SPELLING RULES
JOURNAL OF MUSIC AND FOLKLORE STUDIES WRITING RULES
General Rules and Formal Specifications
• The submitted texts must not have been sent for publication elsewhere at the same time and must not have been previously published elsewhere in Turkish or English.
• Articles submitted to the Journal of Music and Folklore Studies must be original. They must not have been previously published or are currently under review elsewhere.
• If another version of the article is being reviewed by another publication or has been or will be published elsewhere, the authors must inform the journal editors at the time of submission.
• Articles should be between 6,000-10,000 words, including the extended abstract, footnotes and bibliography. Book reviews should be between 750-1000 words.
• Corrections deemed necessary regarding the spelling rules are made by the editor or referees and notified back to the author(s).
• Changes cannot be made in the manuscripts sent back for correction, except for the requests of the referees and the editor.
• Manuscripts that are not written in accordance with the spelling rules cannot be published.
• No fee is paid to the authors for the articles published in the journal.
• The responsibility of the articles published in the journal belongs to the authors.
• Articles should be written in Microsoft word program, in Cambria font and 11 point size, the text should be justified and use 1.5 line spacing.
• The page structure of the article should be prepared by leaving 2 cm margins on each side (right, left, bottom, top) and all pages should be numbered with the page number in the center.
• If the numbers specified in the article are between "1-9", they should be written in writing, and if they are "10 and above", they should be written in arabic numerals. When writing decimal numbers, they should be separated by commas in the Turkish parts of the articles and by periods in the English parts.
• Footnotes should be written in the same font, 7-point and single-spaced.
• The main title of the article must be in 12-point font and in Turkish. The English version of the title should be written under the Turkish main title, in the same font size and font. The first letter of each word should be capitalized in bold characters. Other headings (Introduction, Method, Findings, Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations, References) should be written in 11 font size. Only the first letter of other headings should be capitalized, in bold, and aligned to the left.
• The first letter of the first word of the second and third headings should be capitalized.
• Studies to be published in the journal should conform to the latest APA style.

Example:
Main headings: Introductıon / Methodology / Fındıngs
Intermediate headings: Limitations of the study
- Abbreviations should not be used in the title or abstract. Abbreviations in the text should be written clearly for the first time in the text and the abbreviated form should be given in parentheses next to it.

Title Page
Authors' information should be presented on the title page. This page should include the title of the article and the name and surname of the authors, the organization and address where they work, contact information (e-mail, telephone number and fax number). If the submitted article was presented at a congress or symposium, it should be indicated as a footnote on the title page.

Abstract
The abstract section of the article should be a maximum of 250 words and written in 9-point Cambria font. The abstract must be written in two different languages, Turkish and English, and presented with the article title in Turkish and English. There should be no abbreviations and references should not be used in this section. Abstracts of research articles should be organized in a way that covers the "Objective, Method, Results, Conclusion" sections, and review articles and case reports should be organized in a way that fully reflects the general content of the subject. Keywords between 3 and 5 words should be written under the abstract section. Keywords should be separated by commas (,).

Main Text
Articles must be written in 11-point cambria font. The main text section of research articles should consist of "Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations, References" sections and only the initial letter of the section titles should be capitalized and bold. The word count in this section (including references and tables) should be between 6000-10000.

The main text section of review articles should consist of the headings related to the subject and references. Each title should be written in bold. Review articles should be prepared to cover the current literature in the fields related to music. It is especially preferred that the author has published publications on that subject.

Ethical Rules

The Declaration of Helsinki Principles must be followed in all research involving the human element. Authors are obliged to state in the materials and methods section of the article that the research was conducted in accordance with ethical principles. It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure that the articles comply with ethical rules.
Journal of Music and Folklore Studies (JMFS) is strictly against plagiarism in any form in studies to be published, and adheres to scientific ethics, rules and principles. Before the evaluation process begins, the author(s) must upload the plagiarism report of the article scanned by plagiarism programs such as “iThenticate” and “Turnitin” to the system. The evaluation process will begin once the study file and plagiarism report are uploaded to the system. The plagiarism report rate of articles should not exceed 20%. Articles with more than 20% of plagiarism will be rejected or corrections will be requested from the author(s). 

