Determination of the quality criteria, oxidative stability, and fatty acid composition of commercial cold-pressed flaxseed and hempseed oils

Öz

This study aimed to determine the quality criteria of cold-pressed flaxseed and hempseed oils from four different commercial brands available on the market. While the free fatty acid content of the oil samples was found to be within the codex limit values, the peroxide values of flaxseed and hempseed oil samples from the same brand exceeded and did not comply with the codex limits. The other oxidation values of these oil samples were also found to be high. Linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were identified as the predominant fatty acids in both flaxseed and hempseed oils. One flaxseed oil sample from a specific brand exhibited lower ALA content compared to the literature data, leading to the conclusion that it contained a different oil mixture. Additionally, γ-linolenic acid was detected in both oil samples.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Flaxseed
• Hempseed
• Oxidation
• Fatty Acid Composition
• α-Linolenic Acid.

Ticari soğuk pres keten ve kenevir tohumu yağlarının kalite kriterlerinin, oksidatif stabilitelerinin ve yağ asidi kompozisyonlarının belirlenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, piyasada ticari olarak satılan 4 farklı markaya ait soğuk pres keten ve kenevir tohumu yağlarının kalite kriterlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yağ örneklerinin serbest yağ asidi değerlerinin kodeks limit sınırlarında olduğu belirlenirken, aynı markaya ait keten ve kenevir yağı örneklerinin peroksit sayısı değerlerinin kodeks limitlerini aştığı ve uymadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu yağ örneklerinin diğer oksidasyon değerlerinin de yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Keten ve kenevir tohumu yağlarında baskın olarak linoleik ve α-linolenik (ALA) yağ asitleri tespit edilmiştir. Bir markaya ait keten tohumu yağının ALA içeriğinin literatür verilerine kıyasla düşük olduğu ve içerisinde farklı bir karışım yağ olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, her iki yağ örneğinde de γ-linolenik asit olduğu da tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Keten
• Kenevir
• Oksidasyon
• Yağ asidi kompozisyonu
• α-Linolenik asit

Kaynakça

1. T. Dedebas, L. Ekici, and O. Sagdic, Chemical characteristics and storage stabilities of different cold-pressed seed oils. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 45, e15107, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15107
2. N. Mikołajczak, D. A. Sobiechowska, M. Tańska, Edible flowers as a nem source of natural antioxidant for oxidative protection of cold-pressed oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Food Research International, 134, 109216, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109216
3. P. S. Figueiredo, A. Carla Inada, G. Marcelino, C. Maiara Lopes Cardozo, K. de Cássia Freitas, R, de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães, A. P. de Castro, V. A. do Nascimento, P. Aiko Hiane, Fatty acids consumption: The role metabolic aspects involved in obesity and its associated disorders. Nutrients, 9, 1-32, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101158
4. C. Da Porto, D. Voinovich, D. Decorti, A. Natolino, Response surface optimization of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) oil yield and oxidation stability by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 68, 45-51, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109216
5. U. Gecgel, A. S. Demirci, G. C. Dulger, U. Gecgel, M. Tasan, M. Arici, O. Ay, Some physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition and antimicrobial characteristics of different cold-pressed oils. La Rivista italiana delle sostanze grasse, 93, 187-200, 2015.
6. K. K. Singh, D. Mridula, J. Rehal, P. Barnwal, Flaxseed: a potential source of food, feed and fiber. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 51, 210-222, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390903537241
7. TGK, Türk Gıda Kodeksi-Bitki Adı ile Anılan Yağlar Tebliği (Tebliğ No: 2012/29), 2012.
8. S. S. Teh and J. Birch, Physicochemical and quality characteristics of cold-pressed hemp, flax and canola seed oils. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 30, 26-31, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2013.01.004

