğal çevredeki plastik atıkların sayısındaki kontrolsüz artışı tetiklemiştir. Özellikle boyutları gözle fark edilemeyecek kadar küçük (<5 mm çap) olan plastik parçacıklar mikroplastik (MP) olarak isimlendirilir. MP’ler ise nispeten daha büyük yapıdaki plastiklere göre ekosistem ve canlılar için daha ciddi sağlık sorunları yaratmaktadır. Özellikle solunum sistemi yoluyla ve yemeklerin hazırlanmasında kullanılan temel besinlerle taşınan plastikler, canlı organizmalarda farklı sağlık sorunlarının oluşmasında etkilidir. Gastronomi alanında yemek üretiminde kullanılan su, şeker, bal, tuz ve deniz ürünleri gibi birçok besin maddesinde MP’lere rastlanılmaktadır. Yemek üretim sektöründe sadece ürün üretim aşamasında değil, üretim sonrası paketleme, dağıtım ve tüketim aşamalarında da ciddi bir plastik kullanımı söz konusudur. Plastiğin, kullanım kolaylığı ve ekonomik sebeplerle tercih edilmesi anlaşılır bir gerekçe olsa da meydana gelen çevre ve halk sağlığı sorunları beraberinde gıda güvenliği tartışmalarını zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Gastronomi ekosistemi açısından bakıldığında, özellikle plastik damacana içindeki sularda, deniz ürünlerinde, ballarda, plastik ambalaj içindeki şeker ve tuzlarda farklı oranlarda MP varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada gastronomi alanında tüketilen bazı besinlerdeki MP varlığı ele alınarak, Türkiye’deki durum paylaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mikroplastik
• plastik tehlikesi
• gıda güvenliği
• gastronomi

SOME BASIC FOODS IN GASTRONOMY MICROPLASTIC HAZARD AND FOOD SAFETY

Öz

The increasing economic difficulties that have occurred all over the world in recent years have caused the use of plastic to become widespread, especially in the preparation, distribution and consumption of food products. On the other hand, the intensive use of masks during the pandemic period has triggered an uncontrolled increase in the number of plastic wastes in the seas and the natural environment. Plastic particles that are too small to be noticed by the eye (<5 mm diameter) are called microplastics. Microplastics, on the other hand, create serious health problems for the ecosystem and living things compared to relatively larger plastics. Plastics, especially those carried through the respiratory system and with the basic nutrients used in the preparation of meals, are effective in the formation of different health problems in living organisms. Microplastics are found in many food items used in food production in the field of gastronomy, such as water, sugar, honey and seafood. There is a serious use of plastic in the food production sector, not only in the product production phase, but also in the post-production packaging, distribution and consumption phases. Although it is understandable that plastic is preferred for ease of use and economic reasons, the environmental and public health problems that occur make food safety discussions necessary. From the perspective of the gastronomy ecosystem, microplastic accumulation has been detected at different rates, especially in water in plastic bottles, seafood, and sugar and salt in plastic packaging. In this study, the presence of MP in some foods consumed in the field of gastronomy was discussed and the situation in Turkey was shared.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Microplastic
• plastic hazard
• food safety
• gastronomy

Kaynakça

1. Anonim, (2024). https://plastixmold.com/ gidaya-uygun-plastik-hammadde-cesitleri/(Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2024).
2. Anonim, (2025a). https://geridonusumekonomisi.com.tr/avrupa-atik-ihracatinda-yeni-yol-haritasi.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025).
3. Anonim, (2025b). https://www.greenpeace.org/ turkey/blog/dunyanin-bunalimi-plastik-atik-ithalati (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2025).
4. Anonim, (2025c). https://storage.googleapis.com/planet4-turkey-stateless/2019/09/c19ddece-c19ddece-plastik-atik-ithalat-raporu-gpea-plastic-waste-trade-research-briefing.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2025).
5. Anonim, (2025d). https://tr.euronews.com/ 2023/08/01/geri-donusum-orani-atik-aritmada-turkiyede-ve-avrupada-durum-ne (Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2025).
6. Akçay S, Törnük F, Yetim H. Mikroplastikler: Gıdalarda bulunuşu ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. EJOSAT 2020; (20),530-538.
