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Kentsel Sürdürülebilirlik ve Kentsel Dirençlilik Perspektifinden Tarihteki Pandemiler ve Covid-19 Pandemisi

Yıl 2020, Sayı: Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı, 259 - 292, 15.07.2020

Öz

Kentlerde nüfusun yoğunlaşması ve gerçekleştirilen faaliyetler, insan sağlığına zarar veren biyolojik tehlikelerin ortaya çıkması için uygun koşulları oluşturmaktadır. Biyolojik tehlikelere ilişkin süreçlerin yönetilememesi durumunda, salgınlar ortaya çıkabilmekte ve tüm dünyada etkili olduklarında pandemi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Tarihsel süreçte, farklı salgınlar, kentlerde önemli dönüşümlere neden olmuştur. Günümüzde yaşanan koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemisi de söz konusu dönüşümü başlatmış durumdadır. Bu nedenle kentsel politika ve strateji geliştirme süreçlerinde salgınların etkilerinin, kentsel sürdürülebilirlik ve kentsel dirençlilik perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi önemlidir. Çalışmanın amacı, tarihsel süreçte yaşanan pandemilerin kentsel alanlarda ortaya çıkmasına öncülük ettiği değişimlerin ve Covid-19 pandemisi nedeniyle dönüşüm gerçekleşmesi muhtemel alanların, kentsel sürdürülebilirlik ve kentsel dirençlilik bağlamında değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmada, Covid-19 pandemisinin, küreselleşmenin de etkisiyle tarihte görülen salgın ve pandemilerden farklı olarak, sadece kentsel mekanla sınırlı kalmayacak, tüm dünyada gelecek kuşakların yaşam koşullarını belirleyecek düzeyde önemli toplumsal, ekonomik, çevresel ve teknolojik dönüşümleri başlatacağı sonucu elde edilmiştir. Covid-19 pandemisi, bir sağlık krizinden öte, insanları mevcut davranış kalıplarında değişiklik yapmaya zorlayan yeni bir dönemin başlangıç noktasıdır.

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2020, Sayı: Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı, 259 - 292, 15.07.2020

