Determination of Mold Diversity of Some Fruits Sold in Eastern Turkey

Öz

Fungi that contaminate the fruits at stages such as ripening, harvesting, storage, transportation may cause deterioration and economic losses, and even some strains can produce mycotoxins known to be harmful to health. In this respect, it was examined that the mold diversity of some fruits sold in eastern Turkey. A total of 113 different fruits, both non-moldy and moldy, were collected and 395 strains were isolated and identified using classical methods from different parts of the fruits (surfaces, core cavities and rotten parts). It was found the 11 different genera of fungi including Penicillium spp. (34.43%), Cladosporium spp. (22.53%), Rhizopus spp. (21.01%), Alternaria spp. (8.10%), Botrytis spp. (7.34%), Aspergillus spp. (2.27%), Byssochlamys spp. (1.52%), Acremonium spp. (0.76%), Fusarium spp. (0.76%), Colletotrichum spp. (0.76%), and Geotrichum spp. (0.51%) in the analysed strawberry, grape, apple, cherry, pear, plum, pomegranate, apricot, peach, orange, tangerine, and quince fruits. It is noteworthy that the fungi known to produce mycotoxins such as Penicillium expansum and Penicillium italicum are among the fungi isolated within the scope of the study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fruit
• fungi
• contamination

Kaynakça

1. Abdelfattah A, Wisniewski M, Li Destri Nicosia MG, Cacciola SO, Schena L, 2016a. Metagenomic Analysis of Fungal Diversity on Strawberry Plants and the Effect of Management Practices on the Fungal Community Structure of Aerial Organs. PLoS ONE, 11 (8): e0160470-e0160470.
2. Abdelfattah A, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Schena L, 2016b. Spatial and Compositional Variation in The Fungal Communities of Organic and Conventionally Grown Apple Fruit at the Consumer Point-of-Purchase. Horticulture Research, 3: 16047-16047.
3. Altunay N, Elik A, Gürkan R, 2019, A Novel, Green and Safe Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Liquid Phase Microextraction Based on Alcohol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent for Determination of Patulin in Fruit Juices by Spectrophotometry. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 82: 103256.
4. Anene A, Hosni K, Chevalier Y, Kalfat R, Hbaieb S, 2016. Molecularly İmprinted Polymer for Extraction of Patulin in Apple Juice Samples. Food Control, 70: 90-95.
5. Anonymous 2008, Turkish Food Codex Communiqué on Maximum Limits of Contaminants in Foodstuffs (Communiqué No: 2008 / 26). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/05/20080517-7.htm (Date of access: 24.06.2020).
6. Anonymous, 2006, Commission regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19, 2006 Commission regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32006R1881 (Date of access: 24 June 2020).
7. Bensch K, Braun U, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW, 2012. The Genus Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology, 72: 1-401.
8. Bokulich NA, Thorngate JH, Richardson PM, Mills DA, 2014. Microbial Biogeography of Wine Grapes is Conditioned by Cultivar, Vintage, and Climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (1): E139.

