NUTRIENT VALUE AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D FORTIFIED YOGURT

Öz

Vitamin D deficiency is an important public health problem as it is a major risk factor for many diseases. Fortification of foods with vitamin D to increase serum vitamin D levels is an important approach in addressing the current problem and milk is the most commonly used food source for fortification. Over the years, however, milk consumption has decreased, particularly due to lactose intolerance. Yogurt, considered as a functional food, is a significant nutrient due to its high nutritional value, immune system booster and disease risk reducing effects as well as humans’ tolerance to even high levels of consumption without any side effects. For this reason, fortification of vitamin D with yogurt may be expected to effectively reduce or prevent diseases related to vitamin D deficiency. In this review, the effects of vitamin D on health, stability of vitamin D during shelf life of vitamin D fortified yogurt, and the metabolic effects of regular consumption have been described in the context of the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yogurt,Vitamin D,food fortification

D VİTAMİNİ İLE ZENGİNLEŞTİRİLMİŞ YOĞURDUN BESİN DEĞERİ VE METABOLİK ETKİLERİ

Öz

D vitamini eksikliği ve yetersizliği, birçok hastalık riskine neden olan veya katkıda bulunan bir faktör olması nedeniyle önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Serum D vitamini düzeyini arttırmak için gıdaların D vitamini ile zenginleştirilmesi mevcut sorunun giderilmesinde önemli bir yaklaşım olarak kabul edilmektedir. Süt, D vitamini takviyesinin en yaygın olarak kullanıldığı bir gıda kaynağıdır. Ancak yıllar içerisinde, özellikle laktoz intoleransı nedeniyle, süt tüketiminin azaldığı görülmektedir. Fonksiyonel bir gıda olarak değerlendirilen yoğurdun, besleyici değerinin yüksek, bağışıklık sistemini güçlendirmesi, birçok hastalık riskini azaltması, laktoz intoleransı olan kişilerde herhangi bir yan etki yapmadan tüketilmesi ve tüketim oranının yüksek olması sebebiyle beslenmede önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu nedenle yoğurdun D vitamini ile zenginleştirilmesi D vitamini eksikliği ve yetersizliğine bağlı hastalıkları etkili bir şekilde azaltacak veya önleyecektir. Bu derlemede, literatürler eşliğinde D vitamininin sağlık üzerine etkileri, D vitamini ile zenginleştirilmiş yoğurtların raf ömrü boyunca D vitamini stabilitesi ve düzenli tüketiminin metabolik etkileri anlatılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yoğurt,D vitamini,besin zenginleştirme

Kaynakça

1. Adami, S., Bertoldo, F., Braga, V., Fracassi, E., Gatti, D., Gandolini, G., Minisola, S., Rini, G.B. (2009). 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in healthy premenopausal women: Association with bone turnover markers and bone mineraldensity. Bone, 45: 423-426. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.05.012
2. Aghajafari, F., Nagulesapillai, T., Ronksley, P.E., Tough, S.C., O’Beirne, M., Rabi, D.M. (2013). Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ, 346. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f1169.
3. Al-khalidi, B., Kimball, S.M., Rotondi, M.A., Ardern, C.I. (2017). Standardized serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are inversely associated with cardiometabolic disease in U.S. adults: a cross- sectional analysis of NHANES, 2001-2010. Nutrition Journal, 16:16. doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-0237-6.
4. Anonymous (2009a). Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Fermente Süt Ürünleri Tebliği (27143). Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı. 16.02.2009 tarih ve 27143 sayılı Resmi Gazete, Ankara.
5. Anonymous (2009b). Metabolik Sendrom Kılavuzu. Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği, Tuna Matbaacılık San. ve Tic. A.Ş., Ankara, Türkiye, 7 s.
6. Anonymous (2014). Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması-2010. Beslenme Durumu ve Alışkanlıklarının Değerlendirilmesi Sonuç Raporu. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 931, ISBN: 978-975-590-483-2.
7. Anonymous (2016). Osteoporoz ve Metabolik Kemik Hastalıkları Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu. 11. Baskı. Miki Matbaacılık San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti., Ankara, Türkiye, 119-123 s. ISBN: 978-605-66410-1-5.
8. Bonjour, J.P., Benoıt, V., Atkın, S., Walrand, S. (2015). Fortification of yogurts with Vitamin D and Calcium enhances the inhibition of serum parathyroid hormone and bone resorption markers: A double blind randomized controlled trial in women over 60 living in a community dwelling home. J Nutr Health Aging, 19(5): 563-569.

