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An Examination of the Propaganda Posters Prepared by the American Library Association for the US Army During the First World War

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 131 - 158, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.910245

Öz

The USA participated in the First World War by declaring war on Germany on April 6, 1917. With the participation of the USA in the war, mobilization was declared to provide the needs of the US army in the country and in this way that people contributed to the war effort was aimed. On the other hand, a book campaign was organized under the leadership of the American Library Association (ALA) to improve the reading habits of US soldiers during the war. As part of this mobilization, propaganda posters were used effectively to ensure that the US people donated books and the US soldiers gained the habit of reading. In the study, it was aimed to reveal how ALA used propaganda posters in donating books of the masses and encouraging soldiers to read books. With in the scope of the study, propaganda used by ALA in the First World War was analyzed in the light of the semiotics model of Danish linguist Louis Hjelmslev and US linguist William Labov. In the findings obtained in the study, it was concluded that the messages that reading books is a good leisure activity for the US soldiers and that the donated books are used efficiently in the US army were given.

Kaynakça

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  • Avcı, Ö. ve Çakı, C. (2020). Milan Nedić İktidarında Sırp Toplumunda Düşman İnşası Propagandasına Yönelik Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih, (21), 81-110.
  • Bertram, C. S. (2021). The American Library Association and the American Library in Paris: A 100 Year Legacy and Connection in the Archives. IdeAs. Idées d'Amériques, (17), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4000/ideas.11121
  • Brustman, M. J., & Via, B. J. (1988). Employment and Status of Part-Time Librarians in US Academic Libraries. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 14(2), 87-91.
  • Buckland, M. (1996). Documentation, information science, and library science in the USA. Information processing & management, 32(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(95)00050-Q
  • Chow, A. S., Bridges, M., & Commander, P. (2014). The website design and usability of US academic and public libraries. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 53(3), 253-265. https://doi.org/10.5860/rusq.53n3.253
  • Collins, R. F. (2015). Myth as Propaganda in World War I: American Volunteers, Victor Chapman, and French Journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 92(3), 642-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015573006
  • Çakı, C., Gazi, M. A., Çakı, G. & Gülada, M. O. (2020). Likbez Kampanyası Dönemindeki Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir İnceleme. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(4), 663-692. doi: 10.24146/tk.806892
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  • De Groat, G. (2015). A history of video game cataloging in US libraries. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 53(2), 135-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2014.954297
  • Demm, E. (1993). Propaganda and caricature in the First World War. Journal of Contemporary History, 28(1), 163-192.
  • Donnelly, F. P. (2014). The geographic distribution of United States public libraries: An analysis of locations and service areas. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 46(2), 110-129.
  • Duhon, L., & Jameson, J. (2013). Health information out reach: a survey of US academic libraries, highlighting a midwestern university's experience. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 30(2), 121-137.
  • Fischer, N. (2016). The Committee on Public Information and the Birth of US State Propaganda. Australasian Journal of American Studies, 35(1), 51-78.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev: Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Fulwider, C. R. (2017). German Propaganda and US Neutrality in World War I. The United States: University of Missouri Press.
  • Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., Gülada, M. O., Çakı, G. (2020). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Kültür Devrimi Sürecinde Okuma Alışkanlığının Propaganda Posterlerinde Sunumu. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(3), 406-431. doi: 10.24146/tk.778685
  • Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C, Karaca, M & Çakı, G. (2021). 1980 Nikaragua Okuryazarlık Kampanyası’ndaki Propaganda Posterlerinin Kitap Okuma Boyutunda İncelenmesi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 35(1), 64-88. https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.873618
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Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Amerikan Kütüphane Derneği’nin ABD Ordusuna Yönelik Hazırladığı Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 131 - 158, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.910245

