DESTEKLEYİCİ ÖRGÜT KÜLTÜRÜ İLE ÖRGÜTSEL PSİKOLOJİK SERMAYE ETKİLEŞİMİ: KONTROL ODAĞININ ARACILIK ROLÜ
Yıl 2013,
, 31 - 52, 30.06.2013
Fatih Çetin
,
Köksal Hazır
H. Nejat Basım
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı örgütlerin rekabet avantajını elde etmesi ve sürdürmesinde önemli bir kaynak olan psikolojik sermayeye etki eden destekleyici örgüt kültürü ve kontrol odağının doğrudan ve dolaylı etkilerinin ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Araştırma anket yöntemiyle, büyük ölçekli bir firmanın 211 çalışanından, Psikolojik Sermaye Ölçeği, Destekleyici Örgüt Kültürü Ölçeği ve Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği ile toplanan verilerin Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli kullanılarak analiziyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar örgütsel psikolojik sermayenin açıklanmasında; ortamsal bir faktör olan destekleyici örgüt kültürü ile kişisel bir faktör olan kontrol odağının doğrudan etkilerinin yanında, özellikle destekleyici örgüt kültürü ile psikolojik sermaye ilişkisine kontrol odağının aracılık ettiği dolaylı etkilerin de olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgular yazında elde edilen sonuçlarla birlikte tartışılmış ve gelecekteki çalışmalara öneriler sunulmuştur
Kaynakça
- Andrisani, P., G. Nestel (1976) “Internal-External Control As Contributor to An Outcome of Work Experience”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 156-166.
- Ashby, J. S., T. Kottman, K. Draper (2002) “Social Interest and Locus of Control: Relationship and Implications”, The Journal of Individual Psychology, 58(1) 52-61.
- Avey, J.B., B.J. Avolio, C.D. Crossley, F. Luthans (2009) “Psychological Ownership: Theoretical Extensions, Measurement and Relation to Work Outcomes”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 173-191.
- Avolio, B.J., F. Luthans (2006) The High Impact Leader: Moments Matter for Accelerating Authentic Leadership Development, New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Baker, E., B. Israel, S. Schurman (1996) “The Integrated Model: Implications for Worksite Health Promotion and Occupational Health and Safety Practice”, Health Education Quarterly, 23, 175-190.
- Bandura, A. (1995) “Comments on the Crusade against the Causal Efficacy of Human Thought”, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 179-190.
- Bandura, A. (1997) Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control, New York: Freeman.
- Basım, H.N., H. Şeşen (2008) “Çalışanların Kontrol Odaklarının Örgüt İçi Girişimcilik Tutumları İle İlişkisi: Kamu Sektöründe Bir Araştırma” Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 63(3), 49-64.
- Block, J., A.M. Kremen (1996) “IQ and Ego-resiliency: Conceptual and Empirical Connections and Separateness”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349–361.
- Carver, C.S., M.F. Scheier (1999) “Optimism”, In Snyder C. Rick (Ed.), Coping: The Psychology of What Works, New York: Oxford University Press, 182-204.
- Cenkseven, F. (2004) Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Öznel ve Psikolojik İyi Olmanın Yordayıcılarının İncelenmesi, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- Cohen, S., L. Underwood, B. Gottlieb (2000) Social Support Measurement and Interventions: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists, New York: Oxford.
- Coutu, D.L. (2002) “How Resilience Works”, Harvard Business Review, 80, 46-55.
- Çetin, F., H. Şeşen, H.N. Basım (2011) “Örgüt Kültürünün Rol Ötesi Olumlu Davranışlara Olan Etkileri ve Bu Süreçte Örgütsel Bağlılığın Rolü”, 10. Ulusal Işletmecilik Kongresi, 5-7 Mayıs, İzmir, 144-147.
- Çetin, F., H.N. Basım (2011) “Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Tutumlarındaki Rolü”, Iş Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 13(3), 79-94.
- Çetin, F., H.N. Basım (2012) “Örgütsel Psikolojik Sermaye: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması” Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121-137.
- Çetin, F. (2011) “The Effects of the Organizational Psychological Capital on the attitudes of Commitment and Satisfaction: A Public Sample in Turkey”, European Journal of Social Sciences, 21(3), 373-380.
- Daft, R.L. (2003) Organization Theory and Design, Ohio: South-Western College Publishing.
