Biyoteknolojik materyallerin kurutulması: Püskürtmeli-dondurarak kurutma işlemi

Öz

Üretildiklerinde genellikle sıvı formda olan biyoteknolojik materyallerin kurutularak toz haline getirilmesi, hem stabilitelerini uzun süre korumaları hem de depolama ve nakliye masraflarını düşürmesi açısından oldukça avantajlıdır. Ancak bu ürünlerin kurutulması sırasında hücre canlılığının, biyolojik aktivitenin veya besleyici değerin kaybolması gibi arzu edilmeyen bir takım değişiklikler meydana gelebilmektedir. Kendine has avantaj ve dezavantajları olan püskürtmeli kurutma ve dondurarak kurutma işlemleri biyoteknolojik materyallerin kurutulması için en sık kullanılan yöntemlerdir. Püskürtmeli kurutma işleminde yüksek giriş sıcaklıkları nedeniyle ısıya duyarlı olan materyaller parçalanabilir. Dondurarak kurutma işlemi ise düşük sıcaklık ve basınçta uzun sürede gerçekleşmesi sebebiyle oldukça yüksek işletme maliyetine sahiptir. Püskürtmeli-dondurarak kurutma işlemi (PDK), konvansiyonel dondurarak kurutma ve püskürtmeli kurutma işlemlerinin dezavantajlarını ortadan kaldırarak her iki yöntemi kombine eden oldukça yeni bir kurutma yöntemidir. PDK işleminde sıvı besleme ilk aşamada püskürtülerek küçük damlacıklar haline getirilir. Bu damlacıklar kriyojenik bir ortam ile temas ettirilerek dondurulur ve düşük sıcaklık ve basınç altında süblimasyon ile kurutulur. Püskürtme işlemi ile materyalin boyutunun küçültülmesi donma ve kurutma süresini kısaltarak işletme maliyetini düşürür. Ayrıca, PDK işlemi konvansiyonel dondurarak ve püskürtmeli kurutma işlemlerine göre daha küçük partikül boyutlu, yüksek spesifik yüzey alanına sahip, poroz yapıda partiküller ile sonuçlanır. Bu çalışmada yeni bir kurutma metodu olan PDK işleminin prensibi, avantajları, uygulama alanları üzerinde durulacak, literatürde yapılmış çalışmalar derlenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Püskürtmeli-dondurarak kurutma,Biyoteknolojik materyal,Partikül boyutu,Spesifik yüzey alanı,Ultrasonik nozul

Drying of biotechnological materials: Spray-freeze drying

Abstract

Production of dried powder forms of biotechnological materials which are generally in liquid form when they are produced is advantageous in terms of both protecting their stability for a long time and reducing storage and transportation costs. However, during drying of these materials, some undesired changes might occur such as loss of cell viability, biological activity and nutritional value. Spray drying and freeze drying with their unique advantages and disadvantages are the most commonly used methods for drying of biotechnological materials. In spray drying, degradation of heat-labile materials can take place because of the high inlet temperatures. Freeze drying has high operation costs because of being carried out at low temperature and low pressure for a long time. Spray-freeze drying (SFD) is a novel drying method which combines conventional freeze and spray drying by eliminating the disadvantages of both methods. In SFD process, the liquid feed solution is first sprayed into small droplets. These droplets are frozen by contacting with a cryogenic medium and dried by sublimation at low temperature and pressure. Reduction of the particle size by spraying process reduces the operation costs by shortening the freezing and drying time. Moreover, the SFD process results in smaller particle size, higher specific surface area and porous structured particles than conventional freeze drying and spray drying. In this study, principles, advantages and application areas of SFD process, which is a novel drying method, will be emphasized and the studies in the literature will be reviewed.

Keywords

• Spray-freeze drying,Biotechnological material,Particle size,Specific surface area,Ultrasonic nozzle

Kaynakça

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