9. Bonjour, J.P., Benoit, V., Payen, F., Kraenzlin, M. (2013). Consumption of Yogurts Fortified in Vitamin D and Calcium Reduces Serum Parathyroid Hormone and Markers of Bone Resorption: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial in Institutionalized Elderly Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98(7): 2915-2921. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-1274.
10. Brown-Riggs, C. (2016). Nutrition and Health Disparities: The Role of Dairy in Improving Minority Health Outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13, 28. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13010028.
11. Buckenhüskes, H.J. (1993). Selection criteria for lactic acid bacteria to be used as starter cultures for various food commodities. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 12: 253-272.
12. Chon, S.J., Koh, Y.K., Heo, J.Y., Lee, J., Kim, M.K., Yun, B.H., Lee, B.S., Seo, S.K. (2017). Effects of vitamin D deficiency and daily calcium intake on bone mineral density and osteoporoz In Korean postmenopausal woman. Obstet Gynecol Sci, 60(1):53-62. doi: 10.5468/ogs.2017.60.1.53.
13. Çalışkan-Özçelik, D., Koçer, H., Kasım, İ., Şencan, İ., Kahveci, R., Özkara, A. (2012). D Vitamini. Turkish Medical Journal, 6(2).
14. De-Regil, L.M., Palacios, C., Lombardo, L.K., Pena-Rosas, J.P. (2016). Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Sao Paulo Med J, 134(3): 274-5. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.20161343T2.
15. Du, C., Yang, S., Zhao, X., Dong, H. (2017). Pathogenic roles of alterations in vitamin D and vitamin D receptor in gastric tumorigenesis. Oncotarget.
16. Ejtahed, H.S., Shab-Bidar, S., Hosseinpanah, F., Mirmiran, P., Azizi, F. (2016). Estimation of Vitamin D Intake Based on a Scenario for Fortification of Dairy Products with vitamin D in a Tehranian Population, Iran. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 35(5): 383-391. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1022269.
17. Ekmekcioglu, C., Haluza, D., Kundi, M. (2017). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Risk for Colerectal Cancer and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14:127. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14020127.
18. El-Abbadi, N.H., Dao, M.C., Meydani, S.N. (2014). Yogurt: role in healthy and active aging. Am J clin Nutr, 99: 1263-70. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.073957.
19. Gahruie, H.H., Eskandari, M.H., Mesbahi, G., Hanifpour, M.A. (2015). Scientific and technical aspects of yogurt fortification: A review. Food Science and Human Wellness, 4: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2015.03.002.
20. Gallagher, J.C., Tella, S.H. (2014). Prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 142: 155-170. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.09.008.
21. Gilsanz, V., Kremer, A., Mo, A.O., Wren T.A.L., Kremer, R. (2010). Vitamin D Status and Its Relation to Muscle Mass and Muscle Fat in Young Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,95(4): 1595-1601. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-2309.
22. Haimi, M., Kremer, R. (2017). Vitamin D deficiency/ insufficiency from childhood to adulthood: Insights from a sunny country. World J Clin Pediatr, 6(1): 1-9. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v6.i1.1.
23. Herrmann, M., Farrell, C.J.L., Pusceddu, I., Fabregat-Cabello, N. (2017). Assessment of vitamin D status- a changing landscape. Clin Chem Lab Med, 55(1): 3-26. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0264.
24. Jafari, T., Amiri, M. (2016). Effects of 3-mounth regular consumption of vitamin D-fortified low fat yogurt on quality of life indices in diabetic postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research, 3(2): 138-146.
25. Jafari, T., Askari, G., Mirlohi, M., Javanmard, S.H., Faghihimani, E., Fallah, A.A. (2016). Stability of Vitamin D3 in fortified yoghurt and yoghurt drink (Doogh). Adv Biomed Res, 5:52. doi: 10.4103/2277-9175.178796.
26. Jafari, T., Faghihimani, E., Feizi, A., Iraj, B., Javanmard, S.H., Esmaillzadeh, A., Fallah, A.A., Askari, G. (2016). Effects of vitamin D-fortified low fat yogurt on glycemic status, anthropometric indexes, inflammation, and bone turnover in diabetic postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition, 35:67-76. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.02.014.
27. Jolfaie, N.R., Rouhani, M.H., Onvani, S., Azadbakht, L. (2016). The association between Vitamin D and health outcomes in women: A review on the related evidence. J Res Med Sci, 21:76. doi: 10.4103/1735-1995.189693.
28. Kayaniyil, S., Harrist, S.B., Retnakaran, R., Vieth, R., Knight, J.A., Gerstein, H.C., Perkins, B.A., Zinman, B., Hanley, A.J. (2014). Prospective association of 25(OH)D with metabolic syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology, 80, 502-507. doi: 10.1111/cen.12190.
29. Kazmi, S.A., Vieth, R., Rousseau, D. (2007). Vitamin D3 fortification and quantification in processed dairy products. International Dairy Journal, 17: 753-759. doi: 10.1016/j.dairyyj.2006.09.009.
30. Khashayar, P., Meybodi, H.R.A., Hemami, M.R., Keshtkar, A., Dimai, H.P., Larijani, B. (2016). Vitamin D status and its relationship with bone mineral density in a healthy Iranian population. Rev Bras Ortop, 51(4): 454-458. doi: 10.1016/j.rboe.2015.09.011.