- Dağ, İ. (1991) “Rotter’in İç-Dış Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği’nin (RİDKOÖ) Üniversite Öğrencileri İçin Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği”, Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(26), 10-16.
- Dağ, İ. (2002) “Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği: Ölçek Geliştirme Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17(49), 77-90.
- Danışman, A., H. Özgen (2003) “Örgüt Kültürü Çalışmalarında Yöntem Tartışması: Niteliksel – Niceliksel Yöntem İkileminde Niceliksel Ölçümler ve Bir Ölçek Önerisi”, Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 91-124.
- Eisenberger, R., P. Fasolo, V. Davis-LaMastro (1990) “Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation”, Journal of Aplied Psychology, 75, 51-59.
- Elise, R.H., H. Bryan, C. Kathleen (1998) “Adolescent Health: The Relationships Betwen Health Locus of Control, Beliefs and Behaviours”, Guidance & Counseling, 13(3), 23-30.
- Fazey, D.M.A., J.A. Fazey (2001) “The Potential for Autonomy in Learning: Perceptions of Competence, Motivation and Locus of Control in First-year Undergraduate Students”, Studies in Higher Education, 26(3), 345-361.
- Garmezy, N., A.S. Masten, A. Tellegen (1984) “The Study of Stress and Competence in Children: A Building Block for Developmental Psychopathology”, Child Development, 55, 97-111.
- Hunter, A.J. (2001) “A Cross-cultural Comparison of Resilience in Adolescents”, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 16(3), 172-179.
- Kaya, H. (2008) “Kamu ve Özel Sektör Kuruluşlarının Örgütsel Kültürünün Analizi ve Kurum Kültürünün Çalışanların Örgütsel Bağlılığına Etkisi: Görgül Bir Araştırma”, Maliye Dergisi, 155, 119-143.
- Lok, P., R. Westwood, J. Crowford (2005) “Perceptions of Organizational Subculture and Their Significance for Organizational Commitment”, Applied Psychology, 54(4), 490-514.
- Loosemore, M., A.S.Y. Lam (2004) “The Locus of Control: A Determinant of Opportunistic Behaviour in Construction Health and Safety”, Construction Management and Economics, 22, 385-394.
- Luszczynska, A., U. Scholz ve R. Schwarzer (2005) “The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural Validation Studies”, The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), s.439– 457.
- Luthans, F., C.M. Youssef (2004) “Human, Social, and now Positive Psychological Capital Management: Investing in People for Competitive Advantage”, Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160.
- Luthans, F., C.M. Youssef, (2007) “Emerging Positive Organizational Behavior”, Journal of Management, 33(3) 321-349.
- Luthans, F., B.J. Avolio, J.B. Avey, S.M. Norman (2007b) “Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction”, Personnel Psychology, 60, 541-572.
- Luthans, F., C.M. Youssef, B.J. Avolio (2007a) Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Luthans, F., J.B. Avey, B.J. Avolio, S.M. Norman, G.J. Combs, (2006) “Psychological Capital Development: Toward a Micro-intervention”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 387-393.
- Luthans, F., K.W. Luthans, B.C. Luthans (2004) “Positive Psychological Capital”, Business Horizons, 47(1), 45-50.
- Luthans, F. (2002a) “The Need for and Meaning of Positive Organizational Behavior”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 695-706.
- Luthans, F. (2002b) “Positive Organizational Behavior: Developing and Managing Psychological Strengths”, Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72.
- Luthar, S.S., D. Cicchetti, B. Becker (2000) “The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work”, Child Development, 71, 543- 562.
- Maddi, S.R. (2002) “The Story of Hardiness: Twenty Years of Theorizing Research and Practice”, Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 173-185.
- Martins, E.C., F. Terblanche (2003) “Building Organizational Culture that Stimulates Creativity and Innovation”, European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 64-74.
- Masten, A.S., M.G.J. Reed (2002) Resilience in Development, In Snyder, C.R. ve S.J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of Positive Psychology, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 74–88.
- MacKinnon, D.P., C.M. Lockwood, J.M. Hoffman, S.G. West, V. Sheets (2002) A Comparison of Methods to Test Mediation and other Intervening Variable Effects, Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
- Ozolins, A.R., U. Stenstrom (2003) “Validation of Health Locus of Control Patterns in Swedish Adolescent”, Adolescence, 38(152), 650-658.
