Patriotism as Perceived by Social Studies Teachers: An Outlook on the Individual, Society and Education

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 40, 192 - 218, 01.07.2016

Fatih Öztürk Serdar Malkoç Arife Figen Ersoy

Öz

Patriotism is a citizenship value involved in the
affective objectives of social studies education. The present study aimed to
investigate the social studies teachers’ perceptions of patriotism. A total of
14 social studies teachers selected as per maximum variation method
participated in the study, which was designed as a phenomenological research.
The research data were collected using a semi-structured interview form. The
data were analysed using content analysis method with the help of NVivo
software program. The results of the research suggested that participating
social studies teachers explain patriotism with concepts of love, commitment
and responsibility, and perceived themselves closer to blind patriotism. It was
recommended that teachers should become more aware of active and democratic
citizenship, get training to become constructive citizens, and improve their
practices in this direction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Patriotism, Active citizen, Citizenship education, Social studies education

Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretmenlerine Göre Yurtseverlik: Birey, Toplum ve Eğitime Bakış

Öz

Yurtseverlik
sosyal bilgiler öğretim alanı içinde yer alan bir vatandaşlık değeridir. Bu
araştırma sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin yurtseverlik algılarını ortaya
çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Fenomenoloji deseninde gerçekleştirilen araştırmaya maksimum
çeşitlik örneklemesi ile belirlenen 14 sosyal bilgiler öğretmeni katılmıştır.
Araştırma verileri yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma
verileri NVivo programında içerik analizi tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma
sonuçlarına göre, sosyal bilgiler öğretmenleri yurtseverliği, sevgi, bağlılık,
sorumluluk kavramlarıyla açıklamışlar ve kendilerini kör yurtseverliğe daha
yakın görmüşlerdir. Öğretmenlerin etkin ve demokratik yurttaşlık eğitimi konusunda
bilinçlenmeleri ve yapıcı yurtsever olmalarına ilişkin eğitim almaları ve
uygulamalarını bu yönde geliştirmeleri sağlanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yurtseverlik, etkin vatandaş, vatandaşlık eğitimi, sosyal bilgiler eğitimi

