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Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye)

Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4 14 Ekim 2026
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Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye)

Öz

This study aimed to evaluate phenotypic diversity and population relationships among natural chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) populations in the forests of Yağlıdere district (Giresun, Türkiye) based on leaf morphological traits. Leaf samples were collected from 105 seed-propagated trees representing seven populations during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. Eleven leaf parameters, including lamina dimensions, petiole length, tooth characteristics, and leaf area, were measured, and several ratio-based traits were calculated. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis were applied to two-year average data. Significant differences were detected among genotypes and populations for most leaf traits. Strong correlations were observed among leaf size-related parameters, whereas marginal traits showed more variable relationships. PCA revealed that the first three components explained more than 80% of the total variation at the genotype level and over 90% at the population level, with leaf size, shape ratios, and tooth characteristics being the main contributors to morphological differentiation. Hierarchical clustering produced grouping patterns consistent with PCA results, clearly discriminating genotypes and populations based on leaf morphology. The findings demonstrate that leaf morphological traits provide a reliable and practical approach for the characterization, conservation, and utilization of chestnut genetic resources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Castanea sativa, Genotype, Diversity, Correlation, Clustering, Principal component

Kaynakça

  1. Álvarez-Álvarez, P., Barrio-Anta, M. and Diéguez-Aranda, U. (2006). Differentiation of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) cultivars by leaf, nut and burr dimensions. Forestry, 79(2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpl006
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  3. Aravanopoulos F. A. (2005). Phenotypic variation and population relationships of chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Greece, revealed by multivariate analysis of leaf morphometrics. Acta Horticulturae, 693, 233-240. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.693.28
  4. Atefe, K., Kambiz, T. A. and Javad, T. (2015). Variations in leaf and fruit morphological traits of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Hyrcanian forests, Iran. International Journal of Plant Research, 1(4), 155–161.
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  6. Dinis, L. T., Peixoto, F., Pinto, T., Costa, R., Bennett, R. N. and Gomes-Laranjo, J. (2011). Study of morphological and phenological diversity in chestnut trees (‘Judia’ variety) as a function of temperature sum. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 70, 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.08.003
  7. Ertan, E. (2007). Variability in leaf and fruit morphology and in fruit composition of chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) in the Nazilli region of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54, 691–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-0020-6
  8. Gilland, K. E. and McCarthy, B. C. (2014). Performance and phenotypic variation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) hybrids on newly reclaimed mine sites in eastern Ohio, USA. Ecological Restoration, 32(4), 379–387.
  9. Grygorieva, O., Klymenko, S., Brindza, J., Schubertová, Z., Nikolaieva, N. and Šimková, J. (2017). Morphometric characteristics of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) fruits. Potravinárstvo: Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 11(1): 288-295. https://dx.doi.org/10.5219/684
  10. Grygorieva, O., Klymenko, S., Vinogradova, Y., Ilyinska, A., Piórecki, N. and Brindza, J. (2018). Leaf characteristics as important morphometric discriminators for chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) genotypes. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, 146–158. https://doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity

Kaynak Göster

APA
Pul, N., & Bostan, S. Z. (2026). Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye). Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4), 1723-1744. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1885627
AMA
1.Pul N, Bostan SZ. Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye). KFBD. 2026;16(4):1723-1744. doi:10.31466/kfbd.1885627
Chicago
Pul, Nesrin, ve Saim Zeki Bostan. 2026. “Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye)”. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16 (4): 1723-44. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1885627.
EndNote
Pul N, Bostan SZ (01 Ekim 2026) Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye). Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16 4 1723–1744.
IEEE
[1]N. Pul ve S. Z. Bostan, “Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye)”, KFBD, c. 16, sy 4, ss. 1723–1744, Eki. 2026, doi: 10.31466/kfbd.1885627.
ISNAD
Pul, Nesrin - Bostan, Saim Zeki. “Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye)”. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16/4 (01 Ekim 2026): 1723-1744. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1885627.
JAMA
1.Pul N, Bostan SZ. Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye). KFBD. 2026;16:1723–1744.
MLA
Pul, Nesrin, ve Saim Zeki Bostan. “Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye)”. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 16, sy 4, Ekim 2026, ss. 1723-44, doi:10.31466/kfbd.1885627.
Vancouver
1.Nesrin Pul, Saim Zeki Bostan. Leaf Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations of Chestnuts in Yağlıdere Forests (Giresun, Türkiye). KFBD. 01 Ekim 2026;16(4):1723-44. doi:10.31466/kfbd.1885627