- Peterson, C. (2000) “The Future of Optimism”, American Psychologist, 55, 44-55.
- Pfeffer, J. (2002) “Competitive Advantage through People”, In Henry, J. ve D. Mayle (Ed.), Managing Innovation and Change, London: Sage, 61-73.
- Rotter, J.B. (1966) “Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcements”, Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28.
- Rotter, J.B. (1990) “Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement: A Case History of a Variable”, American Psychologist, 45(4), 489-493.
- Sabuncuoğlu, Z., M. Tüz (1998) Örgütsel Psikoloji, Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
- Schaufeli, W.B., A.B. Bakker (2004) “Job Demands, Job Resources and their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A multi-sample study”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
- Scheier, M.F., C.S. Carver (1992) “Effects of Optimism on Psychological and Physical Well-being: Theoretical Overview and Empirical Update”, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201-228.
- Scheier, M.F., C.S. Carver (1985) “The Self-consciousness Scale: A Revised Version for Use with General Populations”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(8), 687-699.
- Schein, E.H. (1992) Organizational Culture and Leadership, San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Publishers.
- Schermerhorn, J.R., W.L. Jr Gardner, T.N. Martin (1990) “Management Dialogues: Turning on the Marginal Performers”, Organizational Dynamics, 18, 47-59.
- Seligman, M.E.P. (1998) Learned Optimism, New York: Pocket Books.
- Seligman, M.E.P. (2002) Authentic Happiness, New York: Free Press.
- Shrout, P.E., N. Bolger (2002) Mediation in Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies: New Procedures and Recommendations, Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
- Silvester, J., F.M. Anderson-Gough, N.R. Anderson, R. Mohamed (2002) “Locus of Control, Attributions and Impression Management in the Selection Interview”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 59-76.
- Snyder, C.R. (1994) The Psychology of Hope: You can Get There from Here, NewYork: Free Press.
- Snyder, C.R. (2000) Handbook of Hope. San Diego: Academic Press.
- Snyder, C.R. (2002) “Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind”, Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249-276.
- Solmuş, T. (2004) “İş Yaşamı, Denetim Odağı ve Beş Faktörlük Kişilik Modeli”, Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 10, 196-205.
- Song, J.H. (2009) “The Integrative Structure of Employee Commitment: The Influential Relations of Individuals' Characteristics in a Supportive Learning Culture”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(3), 240-255.
- Spector, P.E. (1988) “Development of the Work Locus of Control Scale”, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 61, 335-340.
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THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SUPPORTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF LOCUS OF CONTROL
Yıl 2013,
, 31 - 52, 30.06.2013
Fatih Çetin
,
Köksal Hazır
H. Nejat Basım
Öz
The Interaction between Supportive Organizational Culture and Psychological Capital: The Mediating Role of Locus of Control The main purpose of this study is to explore the direct and indirect effects of personality factor as locus of control and contextual factor as supportive organizational culture on the organizational psychological capital, which is considered a significant resource for achieving and sustaining the competitive advantage for the organizations. The data were collected from 211 employees of a large scale company with using survey method. The survey consists of Psychological Capital Scale, Supportive Organizational Culture Scale and Locus of Control Scale. We used structural equation modeling to assess the interrelations between variables. Results indicate that besides the direct effects of supportive organizational culture and locus of control on the psychological capital, the mediator effects of the locus of control influencing the relations between supportive organizational culture and psychological capital were also explored. The findings were discussed with the results of the previous studies and offered suggestions for the future researches
Kaynakça
- Andrisani, P., G. Nestel (1976) “Internal-External Control As Contributor to An Outcome of Work Experience”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 156-166.
- Ashby, J. S., T. Kottman, K. Draper (2002) “Social Interest and Locus of Control: Relationship and Implications”, The Journal of Individual Psychology, 58(1) 52-61.
- Avey, J.B., B.J. Avolio, C.D. Crossley, F. Luthans (2009) “Psychological Ownership: Theoretical Extensions, Measurement and Relation to Work Outcomes”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 173-191.
- Avolio, B.J., F. Luthans (2006) The High Impact Leader: Moments Matter for Accelerating Authentic Leadership Development, New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Baker, E., B. Israel, S. Schurman (1996) “The Integrated Model: Implications for Worksite Health Promotion and Occupational Health and Safety Practice”, Health Education Quarterly, 23, 175-190.
