Araştırma Makalesi
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TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNDE YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARI İLE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: SİMETRİK/ASİMETRİK NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ

Yıl 2020, , 817 - 839, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.777380

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de 1975-2015 döneminde yabancı sermaye yatırımları ile enerji tüketimi arasındaki simetrik/asimetrik nedensellik ilişkisini araştırmaktadır. Değişkenlerin birim kök özellikleri, Ng-Perron ve Lee-Strazicich birim kök teknikleriyle test edilmektedir. Değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşmenin araştırılmasında ARDL sınır testi kullanılmaktadır. Simetrik nedensellik analizi, Toda-Yamamoto ile Hacker ve Hatemi-J nedensellik testleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. Değişkenler arasındaki asimetrik nedensellik ilişkisi, Hatemi-J nedensellik yaklaşımı ile incelenmektedir. Ampirik sonuçlar, yapısal kırılmalar altında eşbütünleşmenin varlığını göstermektedir. Ampirik sonuçlar, aynı zamanda enerji tüketiminden yabancı sermaye yatırımlarına doğru bir simetrik nedenselliğin varlığını göstermektedir. Pozitif yabancı sermaye yatırımları şokundan pozitif enerji tüketimi şokuna doğru bir nedenselliğin yanı sıra negatif enerji tüketimi şokundan negatif yabancı sermaye yatırımları şokuna doğru bir nedensellik söz konusudur. Bulgular, Türkiye ekonomisi ile ilgili politika önerileri sunabilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Adom, P. K. (2015). Asymmetric impacts of the determinants of energy intensity in Nigeria. Energy Economics, 49, 570-580.
  • Aitken, B. & Harrison, A. (1999). Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. American Economic Review, 89(3), 605-618.
  • Amri, F. (2016). The relationship amongst energy consumption, foreign direct investment and output in developed and developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 694-702.
  • Anwar, S. & Nguyen, L. P. (2011). Foreign direct investment and export spillovers: Evidence from Vietnam. International Business Review, 20, 177-193.
  • Anyanwu, C. J. (2012). Why does foreign direct investment go where it goes? New evidence from African countries. Annals of Economics and Finance, 13(2), 425-462.
  • Arnold, J. M. & Javorcik, B. S. (2009). Gifted kids or pushy parents? Foreign direct investment and plant productivity in Indonesia. Journal of International Economics, 79(1), 42-53.
  • Arnold, J.M., Javorcik, B.S. & Mattoo, A. (2011). Does services liberalization benefit manufacturing firms? Evidence from the Czech Republic. Journal of International Economics, 85, 136-146.
  • Aseidu, E. & Lien, D. (2011). Democracy, foreign direct investment and natural resources. Journal of International Economics, 84(1), 99-111.
  • Asiedu, E. (2006). Foreign direct investment in Africa: The role of natural resources, market size, government policy, institutions and political instability. The World Economy, 29, 63-77.
  • Azam, M., Khan, A. Q., Zaman, K. & Ahmad, M. (2015). Factors determining energy consumption: Evidence from Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 1123-1131.
  • Borenzstein, E., De Gregorio, J. & Lee, J.W. (1998). How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?. Journal of International Economics, 45, 115-135.
  • Bosworth, B.P. & Collins, S.M. (1999). Capital flows to developing economies: Implications for saving and investment. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity No 1, Brookings Institution, Washington DC: USA.
  • BP Statistics (2018). BP statistical review of world energy. Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019, http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview
  • Chandran, V. G. R. & Tang, C. F. (2013). The impacts of transport energy consumption, foreign direct investment and income on CO2 emissions in ASEAN-5 economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 445-453.
  • Chen, Y. & Wang, H. (2010). Effect of FDI on regional industrial energy efficiency. Contemporary Finance, 30(7), 99-106.
  • Cleeve, E.A., Debrahi Y. & Yiheyis, Z. (2015). Human capital and FDI inflow: An assessment of the African case. World Development, 74, 1-14.