9. Chand-Goyal T, Spotts RA, 1996. Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold of Apple and Brown Rot of Sweet Cherry by Natural Saprophytic Yeasts Alone or in Combination with Low Doses of Fungicides. Biological Control, 6 (2): 253-259.
10. Coppa CFSC, Khaneghah AM, Alvito P, Assunção R, Martins C, Eş I, Gonçalvesa BL, Neeffa DV, Sant'Anab AS, Corassina CH, Oliveira CAF, 2019. The Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Breast Milk, Fruit Products and Cereal-Based İnfant Formula: a Review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 92: 81-93.
11. Çeliker NM, Uysal A, Çetinel B, Poyraz D, 2012. Crown Rot on Pomegranate Caused by Coniella granati in Turkey. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 7 (1): 161-162.
12. El-Gali ZI, Hamed AM, 2017. Fungi Associated with Postharvest Fruit Rots of Orange in Local Market of El-Beida City, Libya. Journal of Advanced Botany and Zoology, 5 (4): 1-4.
13. Erdoğan A, Ghimire D, Gürses M, Çetin B, Baran A, 2018. Patulin Contamination in Fruit Juices and its Control Measures. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (14): 39-48.
14. Frisvad JC, Samson RA, 2004. Polyphasic Taxonomy of Penicillium Subgenus Penicillium. A Guide to İdentification of Food and Air-Borne Terverticillate Penicillia and Their Mycotoxins. Studies in Mycology, 49 (1): 1-174.
15. Gat T, Liarzi O, Skovorodnikova Y, Ezra D, 2012. Characterization of AlternariA. alternata Causing Black Spot Disease of Pomegranate in Israel Using a Molecular Marker. Plant Disease, 96 (10): 1513-1518.
16. Grantina-Ievina L, Stanke L, 2015. Incidence and Severity of Leaf and Fruit Diseases of Plums in Latvia. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 80 (3): 421-433.
17. Huang Q, Zhu YY, Chen HR, Wang YY, Liu YL, Lu WJ, Ruan XY, 2003. First Report of Pomegranate Wilt Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Yunnan, China. Plant Disease, 87 (9): 1150.
18. Janisiewicz WJ, Jurick WM, Vico I, Peter KA, Buyer JS, 2013. Culturable Bacteria from Plum Fruit Surfaces and Their Potential for Controlling Brown Rot After Harvest. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 76: 145-151.
19. Jensen B, Knudsen IM, Andersen B, Nielsen KF, Thrane U, Jensen DF, Larsen J, 2013. Characterization of Microbial Communities and Fungal Metabolites on Field Grown Strawberries from Organic and Conventional Production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 160 (3): 313-322.
20. Juhneviča K, Skudra G, Skudra L, 2011. Evaluation of Microbiological Contamination of Apple Fruit Stored in a Modified Atmosphere. Environmental and Experimental Biology, 9: 53-59.
21. Karaca T, Ilgın G, 2016. Fungal Agents Causing Diseases on Pomegranates Grown in Antalya, Turkey. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 4 (06): 286-294.
22. Kłapeć T, Wójcik-Fatla A, Farian E, Kowalczyk K, Cholewa G, Cholewa A, Dutkiewicz J, 2021. Levels of filamentous fungi and selected mycotoxins in leafy and fruit vegetables and analysis of their potential health risk for consumers. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 28(4): 585–594.
23. Labuda R, Hudec K, Piecková E, Mezey J, Bohovič R, Mátéová S, Lukáč S, 2004. Penicillium implicatum Causes a Destructive Rot of Pomegranate Fruits. Mycopathologia, 157 (2): 217-223.
24. Leff JW, Fierer N, 2013. Bacterial Communities Associated with the Surfaces of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. PLoS ONE, 8 (3): e59310.
25. Liu Q, Zhou D, Tu S, Xiao H, Zhang B, Sun Y. Pan L, Tu K, 2020. Quantitative visualization of fungal contamination in peach fruit using hyperspectral imaging. Food Analytical Methods, 13(6): 1262-1270.
26. Louw JP, Korsten L, 2014. Pathogenic Penicillium spp. on Apple and Pear. Plant Disease, 98 (5): 590-598.
27. Moral J, Díez C, Cabello D, Arquero O, Lovera M, Benítez M, Trapero-Casas A, 2011. Characterization of Monilia Disease Caused by Monilinia linhartiana on Quince İn Southern Spain. Plant Pathology, 60: 1128-1139.
28. Narciso JA, 2005. An Assessment of Methods to Clean Citrus Fruit Surfaces. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 118: 437-440.
