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FUNGAL SPECIES CAUSING EAR ROT IN CORN AND OCCURRED MYCOTOXINS IN CORN

Year 2019, Volume: 44 Issue: 6, 1197 - 1209, 06.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19094

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine fungal factors
causing ear rot and the detection of toxin contamination levels in main and
second crops corn during harvest periods in Adana between 2015-2016. Totally
134 corn fields were sampled during the survey studies and
Fusarium,
Aspergillus
and Penicillium were isolated from the corn grains. Aspergillus
flavus, A. terreus A. niger, Fusarium verticillioides,
F. graminearum,
F. culmorum, Penicillium verrucosum
and P. carneum were identified
according to the morphological characteristics of these isolated fungi.
Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (CD-ELISA) analysis was
performed for mycotoxin (aflatoxin, T-2, zearalenone, ochratoxin) detection of
the corn samples. As a result of the mycotoxin analysis, 0.3-72.6 μg/kg
aflatoxin was found in 48 corn samples, 1.5–75.0 μg/kg T-2 was seen in 48 corn
samples, 3.4–551.9 μg/kg Zearalenone was observed in 134 corn samples, and
finally 1.0–6.5 μg/kg ochratoxin was determined in 15 corn samples.

References

  • Abarca, M.L., Bragulat, R., Castella, G., Accensi, F., Cabanes, F.J. (2000). Emerging mycotoxin-producing fungi. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 17: 563-568Altıparmak, G., Tunalı, B. (2009). Incidence of Fusarium species and levels of fumonisin B1 in corn in the samsun province of Turkey. Phytoprotection, 90(3): 97-106, doi: https://doi.org/10.7202/045778ar.Anonymous (2016). World Agricultural Production. USDA, FAS, Circular Series. Office of Global Analysis.WAP 6-16, 27.Asan, A. (2004). Aspergillus, Penicillium and related species reported from Turkey. Mycotaxon, 89(1): 155–157.Askun T. 2006. Investigation of fungal species diversity of maize kernels. Journal of Biolog. Sciences, 6(2): 275-281, doi: 10.3923/jbs.2006.275.281.Bora, T., Karaca, İ. (1970). Kültür Bitkilerinde Hastalığın ve Zararın Ölçülmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Yayın No: 167, E.Ü. Matbaası, Bornova-İzmir, 43 s.Bottalico, A. (1998). Fusarium diseases of cereals: species-complex and related mycotoxins profiles in Europe. J Plant Pathol, 80(2): 85-103, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v80i2.807Bottalico, A., Perrone, G. (2002). Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small–grain in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108(7): 611-624, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020635214971.Büyük, O. (2011). Mısırda koçan çürüklüğü etmeni Fusarium verticillioides'in oluşturduğu zearalenone toksini ve pektolitik enzimler üzerġnde araştırmalar. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tekirdağ, Türkiye, 47 s.Cabañes, F.J., Bragulat, M.R., Castellá G. (2010). Ochratoxin a producing species in the genus Penicillium. Toxins, 2(5): 1111-1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2051111. Cardwell, K.F., Cotty, P.J. (2002). Distribution of Aspergillus section Flavi among field soils from the four agroecological zones of the Republic of Be´nin, West Africa. Plant Dis. 86(4):434–439, doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.4.434.Cardwell, K.F., Henry, S.H. (2004). Risk of exposure to and mitigation of effect of aflatoxin on human health: A West African example. Journal of Toxicology, 23, 217-247, doi: 10.1081/TXR-200027817.Cast (2003). Mycotoxins: Risks in Plants, Animals and human Systems. Iowa: Task force report. 199 p. ISBN 1-887383-22-0.De Hoog, G.S., Guarro, J., Figueras, M.J., Gené, J. (2000). Atlas of clinical fungi. 2nd ed. Int. Microbiol. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands and Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain, 1126 pp. ISBN :9070351439.Desjardins, A.E., Manandhar, G., Plattner, R.D., Maragos, C.M., Shrestha, K., McCormick S.P. (2000). Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in nepalese maize and wheat and the effect of traditional processing methods on mycotoxin levels. J Agric Food Chem. 48 (4), 1377-1383, doi: 10.1021/jf991022b.D'Mello, J.P.F., Macdonald, A.M.C. (1998) Fungal toxins as disease elicitors. In: Aspects of Environmental Toxicology, J. Rose (Ed),. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Yverdon, Switzerland pp. 397.Ericsen, G.S., Alexander, J. (1998). Fusarium toxins in cereals - a risk assessment. Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord 502, Copenhagen, Denmark, 146 p.Gachomo, E.W., Mutitu, E.W., Kotchoni, O.S. (2004). Diversity of fungal species associated with peanuts in storage and the levels of aflatoxins in ınfected samples. Int J Agri Biol, 8530(6):6-6, doi: 1560–8530/2004/06–6–955–959.Gilbert, J., Tekauz, A. (2000). Review: recent developments in research on fusarium head blight of wheat in Canada. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 22: 1–8, doi: 10.1080/07060660009501155.Girgin, N., Başaran, N., Şahin, G. (2001). Mycotoxins in Turkey and the World. Türk Hij Den Biyol Derg., 58(3), 97–118.Gxasheka, M., Wang, J., Tyasi, T.L., Gao, J. (2015). Scientific understanding and effects on ear rot diseases in maize production: a review. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 3(4): 077-084. Hawk, A.L. (2006). Mycotoxins. Proc. Grain Elevator and Processing Society (GEAPS), MN, USA. Jimenez, M. Mateo, R, (2001) Occurrence of toxigenic ´ fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural commodities in Spain. In: Occurrence of Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Plants, Food and Feeds in Europe, A. Logrieco, (ed), European Commission, COST Action 835, EUR 19695, pp. 173–190 Kaaya, N.A., Warren, H.L. (2005). A review of past and present research on aflatoxin in Uganda. African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutritional Development, 5(1): 1-18.Lacey, J., Ramakrishna, N., Hamer, A., Magan, N., Marfleet, I.C. (1991). Grain fungi. In: Handbook of Applied Mycology, D.K. Aurora, K.G. Mukerji, E.H. Marth (Eds). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Vol. 3, pp.121-177Lavkor, I. (2013). Yerfıstığı tarımında uygun kültürel işlemler ve hastalık yönetim pratikleri ile hastalık ve aflatoksin oluşumunun önlenmes Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, Adana, Türkiye, 300 s.Liang, X.Q., Luo, M., Guo, B.Z. (2006). Resistance mechanisims to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Plant Pathology Journal, 5(1): 115-124, doi: 10.3923/ppj.2006.115.124.Machinski Jr., M., Soares, L.M.V., Sawazaki, E., Bolonhezi, D., Castro, J.L., Bortolleto, N. (2001). Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in Brazilian corn cultivars. J. Sci. Food Agric., 81: 1001-10071, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822005000300016.Machinski, J.R., Soares, L.M.V., Sawazaki, E., Bolonhezi, D., Castro, J.L., Bortolleto, N. (2001). Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in Brazilian corn cultivars. J Sci Food Agric, 81: 1001-1007, doi: 10.1002/jsfa.882.Magnoli, C.E., Astoreca, A.L., Chiacchiera, S.M., Dalcero, A.M. (2007). Occurrence of ochratoxin A and ochratoxigenic mycoflora in corn and corn based foods and feeds in some South American countries. Mycopathologia, 163:249, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9005-z.Munkvold, G.P. (2001). Ear rot and mold problems. Integrated Crop Management, 486 (23): 183-184.Okello, D.K., Biruma, M., Deom, C.M. (2010). Overview of groundnuts research in Uganda: past, present and future. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(39): 6448–6459.RTSC (2003). Collection of occurrence data of Fusarium toxins in food and assessment of dietary in take by population of EU Member States. Report on Tasks for Scientific Cooperation: Report of experts partivipating in Task 3.2.10., 609 p. https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/cs_contaminants_catalogue_fusarium_task3210.pdf (Accessed 16 June 2019).Samson, R.A., Pitt, I.J. (1990). Modern consepts in Penicillium and Aspergillus classification. NATO ASI Series, Plenum Pres, New York and London. Vol. 185: 478 p.Sauer, D.B., Meronuck, R.A., Christensen, C.M. (1992). Microflora. In: Storage of Cereal Grains an Their Products, Sauer D.B. (Ed.), 4th ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota, pp. 313-340.Scheidegger, K.A., Payne, G.A. (2003). Unlocking the secrets of Aspergillus flavus from pathogenicity to functional genomics. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Review, 22(2-3): 423-459.Pacin, A.M., Gonzales, H.H.L., Etcheverry, M., Resnik, S.L., Vivas, L., Espin, S. (2002). Fungi associated with food and feed commodities from Ecuador. Mycopathologia, 156: 87-92, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022941304447.Placinta, C.M., D’mello, J.P.F., Macdonald, A.M.C. ( 1999). A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 78(1-2): 21–37, doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00278-8.Raper, B.K., Fennel, D.I. (1977). The genus Aspergillus. New York: Robert, E. Krieger Publishing Company. Reed, C., Peterson, J. (1987). Farm-stored wheat in Kansas: Facilities, conditions, pest control, and cost comparisons. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 652. Manhattan, Kansas State University, 32 pp. ISSN 0097-0484.Tabuc, C., Marin, D., Guerre, P., Sesan, T., Bailly, J.D. (2009). Molds and mycotoxin content of cereals in Southeastern Romania. J. Food Protec., 72(3): 662-665.Topal, Ş. ( 2003). Türkiye’nin tarımsal ürün ve bölgelerine göre dominant mikoflora dağılımı ve mikotoksin profilleri. www.mikrobiyoloji.org/pdf/702031202.pdf (Erişim tarihi 16.06. 2019).Tunalı B., Kansu, B., Maldar, M, Meyva, G., Saygı, S.(2016). Samsun ve Ordu illerinden toplanan mısır koçanlarındaki fungal floranın değişiminin belirlenmesi. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 56(4): 369 – 383, doi: 10.16955/bkb.57230. Udoh, J.M., Cardwell, K.F., Ikotun, T. (2000). Storage structures and afatoxin content of maize in five agroecological zones of Nigeria. J Stored Prod Res, 36 (2000) 187-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(99)00042-9.Uras, Ü. (2007). Farklı ürünlerden izole edilen “Aspergillus niger” küflerinin lipaz aktivitelerinin yağca zengin kuru meyvelerde incelenmesi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 84 s.Uyanık, E. (2013). Çukurova’da mısır koçanlarında çürüklük yapan fungal türler, bunların başlıca toksinleri ile toksin oluşumunu önleyici kültürel işlemlerin belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, Adana, Türkiye, 125 s.TÜİK (2019). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do (Erişim tarihi 15.06. 2019).

MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER

Year 2019, Volume: 44 Issue: 6, 1197 - 1209, 06.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19094

Abstract

Bu çalışma ile Adana ili 1. ve 2. ürün mısır alanlarında
2015-2016 yılı hasat döneminde, koçan çürüklüğüne neden olan fungal etmenler ve
bu fungal etmenler ile bulaşık mısır örneklerinde toksin bulaşma seviyelerinin
tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tarama çalışmalarında toplam 134 mısır
tarlasından örnekleme yapılmış ve elde edilen mısır tanelerinden
Aspergillus,
Fusarium ve Penicillium cinsi funguslar izole edilmiştir. İzole
edilen bu fungusların morfolojik özelliklerine göre yapılan tanımlama sonucunda
Aspergillus flavus, A. terreus, A. niger, Fusarium verticillioides, F.