  • Danish, R. Q. & Akram, A. (2014). Determinants of FDI in Pakistan: An empirical analysis. Journal of International Business and Economics, 2(2), 61-70.
  • De Vita, G. & Kyaw, K.S. (2008). Determinants of FDI and portfolio flows to developing countries: A panel cointegration analysis. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 13(13), 161-168.
  • Doytch, N. & Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI influence renewable energy consumption? An analysis of sectoral FDI impact on renewable and non-renewable industrial energy consumption. Energy Economics, 54, 291-301.
  • Dunning, J. H. & Lundan, S. M. (2008). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham.
  • Efron, B. (1992). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. In Breakthroughs in statistics (pp. 569-593). Springer, New York: NY.
  • Elliott, R. J. R., Sun, P. & Chen, S. (2013). Energy intensity and foreign direct investment: A Chinese city-level study. Energy Economics, 40, 484-494.
  • Eren, O., Onda, M. & Unel, B. (2019). Effects of FDI on entrepreneurship: Evidence from right-to-work and non-right-to-work states. Labour Economics, 58, 98-109.
  • Fernandes, A. M. & Paunov, C. (2012). Foreign direct investment in services and manufacturing productivity: Evidence for Chile. Journal of Development Economics, 97(2), 305-321.
  • Findlay, R. (1978). Relative backwardness, direct foreign investment, and the transfer of technology: A simple dynamic model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 92, 1-16.
  • Francois, J. & Woerz, J. (2008). Producer services, manufacturing linkages, and trade. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 8, 199-229.
  • Gökmenoglu, K. & Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: The case of Turkey. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 25(5), 706-723.
  • Granger, C.W. & Yoon, G. (2002). Hidden cointegration, Department of Economics Working Paper. University of California: San Diego.
  • Hacker, R. S., & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489-1500.
  • Hao, Y. & Liu, Y. M. (2015). Has the development of FDI and foreign trade contributed to China’s CO2 emissions? An empirical study with provincial panel data. Natural Hazards, 76(2), 1079-1091.
  • Haskel, J., Pereira, S. & Slaughter, M. (2007). Does inward foreign direct investment boost the productivity of domestic firms. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89, 482-496.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447-456.
  • Hayat, A. (2018). FDI and economic growth: The role of natural resources?. Journal of Economic Studies, 45(2), 283-295.
  • Hermes, N. & Lensink, R. (2003). Foreign direct investment, financial development and economic growth. The Journal of Development Studies, 40(1), 142-163.
  • Isham, J., Pritchett, L., Woolcock, M. & Busby, G. (2003). The varieties of the resource experience: How natural resource export structures affect the political economy of economic growth. World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Javorcik, B. S. (2004). Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms? In search of spillovers through backward linkages. American Economic Review, 94(3), 605-627.
  • Jung, J. (2004). Acquisitions or joint ventures: Foreign market entry strategy of US advertising agencies. The Journal of Media Economics, 17(1), 35-50. Kee, H. L. (2015). Local intermediate inputs and the shared supplier spillovers of foreign direct investment. Journal of Development Economics, 112, 56-71.
  • Keller, W. & Yeaple, S. (2009). Multinational enterprises, international trade and productivity growth: Firm-level evidence from the United States. Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(4), 821-831.
  • Khatun, F. & Ahamad, M. (2015). Foreign direct investment in the energy and power sector in Bangladesh: Implications for economic growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1369-1377.
  • Kivyiro, P. & Arminen, H. (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and foreign direct investment: Causality analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, 74, 595-606.
  • Kızılkaya, O. (2017). The impact of economic growth and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions: The case of Turkey. Turkish Economic Review, 4(1), 106-118.
  • Koçak, E. & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2018). The impact of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Turkey: New evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality analysis. Environ Science and Pollution Research, 25, 790-804.
