Evaluation of Capital Gains Tax Systems of OECD Member Countries in Terms of Effective Taxation Principle

Öz

The purpose of this study is to discuss alternative approaches that would effectively tax capital gains, limited to the tax systems of OECD member countries, and to offer some recommendations to strengthen the typical realization approach. In this respect, the study is a theoretical study in the nature of policy analysis. To this end, a detailed literature review was conducted, and countries’ current capital tax regimes as of 2023 were analyzed. According to the results, various options for reducing the lock-in effects and tax avoidance opportunities caused by the differential tax treatment of capital gains include: i) inflation adjustment, ii) normal return deduction, iii) tax spreading, iv) facilitating loss carry forwards, v) harmonization of tax rates, vi) deemed realization, vii) retrospective taxation, and viii) accrual basis. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these options should be carefully evaluated. However, the deemed realization approach can play a significant role in strengthening the typical realization approach by preventing some gains from escaping tax entirely.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Capital Gains Tax
• Lock-in Effect
• Retrospective Taxation
• Accrual-based Taxation
• Exit Taxes.

OECD Üyesi Ülkelerin Sermaye Kazançları Vergisi Sistemlerinin Efektif Vergileme İlkesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı OECD ülkelerinin vergi sistemleri ile sınırlı olarak sermaye kazançlarının efektif vergilendirilmesine yönelik alternatifleri tartışmak ve tipik gerçekleşme yaklaşımının güçlendirilmesine yönelik önerilerde bulunmaktır. Bu bakımdan çalışma politika analizi niteliğinde kuramsal bir çalışmadır. Bunun için ayrıntılı bir literatür taraması yapılmış ve ülkelerin 2023 yılı itibariyle güncel sermaye vergisi rejimleri analiz edilmiştir. Ulaşılan sonuçlara göre sermaye kazançlarının farklı vergi muamelesine tabi tutulmasının neden olduğu kilitlenme etkilerini ve vergiden kaçınma fırsatlarını azaltabilmek için çeşitli seçenekler arasında; i) enflasyon ayarlaması, ii) normal getiri indirimi, iii) verginin yayılması, iv) zararları devretme kolaylığı sağlanması, v) vergi oranlarının uyumlaştırılması, vi) varsayılan gerçekleşme, vii) geriye dönük vergileme ve viii) tahakkuk esası bulunmaktadır. Bu seçeneklerin her birinin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerinin dikkatlice değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bununla birlikte, varsayılan gerçekleşme yaklaşımı bazı kazançların vergiden tamamen kaçmasını önleyerek tipik gerçekleşme yaklaşımını güçlendirmede önemli bir rol oynayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sermaye Kazançları Vergisi
• Kilitleme Etkisi
• Geriye Dönük Vergileme
• Tahakkuka Dayalı Vergileme
• Çıkış Vergileri.

Kaynakça

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