7. Andrady AL. (2011). Microplastics in the Marine Environment. Mar Pollut Bull. 62: 1596-1605.
8. Aslan R. (2018). Mikroplastikler: Hayatı Kuşatan Yeni Tehlike. Göller Bölgesi Aylık Hakemli Ekonomi ve Kültür Dergisi. 6(66): 61-67.

9. Armstrong, M. (2019). How We Eat, Drink and Breathe Microplastics. https://www.statista.com /chart/18299/how-we-eatdrink-and-breathe-microplastics/. [Erişim tarihi 16 Temmuz 2020].
10. A. Glaser, J. (2019). Biological Degradation of Polymers in the Environment. Plastics in the Environment, IntechOpen.
11. Ashrafy, A., Liza, A. A., Islam, M. N., Billah, M. M., Arafat, S. T., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, S. M. (2022). Microplastics Pollution: A Brief Review of Its Source and Abundance in Different Aquatic Ecosystems. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 100215.
12. Atakan O, Yüceer M, Caner C. (2021). Mikroplastikler ve Gıda Güvenliği. Akad Gıda;19(4):433-441 Balcı, S. Z. (2020). Bazı gıdalardaki mikroplastik kirliliğinin tespiti (Doctoral dissertation, Yüksek lisans tezi]. Sakarya Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
13. Buyukunal, S. K., Rbaibi Zipak, S., Muratoglu, K. (2023). Microplastics in a Traditional Turkish Dairy Product: Ayran. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 73(2), 139-150.
14. Brachner, A., Fragouli, D., Duarte, I. F., Farias, P. M. A., Dembski, S., Ghosh, M., Barisic, I., Zdzieblo, D., Vanoirbeek, J., Schwabl, P., Neuhaus, W. (2020). Assessment of Human Health Risks Posed by Nano-and Microplastics Is Currently Not Feasible. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph17238832
15. Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten, E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R. (2011). Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks. Environ Sci & Technol. 45(21): 9175-9179.
16. Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway T. S. (2011). Microplastics as Contaminants in the Marine Environment: A Review. Mar Pollut Bull. 62: 2588-2597.
17. Curren E., Leaw CP., Lim PT., Leong SCY. (2020). Evidence of marine microplastics in commercially harvested seafood. Front Bioeng Biotechnol; 8, 562760.
18. Chamas, A., Moon, H., Zheng, J., Qiu, Y., Tabassum, T., Jang, J. H., Abu-Omar, M., Scott, S.L., Suh, S. (2020). Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(9), 3494-3511.
19. Da Costa Filho, P. A., Andrey, D., Eriksen, B., Peixoto, R. P., Carreres, B. M., Ambühl, M. E., Descarrega, J.B., Dubascoux, S., Zbinden, P., Panchaud, A., Poitevin, E. (2021). Detection and characterization of small-sized microplastics (≥ 5 µm) in milk products. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-13.
20. Demirgül F, Sağdıç O. (2018). Fermente süt ürünlerinin insan sağlığına etkisi. Avr Bil Tekn Derg; (13), 45- 53. Diaz-Basantes., M. F., Conesa, J. A., Fullana, A. (2020). Microplastics in honey, beer, milk and refreshments in Ecuador as emerging contaminants. Sustainability, 12(14), 5514.
21. Du, F., Cai, H., Zhang, Q., Chen, Q., Shi, H. (2020). Microplastics in take-out food containers. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 399, 122969.
22. Eerkes-Medrano D, Leslie HA, Quinn B. (2019). Microplastics in Drinking Water: A Review and Assessment. Curr Opin Environ Sci & Health. 7: 69-75
23. Eriksen M, Mason S, Wilson S, Box, C., Zellers, A., Edwards, W., Farley, H., Amato, S. (2013). Microplastic Pollution in the Surface Waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mar Pollut Bull. 77: 177-182
24. Ebere, E. C., Wirnkor, V. A., Ngozi, V. E. (2019). Uptake of microplastics by plant: a reason to worry or to be happy? World Scientific News, (131), 256-267.