  • Kostakis, I., Lolos, S. & Sardianou, E. (2016). Foreign direct investment and environmental degradation: Further evidence from Brazil and Singapore. MPRA Paper No. 75643.
  • Lee, J. & Strazicich, M. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J. W. (2013). The contribution of foreign direct investment to clean energy use, carbon emissions and economic growth. Energy Policy, 55, 483-489.
  • Li, K. & Qi, S. (2016). Does FDI increase industrial energy consumption of china? Based on the empirical analysis of Chinese provinces industrial panel data. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(6), 1305-1314.
  • Lin, B. & Benjamin, I.N. (2018). Causal relationships between energy consumption, foreign direct investment and economic growth for MINT: Evidence from panel dynamic ordinary least square models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 708-720.
  • Liu, Y., Hao, Y. & Gao, Y. (2017). The environmental consequences of domestic and foreign investment: Evidence from China. Energy Policy, 108, 271-280.
  • Markusen, J. (1989). Trade in producer services and in other specialized intermediate inputs. The American Economic Review, 79, 85-95.
  • Markusen, J., Rutherford, T., & Tarr, D. (2005). Trade and direct investment in producer services and the domestic market for expertise. Canadian Journal of Economics 38, 758-777.
  • Menyah, K. & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). Energy consumption, pollutant emissions and economic growth in South Africa. Energy Economics, 32, 1374-1382.
  • Mielnik, O. & Goldemberg, J. (2002). Foreign direct investment and decoupling between energy and gross domestic product in developing countries. Energy Policy, 30, 87-89.
  • Mudakkar, S.R., Zaman, K., Shakir, H., Arif, M., Naseem, I. & Naz, L. (2013). Determinants of energy consumption function in SAARC countries: Balancing the odds. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 566-574.
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  • Öztürk, Z. & Öz, D. (2016). The relationship between energy consumption, income, foreign direct investment, and CO2 emissions: The case of Turkey. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 269-288.
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN TURKISH ECONOMY: SYMMETRIC/ASYMMETRIC CAUSALITY ANALYSIS

Yıl 2020, , 817 - 839, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.777380

Öz

This paper explores the symmetric/asymmetric causal linkage between foreign direct investments and energy consumption in Turkey over the period 1975-2015. The unit root properties of variables are tested by the Ng-Perron and Lee-Strazicich unit root techniques. The ARDL bounds test is used to examine the cointegration between the variables. The Toda-Yamamoto and Hacker and Hatemi-J causality tests are used to investigate the symmetric causalit analysis. The Hatemi-J causality approach is applied to explore the asymmetric causal relationship between the variables. Empirical results show that there exists cointegration between the variables in the existence of structural breaks. Empirical results also show the existence of symmetric causality running from energy consumption to foreign direct investments. There exists causality from positive foreign direct investment shocks to positive energy consumption shocks. There also exists causality from negative energy consumption shocks to negative foreign direct investment shocks. The findings will present policy implications related to Turkish economy.

Kaynakça

  • Adom, P. K. (2015). Asymmetric impacts of the determinants of energy intensity in Nigeria. Energy Economics, 49, 570-580.
  • Aitken, B. & Harrison, A. (1999). Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. American Economic Review, 89(3), 605-618.
  • Amri, F. (2016). The relationship amongst energy consumption, foreign direct investment and output in developed and developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 694-702.
  • Anwar, S. & Nguyen, L. P. (2011). Foreign direct investment and export spillovers: Evidence from Vietnam. International Business Review, 20, 177-193.
  • Anyanwu, C. J. (2012). Why does foreign direct investment go where it goes? New evidence from African countries. Annals of Economics and Finance, 13(2), 425-462.
  • Arnold, J. M. & Javorcik, B. S. (2009). Gifted kids or pushy parents? Foreign direct investment and plant productivity in Indonesia. Journal of International Economics, 79(1), 42-53.