31. Köse, Ş., Ocak, E. (2014). Yoğurtta Lezzet Bileşenlerinin Oluşumu ve Bu Oluşum Üzerine Etki Eden Faktörler. Akademik Gıda, 12(2): 101-107.
32. Martin, E., Haney, E., Shannon, J., Cauley, J., Ensrud, K., Keaveny, T., Zmuda, J., Orwoll, E., Harrison, S.L., Marshall, L. (2015). Femoral Volumetric Bone Density, Geometry, and Strength in Relation to 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D in Older Men. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, 30(3): 562-569. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2360.
33. Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Sayon-Orea, C., Ruiz-Canela, M., Fuente, C., Gea, A., Bes-Rastrollo, M.B. (2014). Yogurt consumption, weight change and risk of overweight/obesity: The SUN cohort study. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 24: 1189-1196. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.05.015.
34. Nikooyeh, B., Neyestani, T.R., Farvid, M., Alavi-Majd, H., Houshiarrad, A., Kalayi, A., Shariatzadeh, N., Gharavi, A., Heravifard, S., Tayebinejad, N., Salekzamani S., Zahedirad M. (2011). Daily consumption of vitamin D- or vitamin D+ calcium- fortified yogurt drink improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 93: 764-71. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.007336.
35. Obaidi, J., Musallam, E., Al-ghzawi, H.M., Azzeghaiby, S.N., Alzoghaibi, I.N. (2015). Vitamin D and Its Relationship With Breast Cancer: An Evidence Based Practice Paper. Global journal of Health Science, 7(1): 261-266. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n1p261.
36. Rogers, T.S., Garrod, M.G., Peerson, J.M., Hillegonds, D.J., Buchholz, B.A., Demmer, E, Richardson, C., Gertz, E.R., Loan, M.D. (2016). Is Bone Equally Responsive to Calcium and Vitamin D Intake from Food vs. Supplements? Use of Calcium Tracer Kinetic Model. Bone Rep, 5: 117-123. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.05.001.
37. Rush, L., McCartney, G., Walsh, D., MacKay, D. (2013). Vitamin D and subsequent all-age and premature mortality: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 13:679. doi: 10.1002/14651858.
38. Samur, G. (2012). Vitaminler, mineraller ve sağlığımız. Reklam Kurdu Ajansı, Ankara, Türkiye, 9 s. ISBN: 978-975-590-243-2.
39. Schmid, A., Walther, B. (2013). Natural Vitamin D Content in Animal Products. American Society for Nutrition, 4: 453-462. doi: 10.3945/an.113.003780.
40. Schwingshackl, L., Hoffman, G., Schwedhelm, C., Kalle-Uhlmann, T., Missbach, B., Knüppel, S., Boeing, H. (2016). Consumption of Dairy Products in Relation to Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Dairy and Obesity, 11(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157461.
41. Sözen, T. (2011). D hormonu: Güncel gelişmeler. Hacettepe Tıp Dergisi, 42: 14-27.
42. Tripkovic, L., Lambert, H., Hart, K., Smith, C.P., Bucca, G., Penson, S., Chope, G., Hyppönen, E., Berry, J., Vieth, R., Lanham-New, S. (2012). Comparison of Vitamin D2 and D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 95:1357-64. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.031070.
43. Uçar, F., Taşlıpınar, M.Y., Özden-Soydaş, A., Özcan, N. (2012). Ankara Etlik İhtisas Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesine Başvuran Hastalarda 25-OH Vitamin D Düzeyleri. Eur J Basic Med Sci, 2(1): 12-15.
44. USDA (2017). United States Department of Agriculture Branded Food Products Database. https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/216 (Accessed: 07.12.2017)
45. Wang, H., Livingston, K.A., Fox, C.S., Meigs, J.B., Jacques, P.F. (2013). Yogurt consumption is associated with better quality and metabolic profile in American men and women. Nutrition Research, 33: 18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.009.
46. Wang, S., Shen, G., Jiang, S., Xu, H., Li, M., Wang, Z., Zhang, S., Yu, Y. (2017). Nutrient Status of Vitamin D among Chinese Children. Nutrients, 9, 319. doi: 10.3390/nu9040319.
47. Ward, K.A., Das, G., Berry, J.L., Roberts, S.A., Rawer, R., Adams, J.E., Mughal, Z. (2009). Vitamin D Status and Muscle Function in Post-Menarchal Adolescent Girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 94(2): 559-563. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1284.
48. Webb, A.R. (2006). Who, what, where and when-influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Rogress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92: 17-25. doi: 10.1017/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004.
49. Wei, S.Q., Qi, H.P., Luo, Z.C., Fraser, W.D. (2013). Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 26(9): 889-899. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2013.765849.
50. Whiting S.J., Kohrt, W.M., Warren, M.P., Kraenzlin, M.I., Bonjour, J.P. (2016). Food fortification for bone health in adulthood: a scoping review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70,1099-1105. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.42.
51. Zhao, Y., Chen, C., Pan, W., Gao, M., He, W., Mao, R., Lin, T., Huang, J. (2016). Comparative efficacy of vitamin D status in reducing the risk of bladder cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Nutrition, 32: 515-523. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.10.023.