25. Edo, C., Fernández-Alba, A. R., Vejsnæs, F., van der Steen, J. J., Fernández-Piñas, F., Rosal, R. (2021). Honeybees as active samplers for microplastics. Science of the Total Environment, 767, 144481.
26. Emenike, E. C., Okorie, C. J., Ojeyemi, T., Egbemhenghe, A., Iwuozor, K. O., Saliu, O. D., Okoro, H.K., Adeniyi, A. G. (2023). From oceans to dinner plates: The impact of microplastics on human health. Heliyon, 9(10).
27. Fadare, O.O., Wan, B., Guo, L.-H., Zhao, L. (2020). Microplastics from consumer plastic food containers: Are we consuming it? Chemosphere, 253, 126787.
28. Fadare, O.O., Okoffo, E.D., Olasehinde, E.F. (2021). Microparticles and microplastics contamination in African table salts. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 164.
29. Fotopoulou, K. N., Karapanagioti, H. K. (2019). Degradation of various plastics in the environment. Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment, 71-92.
30. Gasperi, J., Wright, S.L., Dris, R., Collard, F., Mandin, C., Guerrouache, M., Langlois, V., Kelly, F.J., Tassin, B. (2018). Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in? Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 1, 1–5.
31. Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A.R. (2020). Microplastic Pollution Profile of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected along the Turkish Coasts. Chemosphere: 127570
32. Geueke B, Groh K, Muncke J. (2018). Food packaging in the circular economy: Overview of chemical safety aspects for commonly used materials. J CleanProd;193,491-505.
33. Ginneken, V. Van., (2019). Plastic in the food chain and the expected pandemic of cancer? Novel Approaches in Cancer Study, 3(3), 277,9.
34. Gulizia, A. M., Brodie, E., Daumuller, R., Bloom, S. B., Corbett, T., Santana, M. M., Motti, C.A., Vamvounis, G. (2022). Evaluating the effect of chemical digestion treatments on polystyrene microplastics: recommended updates to chemical digestion protocols. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 223(13), 2100485.
35. Gündoğdu S. (2018). Contamination of table salts from Turkey with microplastics. Food Addit Contam Part A; 35(5), 1006-1014.
36. Hernandez, L.M., Xu, E.G., Larsson, H.C.E., Tahara, R., Maisuria, V.B., Tufenkji, N. (2019). Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(21), 12300–10.
37. Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C., Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(6), 3060-75.
38. Horton AA, Walton A, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E, Svendsen C. (2017). Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Sci Total Environ; 586, 127-141.
39. Huang, Y., Liu, Q., Jia, W., Yan, C., Wang, J. (2020). Agricultural plastic mulching as a source of microplastics in the terrestrial environment. Environmental Pollution, 260, 114096.
40. Huang, S., Huang, X., Bi, R., Guo, Q., Yu, X., Zeng, Q., Huang, Z., Liu, T., Wu, H., Chen, Y., Xu, J., Wu, Y., Guo, P. (2022). Detection and analysis of microplastics in human sputum. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(4), 2476- 2486.
41. Kannan, K., Vimalkumar, K. (2021). A review of human exposure to microplastics and insights into microplastics as obesogens. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 724989.
42. Kadac-Czapska, K., Trzebiatowska, P. J., Knez, E., Zaleska-Medynska, A., Grembecka, M. (2023). Microplastics in food-a critical approach to definition, sample preparation, and characterisation. Food Chemistry, 135985.
43. Kedzierski M, Lechat B, Sire O, Le Maguer G, Le Tilly V, Bruzaud S. (2020). Microplastic contamination of packaged meat: Occurrence and associated risks. Food Packagıng Shelf; 24,100489.
44. Kim, J.S., Lee, H.J., Kim, S.K., Kim, H.J. (2018). Global Pattern of Microplastics (MPs) in Commercial Food-Grade Salts: Sea Salt as an Indicator of Seawater MP Pollution. Environmental Science and Technology, 52(21), 12819-28
45. Kooi M, Nes EHV, Scheffer M et al. (2017). Ups and Downs in the Ocean: Effects of Biofouling on Vertical Transport of Microplastics. Environ Sci Technol. 51(14): 7963-7971.