Öz

ABD, 6 Nisan 1917 tarihinde Almanya’ya savaş ilan ederek Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na dahil olmuştur. ABD’nin savaşa katılmasıyla birlikte ülkede ABD ordusunun ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması için seferberlik ilan edilmiş ve bu şekilde halkın savaş çabalarına katkı sağlaması amaçlanmıştır. Diğer yandan savaş sırasında ABD askerlerinin okuma alışkanlıklarının geliştirilmesine yönelik de Amerikan Kütüphane Derneği (American Library Association, ALA) liderliğinde kitap seferberliği düzenlenmiştir. Bu seferberlik kapsamında hem ABD halkının kitap bağışı yapmalarının hem de ABD askerlerinin kitap okuma alışkanlığı kazanmalarının sağlanması için propaganda posterleri etkin bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada ALA’nın kitlelerin kitap bağışı yapmalarında ve askerlerin kitap okumalarının teşvik edilmesinde propaganda posterlerini ne şekilde kullandığının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda ALA tarafından kullanılan propaganda posterleri Danimarkalı dilbilimci Louis Hjelmslev ve ABD dilbilimci William Labov’un göstergebilim modeli ışığında analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgularda kitap okumanın ABD askerleri için iyi bir boş zaman aktivitesi olduğuna ve bağışlanan kitapların ABD ordusunda verimli bir şekilde kullanıldığına yönelik mesajların verildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Agosto, D. E., Paone, K. L., & Ipock, G. S. (2007). The female-friendly public library: Gender differences in adolescents' uses and perceptions of US public libraries. Library Trends, 56(2), 387-401.
  • ALA History (2021). ALA Tarihi, http://www.ala.org/aboutala/node/230/, Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2021.
  • Aladağ, H. (2019). 1960’lar Sonrası Kütüphanecilik Tarihimiz İçinde Bazı “Kütüphane Haftası” Afişlerinin Roland Barthes’in Göstergebilim Metodu Çerçevesinde Analizi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(12), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.601210
  • ALIP (2021). Paris’teki Amerikan Kütüphanesi, https://americanlibraryinparis.org/timeline/10-rue-de-lelysee/, Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2021.
  • ALM (2020). Paris’teki ABD Askerleri, https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2020/05/01/ well-always-have-american-library-in-paris/, Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2021.
  • American Library Association Archives (2021). Birinci Dünya Savaşı Kütüphane Savaş Servisi, https://archives.library.illinois.edu/ala/search-holdings/guides/world-war-i-library-war-service/, Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2021.
  • Avcı, Ö. ve Çakı, C. (2020). Milan Nedić İktidarında Sırp Toplumunda Düşman İnşası Propagandasına Yönelik Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih, (21), 81-110.
  • Bertram, C. S. (2021). The American Library Association and the American Library in Paris: A 100 Year Legacy and Connection in the Archives. IdeAs. Idées d'Amériques, (17), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4000/ideas.11121
  • Brustman, M. J., & Via, B. J. (1988). Employment and Status of Part-Time Librarians in US Academic Libraries. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 14(2), 87-91.
  • Buckland, M. (1996). Documentation, information science, and library science in the USA. Information processing & management, 32(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(95)00050-Q
  • Chow, A. S., Bridges, M., & Commander, P. (2014). The website design and usability of US academic and public libraries. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 53(3), 253-265. https://doi.org/10.5860/rusq.53n3.253
  • Collins, R. F. (2015). Myth as Propaganda in World War I: American Volunteers, Victor Chapman, and French Journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 92(3), 642-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015573006
  • Çakı, C., Gazi, M. A., Çakı, G. & Gülada, M. O. (2020). Likbez Kampanyası Dönemindeki Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir İnceleme. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(4), 663-692. doi: 10.24146/tk.806892
  • Darling, P. W., & Ogden, S. (1981). From problems perceived to programs in practice: the preservation of library resources in the USA, 1956-1980. Library Resources & Technical Services, 25(1), 9-29.
  • De Groat, G. (2015). A history of video game cataloging in US libraries. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 53(2), 135-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2014.954297
  • Demm, E. (1993). Propaganda and caricature in the First World War. Journal of Contemporary History, 28(1), 163-192.
  • Donnelly, F. P. (2014). The geographic distribution of United States public libraries: An analysis of locations and service areas. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 46(2), 110-129.
