Kariyer Çözülmesi: Kadın Bilgi Çalışanlarında Cinsiyete Dayalı Ücret Eşitsizliğinin Kesişimselliği

Yıl 2024, , 94 - 117, 27.03.2024

Büşra Polat , Ozan Ağlargöz

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1432985

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı kadın bilgi çalışanlarının cinsiyete dayalı ücret eşitsizliğinin kesişimselliğine ilişkin deneyimlerin keşfedilmesi ve cinsiyete dayalı ücret eşitsizliğinin sebeplerinin sorgulanmasıdır. Çalışma, cinsiyete dayalı ücret eşitsizliği olgusunu kesişimsellik teorisi bağlamında sorunsallaştırmaktadır. Çalışmada ücret eşitsizliğinin kadın olmanın yanında etnik köken farklılıkları açısından nasıl değiştiği ve kadınların kariyerlerinde nasıl bir çözülmeye neden olduğu betimlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Betimsel nitel tasarımın kullanıldığı çalışma tematik analize dayalı olarak Almanya ve Türkiye’de amaçlı olarak seçilen katılımcılarla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın görgül materyalini etnik köken açısından farklılık gösteren, genelde bilim, teknoloji, mühendislik ve matematik alanlarında çalışan bilgi çalışanı kadınlarla yapılan yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmeler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma sonuçları cinsiyete dayalı ücret eşitsizliğinin kapsamlı analizinde etnik kökenin diğer kesişimsel faktörlerle birlikte ele alınması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Cinsiyete dayalı ücret eşitsizliğinin nedenleri arasında ise işyerinde şeffaflığın olmayışı, cinsiyete dayalı mesleki ayrımcılık, kültür, cam tavan, erkek egemen biçimsel olmayan iletişim kanallarının varlığı ve kadın çalışanların örgütsel küçülme girişimlerinde daha kolay tercih edilebilmeleri sıralanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

cinsiyete dayalı ücret eşitsizliği, kesişimsellik teorisi, kadın bilgi çalışanları, Almanya, Türkiye

Deinstitutionalized Careers: Intersectionality of Gender Pay Gap among Women Knowledge Workers

Öz

The purpose of this study is to explore women knowledge workers’ experiences of the intersectionality of the gender pay gap and to scrutinize the reasons behind gender pay gap. The study problematizes the gender pay gap phenomenon by using intersectionality theory. The study describes how the gender pay gap varies based on ethnical differences besides being women and reveals how this situation deinstitutionalizes women’s careers. The study utilized a descriptive qualitative research design employing thematic analysis conducted in Germany and Türkiye with a purposively selected sample of participants. The study’s empirical material was generated through semi-structured interviews with women knowledge workers who differ in ethnicity and generally work in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The study’s findings indicated that ethnicity should be considered among other intersectional factors to analyze the gender pay gap comprehensively. The reasons behind the gender pay gap are found to be the lack of transparency in the workplace, gender-based occupational segregation, culture, the glass ceiling, the existence of male-dominated informal communication channels, and the fact that women workers are more easily preferred in organizational downsizing initiatives.

Anahtar Kelimeler

gender pay gap, intersectionality theory, women knowledge workers, Germany, Türkiye

Etik Beyan

In this study, the rules stated in the “Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive” were followed.

Destekleyen Kurum

The research did not receive any support from any institution or organization.

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers of Sosyal Mucit Academic Review and the members of the thesis defense jury for their constructive comments.