Kaynakça

• Anderson, C., Avery, P. G., Pederson, P. V., Smith, E. S., ve Sullivan, J. L. (1997). Divergent perspectives on citizenship education: A Q-method study and survey of social studies teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 34(2), 333-364.
• Barchuk, Z., ve Harkins, M. (2010). Why teach about globalization. Social Studies Research & Practice, 5(1), 13-23.
• Barnes, K. (2010). Blind patriotism, stereotyping, and the mediating role of threat. Unpublished Master Thesis. Department of psychological Science, Ball State Unıversity, 15 Ocak 2015 tarihinde http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/193292/BarnesK_2010-3_BODY.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y adresinden alınmıştır.
• Blank, T., Schmidt, P., ve Westle, B. (2001, April). Patriotism–A contradiction, a possibility or an empirical reality. In European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Grenoble, France, 15 Ocak 2015 tarihinde https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/c518cdb2-dd68-4b09-a5b8-1125a9d6be5e.pdf. adresinden alınmıştır.
• Blank, T., ve Schmidt, P. (2003). National identity in a united Germany: Nationalism or patriotism? An empirical test with representative data. Political Psychology, 24(2), 289-312.
• Bar-Tal, D. (1993). Patriotism as fundamental beliefs of group members. Politics and Individual, 3(2), 45-62.
• Bakioğlu, A. ve Kurt, T. (2009). Öğretmenlerin demokrasi, vatandaşlık ve vatanseverlik algılarının nitel olarak incelenmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 29, 19-39.
• Bar-Tal, D. (1997). The monopolization of patriotism. D. Bar-Tal ve E. Staub (Eds.), Patriotism: In the lives of individuals and nations. (pp. 246-270).Chicago: Nelson-Hall
• Caballero, C. (1999). Patriotism or nationalism? Fauré and the Great War. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 52(3), 593-625.
• Collins, J. (2015). Democracy and citizenship through classroom discussion in high school social studies Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,. The Evergreen State College. 15 Ocak 2016 tarihinde http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession89-10MIT/Collins_J_MIT2015.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
• Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research method: Choosing among five approaches (2nd. Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Çelik, H. (2009). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin vatandaşlık eğitiminin bugünkü durumu ve geleceğine ilişkin görüşleri. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Blimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Castro, A. J. (2013). What makes a citizen? Critical and multicultural citizenship and preservice teachers' understanding of citizenship skills. Theory & Research in Social Education, 41(2), 219-246.
• Davidov, E. (2009). Measurement equivalence of nationalism and constructive patriotism in the ISSP: 34 countries in a comparative perspective. Political Analysis, 17(1), 64-82.
• Ersoy, A. F. ve Öztürk, F. (2015). Bir vatandaşlık değeri olarak yurtseverlik: Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının algısı. İlköğretim Online, 14(3), 974-992.
• Ersoy, A. F. (2007). Sosyal bilgiler dersinde öğretmenlerin etkili vatandaşlık eğitimi uygulamalarına ilişkin görüşleri. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Ersoy, A. F. (2014). Active and democratic citizenship education and its challenges in social studies classrooms. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 55, 1-20.
• Gallavan, N. P. (2008). Examining teacher candidates' views on teaching world citizenship. The Social Studies, 99(6), 249-254.
• Glesne, C. (2012). Nitel araştırmaya giriş (1. Baskı) A. Ersoy ve P. Yalçınoğlu (Çev. Edt.). Ankara: Anı. [Orijinal baskı 2011].
• Hess, D. E. (2002). Discussing controversial public issues in secondary social studies classrooms: Learning from skilled teachers. Theory & Research in Social Education, 30(1), 10-41.
• Hand, M. ve Pearce, J. (2011). Patriotism in British schools: teachers’ and students’ perspectives, Educational Studies, 37(4), 405-418.
• Hicks, D. (2001). Re-examining the future: The challenge for citizenship education. Educational Review, 53(3),229-240.
• Johnson, G. R. (1997). The evolutionary roots of patriotism. D. Bar-Tal ve E. Staub (Eds.), Patriotism: In the lives of individuals and nations. (ss.45-90) Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
• Jordan, A. (1904). The bias of patriotism. International Journal of Ethics, 15(1),1-27.
• Kahne, J. ve Middaugh, E. (2008). Democracy for some: The civic opportunity gap in high school. Circle Working Paper 59. Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE). 15 Ocak 2015 tarihinde http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED503646.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
• Kahne, J., Chi, B. ve Middaugh, E. (2006). Building social capital for civic and political engagement: The potential of high-school civics courses. Canadian Journal of Education. 29(2), 387-409.
• Kahne, J. ve Middaugh, E. (2007). Is patriotism good for democracy? J. Westheimer (Ed.). Pledging allegiance: The politics of patriotism in America’s schools. (ss. 115-126). New York: Teachers College Press.
• Kosterman, R. ve Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10, 257–274.
• Martin, L. A. (2010). A comparative analysis of teacher education students' views about citizenship education. Action in Teacher Education, 32(2), 56-69.
• Martin, L. A. (2008). Elementary and secondary teacher education students' perspectives on citizenship. Action in Teacher Education, 30(3), 54-63.
• Memişoğlu, H. (2014). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin görüşlerine göre vatandaşlık eğitimi. Turkish Studies, 9(5), 1565-1584.
• Nathanson, S. (1989). In defense of" moderate patriotism". Ethics, 99(3), 535-552.
• National Council for Social Studies. (1992). A vision of powerful teaching and learning in social studies: Building social understanding and civic efficacy. 10 Mart 2015 tarihinde http://www.socialstudies.org/positions/powerful adresinden alınmıştır.
• O’Brien, J. L. ve Smith, J. M. (2011). Elementary education students’ perceptions of “good” citizenship. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 2(1), 21-36.
• Öztürk, Demirbaş, Ç. ve Çelikkaya, T. (2012). Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının programdaki değerlere ilişkin algısal farkındalıkları. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 5(8), 415-427.
• Parmenter, L. (1999). Constructing national identity in a changing world: Perspectives in Japanese education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 20(4), 453-463.
• Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
• Patterson, N., Doppen, F. ve Misco, T. (2012). Beyond personally responsible: A study of teacher conceptualizations of citizenship education. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 7(2), 191-206.
• Raijman, R., Davidov, E., Schmidt, P. ve Hochman, O. (2008). What does a nation owe non-citizens? National attachments, perception of threat and attitudes towards granting citizenship rights in a comparative perspective. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 49(2-3), 195-220. Ravitch, D. (2006). “Should we teach patriotism?” Phi Delta Kappan. 87(8), 579-581
• Schatz, R. T., Staub, E. ve Lavine, H. (1999). On the varieties of national attachment: Blind versus constructive patriotism. Political Psychology, 20(1), 151-174.
• Straughn, J. B. ve Andriot, A. L. (2011). Education, civic patriotism and democratic citizenship: Un packing the education effect on political involvement. Sociological Forum, 26(3), 556-580.
• Waghid, Y. (2009). Patriotism and democratic citizenship education in South Africa: On the (im) possibility of reconciliation and nation building. Educational Philodophy and Theory, 41(4), 399-409.
• Westheimer, J. ve Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237-269.
• Westheimer, J. (2006). Politics and patriotism in education. Phi Delta Kappan, 87, 608-620.
• Yazıcı, S. ve Yazıcı, F. (2010). Yurtseverlik eğitimi: Tarih ve sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin algı, tutum ve eğitimsel uygulamalarına yönelik bir araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(10), 649-660