46. Koelmans AA, Redondo-Hasselerharm, PE, Nor NHM, de Ruijter VN, Mintenig, SM, Kooi M. (2022). Risk assessment of microplastic particles. Nat Rev Mater;7(2):138-152.
47. Kosuth M, Mason SA, Wattenberg EV. (2018). Anthropogenic Contamination of Tap Water, Beer, and Sea Salt. PloS one, 13(4): 1-18.
48. Kutralam-Muniasamy, G., Pérez-Guevara, F., Elizalde-Martínez, I., Shruti, V. C. (2020). Review of current trends, advances and analytical challenges for microplastics contamination in Latin America. Environmental Pollution, 267, 115463.
49. Kılınç, G. E., & Keser, A. (2021). Besinlerle alınan endokrin bozucuların pubertal gelişim üzerine etkisi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 342-353. https://doi.org/10.26559/ mersinsbd.842650
50. Kirstein IV, Kirmizi S, Wichels A, Garin-Fernandez A, Erler R, Löder M. et al. (2016). Dangerous hitchhikers? Evidence for potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. on microplastic particles. Mar Environ Res;120,1- 8.
51. Kwon JH, Kim JW, Pham TD, Tarafdar A, Hong S, Chun SH et al. (2020). Microplastics in food: a review on analytical methods and challenges. Int J Environ Res Public Health;17(18):6710. 4.
52. Leslie, H. A., Van Velzen, M. J., Brandsma, S. H., Vethaak, A. D., Garcia-Vallejo, J. J., Lamoree, M. H. (2022). Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environment International, 163, 107199.
53. Liebezeit G, Liebezeit E. Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers. Food Addit Contam Part A 2014; 31(9), 1574-1578.
54. Liu, Q., Chen, Z., Chen, Y., Yang, F., Yao, W., Xie, Y. (2022). Microplastics contamination in eggs: Detection, occurrence and status. Food Chemistry, 397, 133771.
55. Lusher, A., Hollman, P., Mendozal, J. (2017). Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture: status of knowledge on their occurrence and implications for aquatic organisms and food safety.
56. Mintenig SM., Int-Veen I., Löder MGJ., Primpke, S., Gerdts, G. (2017). Identification of Microplastic in Effluents of Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Focal Plane Array-Based Micro-Fourier-Transform Infrared Imaging. Water Res. 108: 365-72.
57. Mohamed Nor, N.H., Kooi, M., Diepens, N.J., Koelmans, A.A. (2021). Lifetime Accumulation of Microplastic in Children and Adults. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(8), 5084-96
58. Napper I.E., Bakir A., Rowland S.J., Thompson, R.C. (2015). Characterisation, Quantity and Sorptive Properties of Microplastics Extracted From Cosmetics. Mar Pollut Bull. 99(1): 178-185.
59. Nara, R. (2019). Microplastic Contamination of the food supply chain. Food Safety Magazine (December 2018), 1-12.
60. Özçifçi, Z., Basaran, B., Akçay, H. T. (2023). Microplastic contamination and risk assessment in table salts: Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 175, 113698.
61. Peixoto, D., Pinheiro, C., Amorim, J., Oliva-Teles, L., Guilhermino, L., Vieira, M.N. (2019). Microplastic pollution in commercial salt for human consumption: A review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 219, 161-8.
62. Pivokonsky, M., Cermakova, L., Novotna, K., Peer, P., Cajthaml, T., Janda, V. (2018). Occurrence of microplastics in raw and treated drinking water. Science of the Total Environment, 643, 1644-1651.
63. Pironti, C., Ricciardi, M., Motta, O., Miele, Y., Proto, A., Montano, L. (2021). Microplastics in the environment: intake through the food web, human exposure and toxicological effects. Toxics, 9(9), 224.
64. Plastics Europe, EPRO, Plastics - the Facts, (2022). An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data 34. (https://plasticseurope.org/knowledgehub/plastics-the-facts-2022/).
65. Prata, Joana C., Paço, A., Reis, V., da Costa, J.P., Fernandes, A.J.S., da Costa, F.M., Duarte, A.C., Rocha-Santos, T., (2020). Identification of microplastics in white wines capped with polyethylene stoppers using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Food Chemistry, 331, 127–323.