29. Okigbo RN, 2001. Mycoflora within Black Plum (Vitex doniana Sweet) Fruits. Fruits, 56 (2): 85-92.
30. Oviasogie F, Ogofure A, Beshiru A, Ode JN, Omeje F, 2015. Assessment of Fungal Pathogens Associated with Orange Spoilage. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 9 (29): 1758-1763.
31. Pérez‐Pastor A, Ruiz‐Sánchez MC, Martínez JA, Nortes PA, Artés F, Domingo R, 2007. Effect of deficit irrigation on apricot fruit quality at harvest and during storage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87(13): 2409-2415.
32. Pitt JI. Hocking AD. 2009. Fungi and Food Spoilage. Springer. pp. 41-353, North Ryde-Australia.
33. Romanazzi G, Sanzani SM, Bi Y, Tian S, Martínez PG, Alkan N, 2016. Induced Resistance to Control Postharvest Decay of Fruit and Vegetables. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 122: 82-94.
34. Saito S, Xiao CL, 2017. Prevalence of Postharvest Diseases of Mandarin Fruit in California. Plant Health Progress, 18 (4): 204-210.
35. Sellitto VM, Zara S, Fracchetti F, Capozzi V, Nardi T, 2021. Microbial Biocontrol as an Alternative to Synthetic Fungicides: Boundaries between Pre- and Postharvest Applications on Vegetables and Fruits. Fermentation, 7, 60.
36. Serradilla MJ, Villalobos MdC, Hernández A, Martín A, Lozano M, Córdoba MdG, 2013. Study of Microbiological Quality of Controlled Atmosphere Packaged ‘Ambrunés’ Sweet Cherries and Subsequent Shelf-Life. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 166 (1): 85-92.
37. Sharma YP, Sumbali G, 1997. Unrecorded Post-Harvest Fungal Rots of Quince Fruits from India. National Academy Science Letters, 20 (3/4): 35-37.
38. Singh D, Mandal G, 2007. Incidence of Mycoflora and Fruit Rotting in Peach: Opening in Packaging Materials. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 15 (1): 161-164.
39. Spadaro D, Amatulli MT, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML, 2010. First Report of Penicillium glabrum Causing a Postharvest Fruit Rot of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) in the Piedmont Region of Italy. Plant Disease, 94 (8): 1066.
40. Tournas VH, Katsoudas E, 2005. Mould and Yeast Flora in Fresh Berries, Grapes and Citrus Fruits. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 105 (1): 11-17.
41. Turantaş F, Sömek Ö, 2018. Determination of Mould Count, Diversity, The Effect of Storage and Dominant Mould Strains in Raisin Samples. Food and Health, 4 (2): 132-139.
42. Tuszyński T, Satora P, 2003. Microbiological Characteristics of the Węgierka Zwykła Plum Orchard in Submontane Region. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 12 (53): 2.
43. Ürey M, 2012. Distribution of Monilia Disease in Quince (Cydonia Oblonga Mill) Orchards in Edirne Province, Pathogenicity of Disease Factors in Quince and Determination of Stability of Quince Varieties, Namık Kemal University Institute of Science, Master's Thesis (Printed).
44. Valero D, Serrano M, 2010. Postharvest Biology and Technology for Preserving Fruit Quality. CRC press. pp. 50-65, Boca Raton-USA.
45. Vepštaitė-Monstavičė I, Lukša J, Stanevičienė R, Strazdaitė-Žielienė Ž, Yurchenko V, Serva S, Servienė E, 2018. Distribution of Apple and Blackcurrant Microbiota in Lithuania and the Czech Republic. Microbiological Research, 206: 1-8.
46. Volschenk Q, du Plessis EM, Duvenage FJ, Korsten L, 2016. Effect of Postharvest Practices on the Culturable Filamentous Fungi and Yeast Microbiota Associated with the Pear Carpoplane. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 118: 87-95.
47. Woudenberg J, Groenewald J, Binder M, Crous P, 2013. Alternaria Redefined. Studies in Mycology, 75: 171-212.
48. Zahavi T, Droby S, Cohen L, Weiss B, Ben-Arie R, 2002. Characterization of the Yeast Flora on the Surface of Grape Berries in Israel. Vitis-Geilweilerhof, 41 (4): 203-208.
49. Zhou Y, Yang Y, Guo J, Bai J, Hu X, 2018. Black Spot Disease of Pomegranate Caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides in China. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 170: 022131.