  • Duhon, L., & Jameson, J. (2013). Health information out reach: a survey of US academic libraries, highlighting a midwestern university's experience. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 30(2), 121-137.
  • Fischer, N. (2016). The Committee on Public Information and the Birth of US State Propaganda. Australasian Journal of American Studies, 35(1), 51-78.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev: Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Fulwider, C. R. (2017). German Propaganda and US Neutrality in World War I. The United States: University of Missouri Press.
  • Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., Gülada, M. O., Çakı, G. (2020). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Kültür Devrimi Sürecinde Okuma Alışkanlığının Propaganda Posterlerinde Sunumu. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(3), 406-431. doi: 10.24146/tk.778685
  • Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C, Karaca, M & Çakı, G. (2021). 1980 Nikaragua Okuryazarlık Kampanyası’ndaki Propaganda Posterlerinin Kitap Okuma Boyutunda İncelenmesi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 35(1), 64-88. https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.873618
  • Gibson, H., Morris, A., & Cleeve, M. (2007). Links between libraries and museums: investigating museum-library collaboration in England and the USA. Libri, 57(2), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1515/LIBR.2007.53
  • Gullace, N. F. (1997). Sexual violence and family honor: British propaganda and international law during the First World War. The American Historical Review, 102(3), 714-747.
  • Hart, B. L. (2018). Birinci Dünya Savaşı Tarihi. (Çev. Kerim Bağrıaçık). 3. Baskı. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Hoover Institution (2021a). Para Konulu Propaganda Posteri, https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/40344/span-classqueryhlheyspan-span-classqueryhlfel?ctx=f208e33a3a5aeaf8602a701ead9d0b2b2caf5bba&idx=1, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2021.
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  • Hoover Institution (2021g). Karakter Konulu Propaganda Posteri, https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/40870/good-books-build-character?ctx=851e102ca25b8f80242d388d8110af4ca376c4b1&idx=51, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2021.
  • Hoover Institution (2021h). Bilgi Konulu Propaganda Posteri, https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/40322/knowledge-wins-public-library-books-are-free?ctx=584ddab6c0ef2ac63409610225c4465fcdfde01d&idx=83, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2021.
  • Hoover Institution (2021i). Cephe Konulu Propaganda Posteri, https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/40083/united-war-work?ctx=3a2b0acc80be995cc508a587dcb1113ccec23c39&idx=104, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2021.
  • Hoover Institution (2021j). Kamp Konulu Propaganda Posteri, https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/40452/the-camp-library-is-yours-books-for-fighting-men-at-your-ca?ctx=cbb78d3fe17f07064d7b0ea1c3e5f08fe1b8ca66&idx=2, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2021.
  • Imre, A., & Cox, E. J. (2009). Are we on the right track?: Issues with LP record collections in US academic libraries. Notes, 65(3), 475-486.
  • Işık, M. & Karaca, M. (2019). Vichy Fransası'nda Müttefik Devletlerine Karşı Yürütülen Propaganda Faaliyeti. Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(3), 43-62.
  • Julien, H., Gross, M., & Latham, D. (2018). Survey of information literacy instructional practices in US academic libraries. College & Research Libraries, 79(2), 179-199. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.79.2.179
  • Karami, A., & Collins, M. (2018). What do the US West Coast public libraries post on Twitter?. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 55(1), 216-225. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2018.14505501024
  • Koontz, C. M. (2007). A history of location of US public libraries within community place and space: Evolving implications for the library's mission of equitable service. Public Library Quarterly, 26(1-2), 75-100. https://doi.org/10.1300/J118v26n01_05
  • Lehmann, V. (2011). Challenges and accomplishments in US prison libraries. Library Trends, 59(3), 490-508.
  • Lenstra, N. (2017). Movement-based programs in US and Canadian public libraries: Evidence of impacts from an exploratory survey. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 12(4), 214-232.
  • Library War Service (2021). Kütüphane Savaş Servisi, http://www.ala.org/aboutala/1917, Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2021.
  • Marquis, A. G. (1978). Words as weapons: propaganda in Britain and Germany during the First World War. Journal of Contemporary History, 13(3), 467-498.