  • Arnold, J.M., Javorcik, B.S. & Mattoo, A. (2011). Does services liberalization benefit manufacturing firms? Evidence from the Czech Republic. Journal of International Economics, 85, 136-146.
  • Aseidu, E. & Lien, D. (2011). Democracy, foreign direct investment and natural resources. Journal of International Economics, 84(1), 99-111.
  • Asiedu, E. (2006). Foreign direct investment in Africa: The role of natural resources, market size, government policy, institutions and political instability. The World Economy, 29, 63-77.
  • Azam, M., Khan, A. Q., Zaman, K. & Ahmad, M. (2015). Factors determining energy consumption: Evidence from Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 1123-1131.
  • Borenzstein, E., De Gregorio, J. & Lee, J.W. (1998). How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?. Journal of International Economics, 45, 115-135.
  • Bosworth, B.P. & Collins, S.M. (1999). Capital flows to developing economies: Implications for saving and investment. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity No 1, Brookings Institution, Washington DC: USA.
  • BP Statistics (2018). BP statistical review of world energy. Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019, http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview
  • Chandran, V. G. R. & Tang, C. F. (2013). The impacts of transport energy consumption, foreign direct investment and income on CO2 emissions in ASEAN-5 economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 445-453.
  • Chen, Y. & Wang, H. (2010). Effect of FDI on regional industrial energy efficiency. Contemporary Finance, 30(7), 99-106.
  • Cleeve, E.A., Debrahi Y. & Yiheyis, Z. (2015). Human capital and FDI inflow: An assessment of the African case. World Development, 74, 1-14.
  • Danish, R. Q. & Akram, A. (2014). Determinants of FDI in Pakistan: An empirical analysis. Journal of International Business and Economics, 2(2), 61-70.
  • De Vita, G. & Kyaw, K.S. (2008). Determinants of FDI and portfolio flows to developing countries: A panel cointegration analysis. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 13(13), 161-168.
  • Doytch, N. & Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI influence renewable energy consumption? An analysis of sectoral FDI impact on renewable and non-renewable industrial energy consumption. Energy Economics, 54, 291-301.
  • Dunning, J. H. & Lundan, S. M. (2008). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham.
  • Efron, B. (1992). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. In Breakthroughs in statistics (pp. 569-593). Springer, New York: NY.
  • Elliott, R. J. R., Sun, P. & Chen, S. (2013). Energy intensity and foreign direct investment: A Chinese city-level study. Energy Economics, 40, 484-494.
  • Eren, O., Onda, M. & Unel, B. (2019). Effects of FDI on entrepreneurship: Evidence from right-to-work and non-right-to-work states. Labour Economics, 58, 98-109.
  • Fernandes, A. M. & Paunov, C. (2012). Foreign direct investment in services and manufacturing productivity: Evidence for Chile. Journal of Development Economics, 97(2), 305-321.
  • Findlay, R. (1978). Relative backwardness, direct foreign investment, and the transfer of technology: A simple dynamic model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 92, 1-16.
  • Francois, J. & Woerz, J. (2008). Producer services, manufacturing linkages, and trade. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 8, 199-229.
  • Gökmenoglu, K. & Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: The case of Turkey. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 25(5), 706-723.
  • Granger, C.W. & Yoon, G. (2002). Hidden cointegration, Department of Economics Working Paper. University of California: San Diego.
  • Hacker, R. S., & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489-1500.
  • Hao, Y. & Liu, Y. M. (2015). Has the development of FDI and foreign trade contributed to China’s CO2 emissions? An empirical study with provincial panel data. Natural Hazards, 76(2), 1079-1091.
  • Haskel, J., Pereira, S. & Slaughter, M. (2007). Does inward foreign direct investment boost the productivity of domestic firms. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89, 482-496.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447-456.
  • Hayat, A. (2018). FDI and economic growth: The role of natural resources?. Journal of Economic Studies, 45(2), 283-295.
  • Hermes, N. & Lensink, R. (2003). Foreign direct investment, financial development and economic growth. The Journal of Development Studies, 40(1), 142-163.