- Bandura, A. (1995) “Comments on the Crusade against the Causal Efficacy of Human Thought”, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 179-190.
- Bandura, A. (1997) Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control, New York: Freeman.
- Basım, H.N., H. Şeşen (2008) “Çalışanların Kontrol Odaklarının Örgüt İçi Girişimcilik Tutumları İle İlişkisi: Kamu Sektöründe Bir Araştırma” Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 63(3), 49-64.
- Block, J., A.M. Kremen (1996) “IQ and Ego-resiliency: Conceptual and Empirical Connections and Separateness”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349–361.
- Carver, C.S., M.F. Scheier (1999) “Optimism”, In Snyder C. Rick (Ed.), Coping: The Psychology of What Works, New York: Oxford University Press, 182-204.
- Cenkseven, F. (2004) Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Öznel ve Psikolojik İyi Olmanın Yordayıcılarının İncelenmesi, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- Cohen, S., L. Underwood, B. Gottlieb (2000) Social Support Measurement and Interventions: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists, New York: Oxford.
- Coutu, D.L. (2002) “How Resilience Works”, Harvard Business Review, 80, 46-55.
- Çetin, F., H. Şeşen, H.N. Basım (2011) “Örgüt Kültürünün Rol Ötesi Olumlu Davranışlara Olan Etkileri ve Bu Süreçte Örgütsel Bağlılığın Rolü”, 10. Ulusal Işletmecilik Kongresi, 5-7 Mayıs, İzmir, 144-147.
- Çetin, F., H.N. Basım (2011) “Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Tutumlarındaki Rolü”, Iş Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 13(3), 79-94.
- Çetin, F., H.N. Basım (2012) “Örgütsel Psikolojik Sermaye: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması” Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121-137.
- Çetin, F. (2011) “The Effects of the Organizational Psychological Capital on the attitudes of Commitment and Satisfaction: A Public Sample in Turkey”, European Journal of Social Sciences, 21(3), 373-380.
- Daft, R.L. (2003) Organization Theory and Design, Ohio: South-Western College Publishing.
- Dağ, İ. (1991) “Rotter’in İç-Dış Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği’nin (RİDKOÖ) Üniversite Öğrencileri İçin Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği”, Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(26), 10-16.
- Dağ, İ. (2002) “Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği: Ölçek Geliştirme Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17(49), 77-90.
- Danışman, A., H. Özgen (2003) “Örgüt Kültürü Çalışmalarında Yöntem Tartışması: Niteliksel – Niceliksel Yöntem İkileminde Niceliksel Ölçümler ve Bir Ölçek Önerisi”, Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 91-124.
- Eisenberger, R., P. Fasolo, V. Davis-LaMastro (1990) “Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation”, Journal of Aplied Psychology, 75, 51-59.
- Elise, R.H., H. Bryan, C. Kathleen (1998) “Adolescent Health: The Relationships Betwen Health Locus of Control, Beliefs and Behaviours”, Guidance & Counseling, 13(3), 23-30.
- Fazey, D.M.A., J.A. Fazey (2001) “The Potential for Autonomy in Learning: Perceptions of Competence, Motivation and Locus of Control in First-year Undergraduate Students”, Studies in Higher Education, 26(3), 345-361.
- Garmezy, N., A.S. Masten, A. Tellegen (1984) “The Study of Stress and Competence in Children: A Building Block for Developmental Psychopathology”, Child Development, 55, 97-111.
- Hunter, A.J. (2001) “A Cross-cultural Comparison of Resilience in Adolescents”, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 16(3), 172-179.
- Kaya, H. (2008) “Kamu ve Özel Sektör Kuruluşlarının Örgütsel Kültürünün Analizi ve Kurum Kültürünün Çalışanların Örgütsel Bağlılığına Etkisi: Görgül Bir Araştırma”, Maliye Dergisi, 155, 119-143.
- Lok, P., R. Westwood, J. Crowford (2005) “Perceptions of Organizational Subculture and Their Significance for Organizational Commitment”, Applied Psychology, 54(4), 490-514.
- Loosemore, M., A.S.Y. Lam (2004) “The Locus of Control: A Determinant of Opportunistic Behaviour in Construction Health and Safety”, Construction Management and Economics, 22, 385-394.
- Luszczynska, A., U. Scholz ve R. Schwarzer (2005) “The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural Validation Studies”, The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), s.439– 457.