Kaynakça

• Abudy, M., Aharon, D. Y., & Shust, E. (2023). Can gender pay-gap disclosures make a difference?. Finance Research Letters, 52, 103583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103583
• Acker, J. (2012). Gendered organizations and intersectionality: Problems and possibilities. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 31(3), 214-224. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151211209072
• Adams, W. C. (2015). Conducting semi-structured interviews. In K. E. Newcomer, H. P. Hatry, & J. S. Wholey (Eds.), Handbook of practical program evaluation (pp. 492-505). Jossey-Bass. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171386.ch19
• Alkadry, M. G., & Tower, L. E. (2013). Slowly but can we say “surely”? Pay equity & segregation a decade later in West Virginia state government. Public Administration Quarterly, 37(2), 210-239. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24372008
• Alvesson, M. (2003). Beyond neopositivists, romantics, and localists: A reflexive approach to interviews in organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 28(1), 13-33. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2003.8925191
• Arthur, M. B. & Rousseau, D. M. (1996). Introduction: The boundaryless career as a new employment principle. In Arthur, Michael B., Rousseau, & Denise M. (Eds.), The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era (pp. 3-20). Oxford University Press.
• Arulampalam, W., Booth, A. L., & Bryan, M. L. (2007). Is there a glass ceiling over Europe? Exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution. ILR Review, 60(2), 163-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979390706000201
• Bennedsen, M., Larsen, B., & Wei, J. (2023). Gender wage transparency and the gender pay gap: A survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 37(5), 1743-1777. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12545
• Bishu, S. G., & Alkadry, M. G. (2017). A systematic review of the gender pay gap and factors that predict it. Administration & Society, 49(1), 65-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399716636928
• Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789-865. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160995
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. Sage.
• Budig, M. J. (2002). Male advantage and the gender composition of jobs: Who rides the glass escalator?. Social Problems, 49(2), 258-277. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.2.258
• Carbado, D. W., Crenshaw, K. W., Mays, V. M., & Tomlinson, B. (2013). Intersectionality: Mapping the movements of a theory. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 10(2), 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000349
• Center for Intersectional Justice. (2024). What is intersectionality. https://www.intersectionaljustice.org/what-is-intersectionality (Accessed Date: 05 January 2024).
• Césaire, A. (2000). Discourse on colonialism (J. Pinkham, Trans., Original work published 1955). Monthly Review Press.
• Chapman, S. J., & Benis, N. (2017). Ceteris non paribus: The intersectionality of gender, race, and region in the gender wage gap. Women’s Studies International Forum, 65, 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.10.001
• Chevalier, A. (2007). Education, occupation and career expectations: Determinants of the gender pay gap for UK graduates. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 819-842. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00483.x
• Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4), 785-810. https://doi.org/10.1086/669608
• Chun, J. J., Lipsitz, G., & Shin, Y. (2013). Intersectionality as a social movement strategy: Asian immigrant women advocates. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4), 917-940. https://doi.org/10.1086/669575
• Cohen, L. & Duberley, J. (2020). New horizons: What we can learn from career’s travels in different disciplinary lands. In H. Gunz, M. Lazarova, & W. Mayrhofer (Eds.), The Routledge companion to career studies (pp. 42-58). Routledge.
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241-1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
• Creswell, J. W. (2016). 30 essential skills for the qualitative researcher. Sage.
• Crossman, A. (2020). An overview of qualitative research methods: Direct observation, interviews, participation, immersion, focus groups. ToughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/qualitative-research-methods-3026555 (Accessed Date: 01 May 2020).
• Czarniawska, B. (2014). Social science research: From field to desk. Sage.
• Dempsey, L., Dowling, M., Larkin, P., & Murphy, K. (2016). Sensitive interviewing in qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 39(6), 480-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21743
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Sage.
• Doyle, L., McCabe, C., Keogh, B., Brady, A., & McCann, M. (2020). An overview of the qualitative descriptive design within nursing research. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(5), 443-455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987119880234
• Erbil, C., Özbilgin, M. F., & Bağlama, S. H. (2023). Duality of language as a tool for integration versus mobility at work: Utility of a polyphonic perspective. In P. Lecomte, M. Vigier, C. Gaibrois, & B. Beeler (Eds.), Understanding the dynamics of language and multilingualism in professional contexts (pp. 155-168). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789906783.00021
• Galletta, A. (2013). Mastering the semi-structured interview and beyond: From research design to analysis and publication. New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814732939.001.0001
• Goldin, C. (1990). Understanding the gender gap: An economic history of American women. Oxford University Press.