  • Isham, J., Pritchett, L., Woolcock, M. & Busby, G. (2003). The varieties of the resource experience: How natural resource export structures affect the political economy of economic growth. World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Javorcik, B. S. (2004). Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms? In search of spillovers through backward linkages. American Economic Review, 94(3), 605-627.
  • Jung, J. (2004). Acquisitions or joint ventures: Foreign market entry strategy of US advertising agencies. The Journal of Media Economics, 17(1), 35-50. Kee, H. L. (2015). Local intermediate inputs and the shared supplier spillovers of foreign direct investment. Journal of Development Economics, 112, 56-71.
  • Keller, W. & Yeaple, S. (2009). Multinational enterprises, international trade and productivity growth: Firm-level evidence from the United States. Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(4), 821-831.
  • Khatun, F. & Ahamad, M. (2015). Foreign direct investment in the energy and power sector in Bangladesh: Implications for economic growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1369-1377.
  • Kivyiro, P. & Arminen, H. (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and foreign direct investment: Causality analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, 74, 595-606.
  • Kızılkaya, O. (2017). The impact of economic growth and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions: The case of Turkey. Turkish Economic Review, 4(1), 106-118.
  • Koçak, E. & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2018). The impact of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Turkey: New evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality analysis. Environ Science and Pollution Research, 25, 790-804.
  • Kostakis, I., Lolos, S. & Sardianou, E. (2016). Foreign direct investment and environmental degradation: Further evidence from Brazil and Singapore. MPRA Paper No. 75643.
  • Lee, J. & Strazicich, M. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J. W. (2013). The contribution of foreign direct investment to clean energy use, carbon emissions and economic growth. Energy Policy, 55, 483-489.
  • Li, K. & Qi, S. (2016). Does FDI increase industrial energy consumption of china? Based on the empirical analysis of Chinese provinces industrial panel data. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(6), 1305-1314.
  • Lin, B. & Benjamin, I.N. (2018). Causal relationships between energy consumption, foreign direct investment and economic growth for MINT: Evidence from panel dynamic ordinary least square models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 708-720.
  • Liu, Y., Hao, Y. & Gao, Y. (2017). The environmental consequences of domestic and foreign investment: Evidence from China. Energy Policy, 108, 271-280.
  • Markusen, J. (1989). Trade in producer services and in other specialized intermediate inputs. The American Economic Review, 79, 85-95.
  • Markusen, J., Rutherford, T., & Tarr, D. (2005). Trade and direct investment in producer services and the domestic market for expertise. Canadian Journal of Economics 38, 758-777.
  • Menyah, K. & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). Energy consumption, pollutant emissions and economic growth in South Africa. Energy Economics, 32, 1374-1382.
  • Mielnik, O. & Goldemberg, J. (2002). Foreign direct investment and decoupling between energy and gross domestic product in developing countries. Energy Policy, 30, 87-89.
  • Mudakkar, S.R., Zaman, K., Shakir, H., Arif, M., Naseem, I. & Naz, L. (2013). Determinants of energy consumption function in SAARC countries: Balancing the odds. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 566-574.
  • Ng, S. & Perron, P. (2001). Lag length selection and the construction of unit root tests with good size and power. Econometrica, 69(6), 1519-1554.
  • Omri, A. & Kahouli, B. (2014). Causal relationships between energy consumption, foreign direct investment and economic growth: Fresh evidence from dynamic simultaneous equations models. Energy Policy, 67, 913-922.
  • Öztürk, Z. & Öz, D. (2016). The relationship between energy consumption, income, foreign direct investment, and CO2 emissions: The case of Turkey. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 269-288.
  • Paramati, S.R., Bhattacharya, M., Ozturk, I. & Zakari, A. (2018). Determinants of energy demand in African frontier market economies: An empirical investigation. Energy, 148, 123-133.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Poelhkke, S. & Van der Ploeg, F. (2010). Do natural resources attract FDI? Evidence from non-stationary sector-level data. CEPR Discussion Paper No 8079. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.