graminearum, F. culmorum, Penicillium verrucosum
ve P. carneum türleri
belirlenmiştir. Mısır örneklerinde mikotoksin (aflatoksin, T-2, zearalenon,
okratoksin) araması için, CD-ELISA (Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked
Immunosorbent Assay) analizi uygulanmıştır. Mikotoksin analizi sonucunda, 48
mısır örneğinde 0.3–72.6 μg/kg aflatoksin, 83 mısır örneğinde 1.5–75.0 μg/kg
T-2, 134 mısır örneğinde 3.4–551.9 μg/kg zearalenon, 15 mısır örneğinde ise
1.0–6.5 μg/kg seviyelerinde okratoksin içerikleri belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Abarca, M.L., Bragulat, R., Castella, G., Accensi, F., Cabanes, F.J. (2000). Emerging mycotoxin-producing fungi. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 17: 563-568Altıparmak, G., Tunalı, B. (2009). Incidence of Fusarium species and levels of fumonisin B1 in corn in the samsun province of Turkey. Phytoprotection, 90(3): 97-106, doi: https://doi.org/10.7202/045778ar.Anonymous (2016). World Agricultural Production. USDA, FAS, Circular Series. Office of Global Analysis.WAP 6-16, 27.Asan, A. (2004). Aspergillus, Penicillium and related species reported from Turkey. Mycotaxon, 89(1): 155–157.Askun T. 2006. Investigation of fungal species diversity of maize kernels. Journal of Biolog. Sciences, 6(2): 275-281, doi: 10.3923/jbs.2006.275.281.Bora, T., Karaca, İ. (1970). Kültür Bitkilerinde Hastalığın ve Zararın Ölçülmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Yayın No: 167, E.Ü. Matbaası, Bornova-İzmir, 43 s.Bottalico, A. (1998). Fusarium diseases of cereals: species-complex and related mycotoxins profiles in Europe. J Plant Pathol, 80(2): 85-103, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v80i2.807Bottalico, A., Perrone, G. (2002). Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small–grain in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108(7): 611-624, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020635214971.Büyük, O. (2011). Mısırda koçan çürüklüğü etmeni Fusarium verticillioides'in oluşturduğu zearalenone toksini ve pektolitik enzimler üzerġnde araştırmalar. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tekirdağ, Türkiye, 47 s.Cabañes, F.J., Bragulat, M.R., Castellá G. (2010). Ochratoxin a producing species in the genus Penicillium. Toxins, 2(5): 1111-1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2051111. Cardwell, K.F., Cotty, P.J. (2002). Distribution of Aspergillus section Flavi among field soils from the four agroecological zones of the Republic of Be´nin, West Africa. Plant Dis. 86(4):434–439, doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.4.434.Cardwell, K.F., Henry, S.H. (2004). Risk of exposure to and mitigation of effect of aflatoxin on human health: A West African example. Journal of Toxicology, 23, 217-247, doi: 10.1081/TXR-200027817.Cast (2003). Mycotoxins: Risks in Plants, Animals and human Systems. Iowa: Task force report. 199 p. ISBN 1-887383-22-0.De Hoog, G.S., Guarro, J., Figueras, M.J., Gené, J. (2000). Atlas of clinical fungi. 2nd ed. Int. Microbiol. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands and Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain, 1126 pp. ISBN :9070351439.Desjardins, A.E., Manandhar, G., Plattner, R.D., Maragos, C.M., Shrestha, K., McCormick S.P. (2000). Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in nepalese maize and wheat and the effect of traditional processing methods on mycotoxin levels. J Agric Food Chem. 48 (4), 1377-1383, doi: 10.1021/jf991022b.D'Mello, J.P.F., Macdonald, A.M.C. (1998) Fungal toxins as disease elicitors. In: Aspects of Environmental Toxicology, J. Rose (Ed),. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Yverdon, Switzerland pp. 397.Ericsen, G.S., Alexander, J. (1998). Fusarium toxins in cereals - a risk assessment. Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord 502, Copenhagen, Denmark, 146 p.Gachomo, E.W., Mutitu, E.W., Kotchoni, O.S. (2004). Diversity of fungal species associated with peanuts in storage and the levels of aflatoxins in ınfected samples. Int J Agri Biol, 8530(6):6-6, doi: 1560–8530/2004/06–6–955–959.Gilbert, J., Tekauz, A. (2000). Review: recent developments in research on fusarium head blight of wheat in Canada. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 22: 1–8, doi: 10.1080/07060660009501155.Girgin, N., Başaran, N., Şahin, G. (2001). Mycotoxins in Turkey and the World. Türk Hij Den Biyol Derg., 58(3), 97–118.Gxasheka, M., Wang, J., Tyasi, T.L., Gao, J. (2015). Scientific understanding and effects on ear rot diseases in maize production: a review. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 3(4): 077-084. Hawk, A.L. (2006). Mycotoxins. Proc. Grain Elevator and Processing Society (GEAPS), MN, USA. Jimenez, M. Mateo, R, (2001) Occurrence of toxigenic ´ fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural commodities in Spain. In: Occurrence of Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Plants, Food and Feeds in Europe, A. Logrieco, (ed), European Commission, COST Action 835, EUR 19695, pp. 173–190 Kaaya, N.A., Warren, H.L. (2005). A review of past and present research on aflatoxin in Uganda. African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutritional Development, 5(1): 1-18.Lacey, J., Ramakrishna, N., Hamer, A., Magan, N., Marfleet, I.C. (1991). Grain fungi. In: Handbook of Applied Mycology, D.K. Aurora, K.G. Mukerji, E.H. Marth (Eds). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Vol. 3, pp.121-177Lavkor, I. (2013). Yerfıstığı tarımında uygun kültürel işlemler ve hastalık yönetim pratikleri ile hastalık ve aflatoksin oluşumunun önlenmes Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, Adana, Türkiye, 300 s.Liang, X.Q., Luo, M., Guo, B.Z. (2006). Resistance mechanisims to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Plant Pathology Journal, 5(1): 115-124, doi: 10.3923/ppj.2006.115.124.Machinski Jr., M., Soares, L.M.V., Sawazaki, E., Bolonhezi, D., Castro, J.L., Bortolleto, N. (2001). Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in Brazilian corn cultivars. J. Sci. Food Agric., 81: 1001-10071, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822005000300016.Machinski, J.R., Soares, L.M.V., Sawazaki, E., Bolonhezi, D., Castro, J.L., Bortolleto, N. (2001). Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in Brazilian corn cultivars. J Sci Food Agric, 81: 1001-1007, doi: 10.1002/jsfa.882.Magnoli, C.E., Astoreca, A.L., Chiacchiera, S.M., Dalcero, A.M. (2007). Occurrence of ochratoxin A and ochratoxigenic mycoflora in corn and corn based foods and feeds in some South American countries. Mycopathologia, 163:249, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9005-z.Munkvold, G.P. (2001). Ear rot and mold problems. Integrated Crop Management, 486 (23): 183-184.Okello, D.K., Biruma, M., Deom, C.M. (2010). Overview of groundnuts research in Uganda: past, present and future. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(39): 6448–6459.RTSC (2003). Collection of occurrence data of Fusarium toxins in food and assessment of dietary in take by population of EU Member States. Report on Tasks for Scientific Cooperation: Report of experts partivipating in Task 3.2.10., 609 p. https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/cs_contaminants_catalogue_fusarium_task3210.pdf (Accessed 16 June 2019).Samson, R.A., Pitt, I.J. (1990). Modern consepts in Penicillium and Aspergillus classification. NATO ASI Series, Plenum Pres, New York and London. Vol. 185: 478 p.Sauer, D.B., Meronuck, R.A., Christensen, C.M. (1992). Microflora. In: Storage of Cereal Grains an Their Products, Sauer D.B. (Ed.), 4th ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota, pp. 313-340.Scheidegger, K.A., Payne, G.A. (2003). Unlocking the secrets of Aspergillus flavus from pathogenicity to functional genomics. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Review, 22(2-3): 423-459.Pacin, A.M., Gonzales, H.H.L., Etcheverry, M., Resnik, S.L., Vivas, L., Espin, S. (2002). Fungi associated with food and feed commodities from Ecuador. Mycopathologia, 156: 87-92, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022941304447.Placinta, C.M., D’mello, J.P.F., Macdonald, A.M.C. ( 1999). A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 78(1-2): 21–37, doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00278-8.Raper, B.K., Fennel, D.I. (1977). The genus Aspergillus. New York: Robert, E. Krieger Publishing Company. Reed, C., Peterson, J. (1987). Farm-stored wheat in Kansas: Facilities, conditions, pest control, and cost comparisons. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 652. Manhattan, Kansas State University, 32 pp. ISSN 0097-0484.Tabuc, C., Marin, D., Guerre, P., Sesan, T., Bailly, J.D. (2009). Molds and mycotoxin content of cereals in Southeastern Romania. J. Food Protec., 72(3): 662-665.Topal, Ş. ( 2003). Türkiye’nin tarımsal ürün ve bölgelerine göre dominant mikoflora dağılımı ve mikotoksin profilleri. www.mikrobiyoloji.org/pdf/702031202.pdf (Erişim tarihi 16.06. 2019).Tunalı B., Kansu, B., Maldar, M, Meyva, G., Saygı, S.(2016). Samsun ve Ordu illerinden toplanan mısır koçanlarındaki fungal floranın değişiminin belirlenmesi. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 56(4): 369 – 383, doi: 10.16955/bkb.57230. Udoh, J.M., Cardwell, K.F., Ikotun, T. (2000). Storage structures and afatoxin content of maize in five agroecological zones of Nigeria. J Stored Prod Res, 36 (2000) 187-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(99)00042-9.Uras, Ü. (2007). Farklı ürünlerden izole edilen “Aspergillus niger” küflerinin lipaz aktivitelerinin yağca zengin kuru meyvelerde incelenmesi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 84 s.Uyanık, E. (2013). Çukurova’da mısır koçanlarında çürüklük yapan fungal türler, bunların başlıca toksinleri ile toksin oluşumunu önleyici kültürel işlemlerin belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, Adana, Türkiye, 125 s.TÜİK (2019). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do (Erişim tarihi 15.06. 2019).
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İşılay Lavkor

Publication Date October 6, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 44 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Lavkor, İ. (2019). MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER. Gıda, 44(6), 1197-1209. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19094
AMA Lavkor İ. MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER. The Journal of Food. October 2019;44(6):1197-1209. doi:10.15237/gida.GD19094
Chicago Lavkor, İşılay. “MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER”. Gıda 44, no. 6 (October 2019): 1197-1209. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19094.
EndNote Lavkor İ (October 1, 2019) MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER. Gıda 44 6 1197–1209.
IEEE İ. Lavkor, “MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER”, The Journal of Food, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1197–1209, 2019, doi: 10.15237/gida.GD19094.
ISNAD Lavkor, İşılay. “MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER”. Gıda 44/6 (October 2019), 1197-1209. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19094.
JAMA Lavkor İ. MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER. The Journal of Food. 2019;44:1197–1209.
MLA Lavkor, İşılay. “MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER”. Gıda, vol. 44, no. 6, 2019, pp. 1197-09, doi:10.15237/gida.GD19094.
Vancouver Lavkor İ. MISIRDA KOÇAN ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNE NEDEN OLAN FUNGAL TÜRLER VE MISIRDA OLUŞAN MİKOTOKSİNLER. The Journal of Food. 2019;44(6):1197-209.

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