Araştırma Makalesi

When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives

Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1 20 Eylül 2026
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When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives

Öz

This study examines the metaphorical extension of four English color adjectives: golden, dark, green, and red. The historical change was analyzed in the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) (1820-2010), and contemporary register distribution in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) (1990-2019). Frequency data, Mutual Information (MI)-based noun collocates, semantic coding, keyword-in-context (KWIC), and register comparison are used to seek for the historical change and the contemporary register distribution. The collocate results are not the same for the four adjectives. Golden contains more metaphorical collocates than the other items, whereas green has the largest literal category. The historical frequencies of individual collocations also vary within the same adjective. Red tape, red flag, and red carpet become common during different periods, while dark side and dark matter gain frequency at different times. KWIC analysis of four collocations produced different conventionalization levels. All examples of golden age were classified as metaphorical when compared with 97.5% for red tape, 82.5% for dark side, and 35% for green light. The register results also differ among the four adjectives. Golden is most frequent in the news register, whereas dark, green, and red reach their highest frequencies in the fiction register. The KWIC results and register frequencies do not produce the same ordering of the four adjectives. The findings show that metaphorical extension, conventionalization, and register distribution do not develop uniformly across English color adjectives.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Berlin, B., & Kay, P. (1969). Basic color terms: Their universality and evolution. University of California Press.
  2. Blank, A. (1999). Why do new meanings occur? A cognitive typology of the motivations for lexical semantic change. In A. Blank & P. Koch (Eds.), Historical semantics and cognition (pp. 61–89). Mouton de Gruyter.
  3. Bornstein, M. H. (2007). Hue categorization and color naming: Cognition to language to culture. In R. E. MacLaury, G. V. Paramei, & D. Dedrick (Eds.), Anthropology of color (pp. 3–27). John Benjamins.
  4. Bybee, J., Perkins, R., & Pagliuca, W. (1994). The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. University of Chicago Press.
  5. Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. Palgrave Macmillan.
  6. Church, K. W., & Hanks, P. (1990). Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography. Computational Linguistics, 16(1), 22–29.
  7. Davies, M. (2012). Expanding horizons in historical linguistics with the 400-million word Corpus of Historical American English. Corpora, 7(2), 121–157. https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2012.0020
  8. Deignan, A. (2008). Corpus linguistics and metaphor. In R. W. Gibbs Jr. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought (pp. 280–294). Cambridge University Press.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Dil Kullanım Bilimi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

20 Eylül 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

8 Haziran 2026

Kabul Tarihi

3 Ağustos 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
İşisağ, K. (2026). When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives. Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 1034-1046. https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1966575
AMA
1.İşisağ K. When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives. JLERE. 2026;12(1):1034-1046. doi:10.31464/jlere.1966575
Chicago
İşisağ, Korkut. 2026. “When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives”. Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 (1): 1034-46. https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1966575.
EndNote
İşisağ K (01 Eylül 2026) When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives. Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 1 1034–1046.
IEEE
[1]K. İşisağ, “When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives”, JLERE, c. 12, sy 1, ss. 1034–1046, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.31464/jlere.1966575.
ISNAD
İşisağ, Korkut. “When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives”. Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 12/1 (01 Eylül 2026): 1034-1046. https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1966575.
JAMA
1.İşisağ K. When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives. JLERE. 2026;12:1034–1046.
MLA
İşisağ, Korkut. “When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives”. Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 12, sy 1, Eylül 2026, ss. 1034-46, doi:10.31464/jlere.1966575.
Vancouver
1.Korkut İşisağ. When Color Becomes Metaphor: A Diachronic Corpus Study of Semantic Extension in Four English Color Adjectives. JLERE. 01 Eylül 2026;12(1):1034-46. doi:10.31464/jlere.1966575

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Journal of Language Education and Research (JLERE)
Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi

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