  • Polat, B. (2018). The influence of FDI on energy consumption in developing and developed countries: A dynamic panel data approach. Journal of Yasar University, 13(49), 33-42.
  • Reiter, S.L. & Steensma, H.K. (2010). Human development and FDI in developing countries: The influence of FDI policy and corruption. World Development, 38(12), 1678-1691.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2010). The impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies. Energy Policy, 38, 2528-2535.
  • Salim, R., Yao, Y., Chen, G. & Zhang, L. (2017). Can foreign direct investment harness energy consumption in China? A time series investigation. Energy Economics, 66, 43-53.
  • Sayari, N., Sari, R. & Hammoudeh, S. (2018). The impact of value added components of GDP and FDI on economic freedom in Europe. Economic Systems, 42, 282-294.
  • Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M. & Hamdi, H. (2014). A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191-197.
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356.
  • Shahbaz, M. & Lean, H. H. (2012). Does financial development increase energy consumption? The role of industrialization and urbanization in Tunisia. Energy Policy, 40, 473-479.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasir, M. A., & Roubaud, D. (2018). Environmental degradation in France: The effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations. Energy Economics, 74, 843-857.
  • Sheng, B. & Lu, L. (2012). Effect of foreign direct investment on the China environment-An empirical study from industrial panel data. China Social Science, 33(5), 54-75.
  • Solarin, A. D. & Shahbaz, M. (2015). Natural gas consumption and economic growth: The role of foreign direct investment, capital formation and trade openness in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 835-845.
  • Solarin, S.A., Al-Mulali, U., Musah, I., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Investigating the pollution haven hypothesis in Ghana: An empirical investigation. Energy, 124, 706-719.
  • Song, D., & Yi, Y. (2011). Foreign direct investment and China carbon emission. Chinese Population, Resources and Environment, 21(1), 49-52.
  • Sun, C., Zhang, F. & Xu, M. (2017). Investigation of pollution haven hypothesis for China: An ARDL approach with breakpoint unit root tests. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 153-164.
  • Tang, C. F. & Tan, B. W. (2015). The impact of energy consumption, income and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Energy, 79, 447-454.
  • Tang, C. F. (2009). Electricity consumption, income, foreign direct investment, and population in Malaysia: New evidence from multivariate framework analysis. Journal of Economic Studies, 36(4), 371-382.
  • Ting, Y., Yin, L. R., & Ying, Z. Y. (2011). Analysis of the FDI effect on energy consumption intensity in Jiangsu Province. Energy Procedia, 5, 100-105.
  • Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector auto-regressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1), 225-250.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başkanlığı Yatırım Ofisi. (2019). FDI in Turkey, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2019, http://www.invest.gov.tr
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dış İlişkiler Bakanlığı. (2019). Turkey’s energy profile and strategy, Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2019, http://www.mfa.gov.tr
  • World Bank. (2019). World development indicators, Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2019, http://databank.worldbank.org
  • Xu, H, & Deng, Y. (2012). Does foreign direct investment cause environment pollution in China?. Management World, 27(2), 30-43.
  • Zaman, K., Khan, M.M., Ahmad, M., & Rustam, R. (2012). Determinants of electricity consumption function in Pakistan: Old wine in a new bottle. Energy Policy, 50, 623-634.
  • Zhu, P., Zhang, Z., & Jiang, G. (2011). FDI and environmental regulation: An empirical study based on the perspective of decentralization. Economic Research, 46 (6), 133-145.
Toplam 83 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Murat Çetin 0000-0002-7886-4162

Tuğba Kantarcı 0000-0002-2257-430X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2020
Kabul Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetin, M., & Kantarcı, T. (2020). TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNDE YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARI İLE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: SİMETRİK/ASİMETRİK NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 16(4), 817-839. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.777380