• Grabham, E., Herman, D., Cooper, D., & Krishnadas, J. (2009). Introduction. In E. Grabham, D. Herman, D. Cooper., & J. Krishnadas. (Eds.), Intersectionality and beyond: Law, power and the politics of location (pp. 1-18). Routledge.
• Gupta, A. H. (2020). Why some women call this recession a ‘shecession’. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/09/us/unemployment-coronavirus-women.html (Accessed Date: 05 January 2024).
• Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., & Lacey, S. D. (2016). Qualitative research methods: When to use them and how to judge them. Human Reproduction, 31(3), 498-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev334
• Henshall, A. (2018). What Iceland can teach the world about gender pay gaps. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180209-what-iceland-can-teach-the-world-about-gender-pay-gaps (Accessed Date: 16 May 2023).
• Jarrell, S. B., & Stanley, T. D. (2004). Declining bias and gender wage discrimination? A meta-regression analysis. The Journal of Human Resources, 39(3), 828-838. https://doi.org/10.2307/3558999
• Kallio, H., Pietilä, A.-M., Johnson, M., & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: Developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 2954-2965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13031
• Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., & Bradway, C. (2017). Characteristics of qualitative descriptive studies: A systematic review. Research in Nursing & Health, 40(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21768
• Klode, C., Schüller, K., & Armbruester, T. (2017). Practicing what they preach? The scope and explanation of a gender pay gap in HR management. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2017(1), 13489. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2017.13489abstract
• Kochhar, R. (2023). The enduring grip of the gender pay gap. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/03/01/the-enduring-grip-of-the-gender-pay-gap/ (Accessed Date: 05 January 2024).
• Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. Sage.
• Lambert, V. A., & Lambert, C. E. (2012). Qualitative descriptive research: An acceptable design. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 16(4), 255-256.
• Leininger, M. (1994). Evaluation criteria and critique of qualitative research studies. In J. M. Morse (Ed.), Critical issues in qualitative research methods (pp. 95-115). Sage.
• Maguire, S., & Hardy, C. (2009). Discourse and deinstitutionalization: The decline of DDT. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1), 148-178. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.36461993
• Manning, A., & Saidi, F. (2010). Understanding the gender pay gap: What’s competition got to do with it?. ILR Review, 63(4), 681-698. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391006300407
• Morgan, L. A. (2008). Major matters: A comparison of the within‐major gender pay gap across college majors for early‐career graduates. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 47(4), 625-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2008.00538.x
• Oliver, C. (1992). The antecedents of deinstitutionalization. Organization Studies, 13(4), 563-588. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069201300403
• Özbilgin, M. F., Beauregard, T. A., Tatli, A., & Bell, M. P. (2011). Work–life, diversity and intersectionality: A critical review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(2), 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2010.00291.x
• Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42, 533-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (Third Edition). Sage.
• Roethlisberger, C., Gassmann, F., Groot, W., & Martorano, B. (2023). The contribution of personality traits and social norms to the gender pay gap: A systematic literature review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 37(2), 377-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12501
• Roos, P. A., & Gatta, M. L. (1999). The gender gap in earnings: Trends, explanations, and prospects. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work (pp. 95-123). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231365.n6
• Rubery, J., & Koukiadaki, A. (2016). Closing the gender pay gap: A review of the issues, policy mechanisms and international evidence. International Labour Office.
• Settersten, R. A. (2006). Aging and the life course. In R. H. Binstock, L. K. George, S. J. Cutler, J. Hendricks, & J. H. Schulz (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (Sixth Edition) (pp. 3-19). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012088388-2/50004-3
• The Swedish Academy of Sciences. (2023). Press Release. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2023/press-release/ (Accessed Date: 07 January 2024).
• Tomlinson, B. (2013). To tell the truth and not get trapped: Desire, distance, and intersectionality at the scene of argument. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4), 993-1017. https://doi.org/10.1086/669571
• UN Women. (2024). HeForShe. https://www.heforshe.org/en (Accessed Date: 02 March 2024).
• Vock, I. (2023). Iceland’s PM strikes over gender pay gap. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67195224 (Accessed Date: 05 January 2024).
• Weichselbaumer, D., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of the international gender wage gap. Journal of Economic Surveys, 19(3), 479-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00256.x
• Woodhams, C., Williams, M., Dacre, J., Parnerkar, I., & Sharma, M. (2021). Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in England. BMJ Open, 11(12), e051043. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051043