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Allaam, Z. ve Jones S. J. (2020). On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management. Healthcare, 8(46), 1-9.
  • Anwar, Saeed, Nasrullah, M. ve Hosen, M. (2020). COVID-19 and Bangladesh: Challenges and How to Address Them. Frontiers in Public Health, 8(154), 1-6.
  • Bizzotto, M., Huseynova, A.ve Estrada, V. V. (2019). Resilient Cities, Thriving Cities: The Evolution Of Urban Resilience. Bonn: ICLEI.
  • Buheji, M., Cunha, K., Beka, G., Mavrić, B., Souza, Y., Silva, S, Hanafi, M. ve Yein, T (2020). The Extent of COVID-19 Pandemic Socio-Economic Impact on Global Poverty: A Global Integrative Multidisciplinary Review. American Journal of Economics, 10(4), 213-224.
  • Chambliss, W. ve Eglitis, D. (2018). Discover Sociology. California: SAGE Publications.
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  • Coppala, D. (2007). Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Çınar, T. (2000). Bahçekent Modelinin Düşünsel Kökenleri ve Kent Bilime Katkıları. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergi, 55(1), 27-50.
  • EEA (2020). Air quality and COVID-19. Erişim: https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality-and-covid19 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2020)
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  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23.
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  • Muggah, R. ve Katz, R. (2020). How Cities Around The World are Handling COVID-19. Erişim: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/how-should-cities-prepare-for- coronavirus-pandemics/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020)
  • Nairn, D. (2009). Ebenezer Howard's Garden City Concept. Erişim: http://discoveringurbanism.blogspot.com.tr/2009/06/ebenezer-howards-garden-city-concept.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020)
  • NASA (2020). Carbon Dioxide. Erişim: https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020)
  • Navia, L. (2014). La Revolución Industrial y la Contaminación. Erişim: https://www.thinglink.com/scene/571807501813547008 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020)
  • Null, S. ve Smith, H. (2020). COVID-19 Could Affect Cities for Years. Erişim:https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/03/covid-19-could-affect-cities-years-here-are-4-ways-theyre- coping-now (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020)
  • Özden, K. ve Özmat, M. (2014). Salgın ve Kent: 1347 Veba Salgınının Avrupa’da Sosyal, Politik ve Ekonomik Sonuçları. İdealkent, 12 (2014),60-87.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2020). Yunan Roma Mimarisi ve Sanatı. Erişim:https://auzefalmsstorage.blob.core.windows.net/auzefcontent/ders/yunan_roma_mimarisi_ve_sanati/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020)
  • Pangesitka, D. (2020). Urbanites Find Solace in Urban Farming Amid COVID-19 Quarantine. Erişim:https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/04/12/urbanites-find-solace- in-urban-farming-amid-covid-19-quarantine.html (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020)
  • Paradox Engineering (2020). When Smart Technologies Combat Covid-19 and Contribute to Urban Resilience. Erişim: https://www.pdxeng.ch/2020/03/31/smart- technologies-covid-19-urban-resilience/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020)
  • Pérez, A. J., Y. (2020).Urban Planning in Times of COVID-19-Resilience and Inclusiveness. Erişim:https://www.heriland.eu/2020/04/03/urban-planning-in-times-of-covid-19- resilience-and-inclusiveness/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2020)
  • Pirenne, H. (2014).Ortaçağ Kentleri (Çev.Şadan Karadeniz). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Regmi, M. (2020). COVID-19 Prompts Rethinking of Mobility and City Planning. Erişim:https://www.unescap.org/blog/covid-19-prompts-rethinking-mobility-and-city-planning (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2020)
  • Rogers, S. ve Castello J. (2019). Defrosting Ancient Microbes: Emerging Genomes in a Warmer World. Florida: CRC Press.
  • Romolini , M., Bixle, P. ve Grove, M. (2016). Social-Ecological Framework for Urban Stewardship Network Research to Promote Sustainable and Resilient Cities. Sustainability, 8 (1224), 1-15.
  • Simon, D., Griffith, C. ve Nagendra, H. (2018). Chapter 7-Rethinking Urban Sustainability and Resilience, Thomas Elmqvist (Der.). Urban Planet: Knowledge Towards Sustainable Cities içinde (ss.149-162). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Snowhite, A. (2020). Pandemics: A New Piece of the City Planning Puzzle. Erişim: https://newcities.org/the-big-picture-pandemics-a-new-piece-of-the-city-planning-puzzle/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020)
  • Srivastava, A. (2020). After COVID-19. Erişim: https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/04/after-covid-19-5-ways-india-can-pursue-sustainable-and-resilient-recovery. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2020)
  • Sumner, A., Hoy, C. ve Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2020). Estimates of the Impact of COVID-19 on Global Poverty. WIDER Working Paper 2020/43. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.
  • Tabari, P., Amini, M., Moghadami, M. ve Moosavi, M. (2020). International Public Health Responses to COVID-19 Outbreak. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 45(3),157-168.
  • TÜBA (2020). Covid-19. Erişim: http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/yayinlar/raporlar/Covid-19%20Raporu-revize.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020)
  • TTD (2020). Salgınlar. Erişim: https://www.toraks.org.tr/halk/Page.aspx?d=219 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020)
  • UN (2020). International Day for Biological Diversity, 22 May. Erişim: https://www.un.org/en/observances/biological-diversity-day/message (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2020)
  • UN Habitat (2018a). The World’s Cities in 2018 Data Booklet. UNDESA.
  • UN Habitat (2018b). Urban Resilience Hub. Erişim: http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/WCD-Concept-Note2.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020)
  • UN Habitat (2020). UN-Habitat COVID-19 Response Plan. Erişim:https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/04/final_un-habitat_covid-19_response_plan.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020)
  • UNDP (2020a). Covid-19. Erişim: https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/04/COVID19de-duze-cikma.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020)
  • UNDP (2020b). Covid-19 is Testing Our Resilience. Erişim: https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/en/home/presscenter/articles/2020/03/COVID-19-Eurasia-Director.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020)
  • UNDP (2020c). Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. Erişim: https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable- cities-and-communities.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020)
  • UNDP (2020d). Goal 3: Good Health And Well-Being. Erişim: https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-3-good-health-and-well- being.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020)
  • UNEP (2020a). Waste Management an Essential Public Service in the Fight to Beat COVID-19. Erişim: https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press- release/waste-management-essential-public-service-fight-beat-covid-19 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020)
  • UNEP (2020b). Transforming the Energy System. Erişim: https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/transforming-energy-system-post-covid-19-win-win- people-and-planet (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2020)
  • UNFCCC (2020a). COP26 Postponed. Erişim: https://unfccc.int/news/cop26-postponed (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2020)
  • UNFCCC (2020b). Climate Action. Erişim: https://unfccc.int/climate-action (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2020)
  • URBES (2014). Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Project. Erişim: https://www.mistraurbanfutures.org/sites/mistraurbanfutures.org/files/urbes_factsheet_05_web.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2020)
  • Vojnovic, I., Pearson, A. L., Asiki, G., DeVerteuil, G. ve Allen, A. (2019). Handbook of Global Urban Health. New York: Routledge.
  • Weichselgartner, J. ve Kelman, I. (2014). Challenges and Opportunities for Building Urban Resilience. ITU A|Z, 11(1), 20-35.
  • WHO (2020). WHO Director-General's Opening Remarks at the Mission Briefing on COVID-19. Erişim: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s- opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---12-march-2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 13.04.2020)
  • Wikimediacommons (2020). Pisa. Erişim: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pisa,_Foresti_Jacopo_Filippo,_1540.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020)
  • Wirth, L. (2002). Bir Yaşam Biçimi Olarak Kentlileşme (Çev. Bülent Duru ve Ayten Alkan). 20.Yüzyıl Kenti içinde (ss.77-106). Ankara: İmge Kitapevi.
  • Wilde, R. (2019). Public Health During the Industrial Revolution. Erişim: https://www.thoughtco.com/public-health-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221641 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2020)
  • WMO (2020), Coronavirus. Erişim: https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/coronavirus-covid-19 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020)
  • World Bank (2015). Investing in Urban Resilience. Erişim: https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/Urban%20Resilience%20Flagship%20Report%20FINAL%20(10%2012%2016).pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13.04.2020)
  • Xinhuanet (2020). Leishenshan Hospital in Wuhan uses modular design. Erişim:http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/08/c_138766371.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 13.03.2020)
  • Zhang, X. ve Li, H. (2018). Urban Resilience and Urban Sustainability: What We Know and What Do Not Know? Cities, 72 (A), 141-148.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Tam Sayı
Yazarlar

Çiğdem Tuğaç

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Tuğaç, Ç. (2020). Kentsel Sürdürülebilirlik ve Kentsel Dirençlilik Perspektifinden Tarihteki Pandemiler ve Covid-19 Pandemisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı), 259-292.

Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.