- Luthans, F., C.M. Youssef (2004) “Human, Social, and now Positive Psychological Capital Management: Investing in People for Competitive Advantage”, Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160.
- Luthans, F., C.M. Youssef, (2007) “Emerging Positive Organizational Behavior”, Journal of Management, 33(3) 321-349.
- Luthans, F., B.J. Avolio, J.B. Avey, S.M. Norman (2007b) “Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction”, Personnel Psychology, 60, 541-572.
- Luthans, F., C.M. Youssef, B.J. Avolio (2007a) Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Luthans, F., J.B. Avey, B.J. Avolio, S.M. Norman, G.J. Combs, (2006) “Psychological Capital Development: Toward a Micro-intervention”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 387-393.
- Luthans, F., K.W. Luthans, B.C. Luthans (2004) “Positive Psychological Capital”, Business Horizons, 47(1), 45-50.
- Luthans, F. (2002a) “The Need for and Meaning of Positive Organizational Behavior”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 695-706.
- Luthans, F. (2002b) “Positive Organizational Behavior: Developing and Managing Psychological Strengths”, Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72.
- Luthar, S.S., D. Cicchetti, B. Becker (2000) “The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work”, Child Development, 71, 543- 562.
- Maddi, S.R. (2002) “The Story of Hardiness: Twenty Years of Theorizing Research and Practice”, Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 173-185.
- Martins, E.C., F. Terblanche (2003) “Building Organizational Culture that Stimulates Creativity and Innovation”, European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 64-74.
- Masten, A.S., M.G.J. Reed (2002) Resilience in Development, In Snyder, C.R. ve S.J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of Positive Psychology, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 74–88.
- MacKinnon, D.P., C.M. Lockwood, J.M. Hoffman, S.G. West, V. Sheets (2002) A Comparison of Methods to Test Mediation and other Intervening Variable Effects, Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
- Ozolins, A.R., U. Stenstrom (2003) “Validation of Health Locus of Control Patterns in Swedish Adolescent”, Adolescence, 38(152), 650-658.
- Peterson, C. (2000) “The Future of Optimism”, American Psychologist, 55, 44-55.
- Pfeffer, J. (2002) “Competitive Advantage through People”, In Henry, J. ve D. Mayle (Ed.), Managing Innovation and Change, London: Sage, 61-73.
- Rotter, J.B. (1966) “Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcements”, Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28.
- Rotter, J.B. (1990) “Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement: A Case History of a Variable”, American Psychologist, 45(4), 489-493.
- Sabuncuoğlu, Z., M. Tüz (1998) Örgütsel Psikoloji, Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
- Schaufeli, W.B., A.B. Bakker (2004) “Job Demands, Job Resources and their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A multi-sample study”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
- Scheier, M.F., C.S. Carver (1992) “Effects of Optimism on Psychological and Physical Well-being: Theoretical Overview and Empirical Update”, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201-228.
- Scheier, M.F., C.S. Carver (1985) “The Self-consciousness Scale: A Revised Version for Use with General Populations”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(8), 687-699.
- Schein, E.H. (1992) Organizational Culture and Leadership, San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Publishers.
- Schermerhorn, J.R., W.L. Jr Gardner, T.N. Martin (1990) “Management Dialogues: Turning on the Marginal Performers”, Organizational Dynamics, 18, 47-59.
- Seligman, M.E.P. (1998) Learned Optimism, New York: Pocket Books.
- Seligman, M.E.P. (2002) Authentic Happiness, New York: Free Press.
- Shrout, P.E., N. Bolger (2002) Mediation in Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies: New Procedures and Recommendations, Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
- Silvester, J., F.M. Anderson-Gough, N.R. Anderson, R. Mohamed (2002) “Locus of Control, Attributions and Impression Management in the Selection Interview”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 59-76.
- Snyder, C.R. (1994) The Psychology of Hope: You can Get There from Here, NewYork: Free Press.
- Snyder, C.R. (2000) Handbook of Hope. San Diego: Academic Press.
- Snyder, C.R. (2002) “Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind”, Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249-276.
- Solmuş, T. (2004) “İş Yaşamı, Denetim Odağı ve Beş Faktörlük Kişilik Modeli”, Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 10, 196-205.
- Song, J.H. (2009) “The Integrative Structure of Employee Commitment: The Influential Relations of Individuals' Characteristics in a Supportive Learning Culture”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(3), 240-255.
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