  • Messinger, G. S. (1992). British propaganda and the state in the First World War. The United Kingdom: Manchester University Press.
  • Messinger, G. S. (1993). An inheritance worth remembering: the British approach to official propaganda during the First World War. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 13(2), 117-127.
  • Monger, D. (2012). Patriotism and propaganda in First World War Britain: The national war aims committee and civilian morale. The United Kingdom: Liverpool University Press.
  • Monger, D. (2014). Nothing special? Propaganda and women's roles in late first world war Britain. Women's History Review, 23(4), 518-542.
  • Mulliken, A. (2017). “There is Nothing Inherently Mysterious about Assistive Technology” A Qualitative Study about Blind User Experiences in US Academic Libraries. Reference and User Services Quarterly, 57(2), 115-126.
  • Mundava, M. C., & Gray, L. (2008). Meeting them where they are: marketing to international student populations in US academic libraries. Technical Services Quarterly, 25(3), 35-48.
  • Murray, S. (2008). Consumer health information services in public libraries in Canada and the US. Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association / Journal de l'Association des bibliothèques de la santé du Canada, 29(4), 141-143.
  • Natowitz, A. (1995). International Students in US Academic Libraries: Recent Concerns and Trends. Research Strategies, 13(1), 4-16.
  • Orduña-Malea, E., & Regazzi, J. J. (2014). US academic libraries: understanding their web presence and their relationship with economic indicators. Scientometrics, 98(1), 315-336.
  • Redley, M. (2007). Origins of the problem of trust: Propaganda during the First World War. Ed. Vian Bakir & David M. Barlow. In Communication in the Age of Suspicion (pp. 27-38). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rifat, Mehmet (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Robertson, E. (2014). Propaganda and ‘manufactured hatred’: A reappraisal of the ethics of First World War British and Australian atrocity propaganda. Public Relations Inquiry, 3(2), 245-266.
  • Sanders, M. L. (1975). Wellington House and British Propaganda during the First World War. The Historical Journal, 18(1), 119-146.
  • Shover, M. J. (1975). Roles and images of women in World War I propaganda. Politics & Society, 5(4), 469-486.
  • Schmetzke, A., & Comeaux, D. (2009). Accessibility trends among academic library and library school web sites in the USA and Canada. Journal of Access Services, 6(1-2), 137-152.
  • Sin, S. C. J., & Vakkari, P. (2015). Perceived outcomes of public libraries in the US. Library & Information Science Research, 37(3), 209-219.
  • Smith, A. K. (2003). The pankhursts and the war: suffrage magazines and first world war propaganda. Women's History Review, 12(1), 103-118.
  • Sperry, C. (2014). Looking at World War I Propaganda. Social Education, 78(5), 235-240.
  • Tang, R., & Thelwall, M. (2008). A hyperlink analysis of US public and academic libraries’ Web sites. The Library Quarterly, 78(4), 419-435.
  • Taylor, P. M. (1980). The foreign Office and British propaganda during the First World War. The Historical Journal, 23(4), 875-898.
  • Tunc, T. E. (2012). Less sugar, more war ships: Food as American propaganda in the First World War. War in History, 19(2), 193-216.
  • Wang, J. (2007). Telling the American story to the world: The purpose of US public diplomacy in historical perspective. Public Relations Review, 33(1), 21-30.
  • Widdersheim, M. M., & Koizumi, M. (2015). Signal architectures of US public libraries: Resolving legitimacy between public and private spheres. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 52(1), 1-13.
  • Wilkin, B. (2014). Aviation and propaganda in France during the First World War. French History, 28(1), 43-65.
  • Wang, Z. (2009). Integrated library system (ILS) challenges and opportunities: a survey of US academic libraries with migration projects. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 35(3), 207-220.
  • Weller, A. C., Hurd, J. M., & Wiberley, S. E. (1999). Publication patterns of US academic librarians from 1993 to 1997. College & Research Libraries, 60(4), 352-362.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kütüphane ve Bilgi Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Metin Işık 0000-0002-7431-4091

Mehmet Ali Gazi 0000-0002-9239-4187

Caner Çakı 0000-0002-1523-4649

Gül Çakı 0000-0001-5501-0191

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Işık, M., Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., Çakı, G. (2021). Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Amerikan Kütüphane Derneği’nin ABD Ordusuna Yönelik Hazırladığı Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 35(2), 131-158. https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.910245

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