Figures, Pictures, Tables and Graphics

These should be given in the flow of the article and each picture, table and graphic should be numbered and referred to at the end of the relevant sentence.
For clear printing, figures, pictures/photographs should be uploaded as separate .jpg or .gif files (pixel size approximately 500x400, 8 cm wide and scanned at 300 resolution). If previously published figures, pictures, tables and graphics are used, written permission must be obtained and this permission must be indicated in the figure, picture, table and graphic description.

Tables, Figures and Pictures According to APA Format
The following rules must be followed for table formatting according to APA format:
• Table, Figure and Image numbers should be in plain text, bold and placed above the table.
• There should not be a period at the end of the Table, Figure and Picture number.
• Table, Figure and Picture titles should be written in italics and the first letters should be in capital letters.
• All text in Tables, Figures and Pictures should be written in Cambria 10 point font.
• If the Table, Figure and Picture are not original, the source information must be stated immediately below. Source information should start from the left in line with the table, figure and picture and should be given in Cambria 10 point font.
• There should be no vertical lines in the table and as few horizontal lines as possible.
• Notes to the table should be added only if necessary.
• Notes on Tables, Figures and Pictures should be given in 10-point font with the left-aligned "Notes" heading right under the table.

Sources
• All references in the text should be included in the bibliography and all references in the bibliography should be included in the text.
• The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. Congress proceedings, personal experiences, internet addresses that are not supported by national or international institutions and organizations cannot be cited as sources.

Indication of References at the End of the Text:
At the end of the text, the references should be numbered according to the order in which they are used in the text and given under the heading "REFERENCES".

The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. Congress proceedings, personal experiences, internet addresses that are not supported by national or international institutions and organizations cannot be cited as references.

PERIODICALS

1-Journal Articles
*Single author
Kabasakal, Z. (2020). Creativity and innovation: Providing competitive advantage in the business world. Journal of Business and Management Research, 12(3), 45-60. https://doi.org/xxxxxx
In-text notation: (Kabasakal, 2020), Kabasakal (2020), (Kabasakal, 2020, p. 48), (Kabasakal, 2020, pp. 48-52)

*With 2 authors
Yılmaz, A., & Demir, B. (2018). The effect of leadership styles on the performance of teams: A meta-analysis. Journal of Leadership and Organisation Development, 5(2), 112-129. https://doi.org/xxxxxx
In-text citation: (Yılmaz & Demir, 2018), Yılmaz and Demir (2018), (Yılmaz & Demir, 2018, s. 115), (Yılmaz & Demir, 2018, pp. 115-118)

*With 3 or more authors
Smith, J. A., Johnson, A. L., & Brown, K. M. (2022). Team dynamics in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 30(4), 210-225. https://doi.org/xxxxxx
If there are more than three authors: (Smith et al., 2022), Smith et al. (2022)

2-Newspaper Article
Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html
In- text citiation: (Carey, 2019), Carey (2019)

BOOKS

1-Printed Book
*Single author
Smith, J. (2020). Leadership in the digital age. Publisher.
In- text citiation: (Smith, 2020), Smith (2020), Smith (2020, p. 18), Smith (2020, pp. 18-81)

*With 2 or more authors
Jones, A., & Brown, B. (2018). The power of collaboration. Publisher.
In-text citation: (Jones & Brown, 2018), Jones and Brown (2018), Jones and Brown (2018, p. 19), Jones and Brown (2018, pp. 19-23)

*With 3 or more authors
Jones, B., Brown, K., & George, M. (2019). The power of collaboration. Publisher.
In-text citiation: (Jones et al., 2018), Jones et al. (2018), Jones et al. (2018, s. 19), Jones et al. (2018, pp. 19-23)

2- Online Book
* Single author
Smith, J. (2020). Leadership in the digital age. Publisher. https://doi.org/10.xxxxx. https://webpagexxxx.
In-text citiation: (Smith, 2020), Smith (2020), Smith (2020, p. 18), Smith (2020, pp. 18-81)

*With 2 authors
Jones, A., & Brown, B. (2018). The power of collaboration. Publisher. https://doi.org/10.xxxxx. https://webpagexxxx.
In-text citation: (Jones & Brown, 2018), Jones and Brown (2018), Jones and Brown (2018, p. 19), Jones and Brown (2018, pp. 19-23)