66. Prata, J. C., da Costa, J. P., Lopes, I., Andrady, A. L., Duarte, A. C., Rocha-Santos, T. (2021). A One Health perspective of the impacts of microplastics on animal, human and environmental health. Science of the Total Environment, 777, 146094.
67. Rainieri, S., Barranco, A. (2019). Microplastics, a food safety issue? Trends in Food Science and Technology, 84, 55-7.
68. Rochman, C.M., Parnis, J.M., Browne, M.A., Serrato, S., Reiner, E.J., Robson, M., Young, T., Diamond, M.L., Teh, S.J. (2017). Direct and indirect effects of different types of microplastics on freshwater prey (Corbicula fluminea) and their predator (Acipenser transmontanus). PLOS ONE 12(11): e0187664.
69. Sewwandi M, Wijesekara H, Rajapaksha AU, Soysa S, Vithanage M. Microplastics and plasticsassociated contaminants in food and beverages; Global trends, concentrations, and human exposure. Environ Pollut 2023; 317, 120747.
70. Shruti, V. C., Pérez-Guevara, F., ElizaldeMartínez, I., Kutralam-Muniasamy, G. (2020). First study of its kind on the microplastic contamination of soft drinks, cold tea and energydrinks-Future research and environmental considerations. Science of the Total Environment, 726, 138580.
71. Sridhar, A., Kannan, D., Kapoor, A., Prabhakar, S. (2022). Extraction and detection methods of microplastics in food and marine systems: a critical review. Chemosphere, 286, 131653.
72. Sezer, C. (2024). Sıcak içeceklerde kullanılan bardaklarda bisfenol migrasyonunun belirlenmesi (Master's thesis, Balikesir University (Turkey)).
73. Silva, A. L. P., Prata, J. C., Walker, T. R., Campos, D., Duarte, A. C., Soares, A. M., Rocha-Santos, T. (2020). Rethinking and optimising plastic waste management under COVID-19 pandemic: policy solutions based on redesign and reduction of single-use plastics and personal protective equipment. Science of the Total Environment, 742, 140565.
74. Shim WJ, Hong SH, Eo SE. (2017). Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review. Anal methods;9(9):1384-1391.
75. Schymanski D, Goldbeck C, Humpf HU., Fürst, P. (2018). Analysis of Microplastics in Water by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy: Release of Plastic Particles from Different Packaging into Mineral Water. Water Res. 129: 154-162
76. Udovicki B, Andjelkovic M, Cirkovic-Velickovic T, Rajkovic A. (2022). Microplastics in food: scoping review on health effects, occurrence, and human exposure. Int J Food Contam;9(1):7.
77. Verla, A.W., Enyoh, C.E., Verla, E.N., Nwarnorh, K.O. (2019). Microplastic–toxic chemical interaction: a review study on quantified levels, mechanism and implication. SN Applied Sciences, 1(11), 1-30, Doi: 10.1007/s42452-019-1352-0
78. Wright, S.L., Kelly, F.J. (2017). Plastic and human health: A micro issue? Environmental Science and Technology, 51(12), 6634-47.
79. Wang, W., Gao, H., Jin, S., Li, R., Na, G. (2019). The ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on aquatic food web, from primary producer to human: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 173, 110-7.
80. Xing D, Hu Y, Sun B, Song F, Pan Y, Liu S, Zheng, P. (2023). Behavior, Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics in Tea. Hortic; 9(2),174.
81. Yong, C. Q. Y., Valiyaveettil, S., Tang, B. L. (2020). Toxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics in mammalian systems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(05), 1509.
82. Yin K, Wang D, Zhang Y, Lu H, Wang Y, Xing M. (2023). Dose-effect of polystyrene microplastics on digestive toxicity in chickens (Gallus gallus): Multi-omics reveals critical role of gut-liver axis. J Adv Res; 52, 3-18
83. Zhang, Q., Liu, L., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, Y., Rao, W., Qian, X. (2023). Microplastics in infant milk powder. Environmental Pollution, 323, 121225.