9. H. Pehlivanoğlu, E. Önder, and H. E. Kırtıl, İstanbul Piyasasında Satılan Soğuk Pres Yağların Kimyasal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 31, 644-654, 2021. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.780205
10. S. Uluata and N. Özdemir, Antioxidant activities and oxidative stabilities of some unconventional oilseeds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 89, 551-559, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1955-0
11. M. Tura, M. Mandrioli, E. Valli, T. Gallina Toschi, Quality indexes and composition of 13 commercial hemp seed oils. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 117, 105112, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105112
12. E. Symoniuk, K. Ratusz, K. Krygier, Impact of selected chemical characteristics of cold-pressed oils on their oxidative stability determined using the rancimat and pressure differential scanning calorimetry method. Food Analytical Methods, 11, 1095-1104, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-1081-1
13. AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis, in Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, 17th edn, vol 2, issue no. 41, 2000.
14. C. Da Porto, E. Porretto, D. Decorti, Comparison of ultrasound-assisted extraction with conventional extraction methods of oil and polyphenols from grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds. Ultrasonics Sonochemisty, 20, 1076-1080, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.12.002
15. AOAC, Official method of analysis (15th ed.). Washington: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1998.
16. T. Dursun Capar, T. Dedebas, H. Yalcin, L. Ekici, Extraction method affects seed oil yield, composition, and antioxidant properties of European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus). Industrial Crops and Products, 168, 113632, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113632
17. AOCS, Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS, 5th ed.; AOCS Press: Champaign, IL,” 1998.
18. Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Che, Effects of different drying methods on the extraction rate and qualities of oils from demucilaged flaxseed. Drying Technology, 36, 1642-1652, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1421220
19. IUPAC, Standard methods for the analysis of oils, fats, and derivatives. Blackwell Scientific Publications International Union of Pure Applied Chemisty (7th ed), Blackwell Scientific Publications, IUPAC Method 2301, 1987.
20. H. Alasalvar, G. Kocer Alasalvar, Z. Yıldırım, Effect of partial fat replacement by hazelnut oil microcapsules in beef burger formulations on physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, and sensory attributes. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46, 1-9, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.16644
21. H. M. Çelebi, Soğuk Pres Yöntemi ile Elde Edilen Çeşitli Bitkisel Yağların Karakterizasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Ensitüsü, Türkiye, 2023.
22. S. Latif and F. Anwar, Physicochemical studies of hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil using enzyme-assisted cold-pressing. European Journal Lipid Science and Technology, 111, 1042-1048, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200900008
23. T. Chen, J. He, J, Zhang, H. Zhang, P. Qian, J. Hao, L. Li, Analytical characterization of hempseed (Seed of Cannabis sativa L.) oil from eight regions in China. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 7, 117-129, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3109/19390211003781669
24. Z. S. Zhang, L. J. Wang, D. Li, S. J. Li, N. Ozkan, Characteristics of flaxseed oil from two different flax plants. International Journal of Food Properties, 14, 1286-1296, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942911003650296
25. V. Lo Turco, F. Litrenta, V. Nava, A. Albergamo, R. Rando, G. Bartolomeo, A. G. Potorti, G. Di Bella, Effect of Filtration Process on Oxidative Stability and Minor Compounds of the Cold-Pressed Hempseed Oil during Storage. Antioxidants, 12, 1231, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061231
26. M. Tura, M. Mandrioli, E. Valli, R. C. Rubino, D. Parentela, T. Gallina Toschi, Changes in the composition of a cold-pressed hemp seed oil during three months of storage. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 106, 104270, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104270
27. M. Islam, Y. V. Rajagukguk, A. Siger, J. Tomaszewska-Gras, Assessment of Hemp Seed Oil Quality Pressed from Fresh and Stored Seeds of Henola Cultivar Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Foods, 12, 135, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010135
28. E. Symoniuk, K. Ratusz, K. Krygier, Oxidative stability and the chemical composition of market cold-pressed linseed oil. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 119, 1700055, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201700055
29. O. N. Ciftçi, R. Przybylski, M. Rudzin, Lipid components of flax , perilla , and chia seeds. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 114, 794–800, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201100207
30. H. Özdemir, E. Bakkalbaşı, I. Javidipour, Effect of seed roasting on oxidative stability and antioxidant content of hemp seed oil. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58, 2606-2616, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1188308