*With 3 or more authors
Jones, B., Brown, K., & George, M. (2019). The power of collaboration. Publisher. https://doi.org/10.xxxxx. https://webpagexxxx.
In-text citation: (Jones et al., 2018), Jones et al. (2018), Jones et al. (2018, s. 19), Jones et al. (2018, pp. 19-23)

3-Translation Book

4.  Book Section
Mith, S., Smith, M. & George, F. (2020). Title of chapter: Subtitle. A. Editör & B. Editör (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle (X ed., pp. 190-519). Pub: Publishing House. DOI
In-text citation: (Mith et al., 2020), Mith et al. (2020, p. 235), Mith et al. (2020, pp. 235-258)

THESES

1. PhD Thesis

Alptekin, D. (2011). Social belonging and youth: A sociological research on the belonging of university youth [DoctoralThesis. Selcuk University].
In-text citiation: (Alptekin, 2011, p.45)

2.  Master’s Thesis

Balatongöz, N. (2019). Network societies: Manuel Castells'te teorisi [Master's thesis, Mardin Artuklu University].https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=RMFRzkst7jwOZgyMmbTP5A&no=oizttAFJjQD1deMOW-6leA.
In-text citiation: (Balatongöz, 2019, p.45), Balatongöz (2019, p.45), (Balatongöz, 2019, pp. 45-54), Balatongöz, (2019, pp. 45-54)

CONFERENCE PAPERS

1.  Papers published in a journal
Smith, A. & Johnson, B. (Ed.). (2020). Innovative Approaches in Learning and Education [Special Issue]. Journal of Educational Research, 5(2).
In-text citiation: (Smith, et al., 2020), Smith et al. (2020, p.130), Smith et al. (2020, pp. 130-145)

2. Online report written by one person
Doe, J. (2021). Eğitimde teknolojinin rolü: Yeni yaklaşımlar ve imkanlar [Rapor No. 123]. Eğitim Araştırmaları Enstitüsü. https://www.example.com/report123
In-text citiation: Doe, 2021), (Doe, 2021, p.45), Doe (2021, p.45), (Doe, 2021, pp. 45-50)

3. Online report with a corporate author
World Health Organization. (2022). Global health trends: An overview [Rapor No. 567]. https://www.who.int/reports/global-health-trends-2022
In-text citiation: (WHO, 2022), WHO (2022). (WHO, 2022, p.30). WHO (2022, p.30), (WHO, 2022, pp.30-45). WHO (2022, pp.30-45)

4. online document written by a person
Doe, J. (2021). Climate change and sustainability: A global review [Document No. 123]. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. https://www.ornekbelge.com/document123
In-text citiation: (Doe, 2021), Doe (2021), (Doe, 2021, p.20), Doe (2021, p.20), (Doe, 2021, pp. 20-35). Doe (2021, pp. 20-35)

5. Online document with an official author
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. (2022). Sustainable Forest Management Guidelines [Document No. 456]. https://www.ornek-belge.com/surdurulebilir-orman-rehberi
In-text citiation: ÇDKB, 2022), ÇDKB (2022), (ÇDKB, 2022, p.50), ÇDKB (2022, p.50), (ÇDKB, 2022, pp. 50-65), ÇDKB (2022, pp. 50-65).

ENCYCLOPEDIA

Smith, A. (2005). "Ottoman Empire." Encyclopedia of World History (Vol. 3, pp. 123-125). New York: Oxford University Press.
In-text citiation: (Smith, 2005), Smith (2005), (Smith, 2005, p.352), Smith (2005, p.352), (Smith, 2005, pp.352-354), Smith (2005, pp.352-354)

MANUSCRIPT

Farukî. (1385). Risâle-i Mi'mâriyye. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi. Esad Efendi. No. 789. fol. 20b.
In-text citiation: (Farukî [yz.] 1385, 20b)

MISSING RESOURCES

1.  If he writes a missing element
Title, date and source should be indicated.

 For example:
Artificial Intelligence and its Future Role. (2023, February 20). https://www.example.com/yapay-zeka-gelecek
In-text citiation: (title, year), (Artificial Intelligence and its Future Role, 2023)

2.  if the missing item is the date
The author is indicated, "nd" is written instead of "no date", and then the title and source are indicated

For example
Smith, J. (n.d.). Artificial Intelligence and its Future Role. https://www.example.com/yapay-zeka-gelecek
In-text citiation: (Author, nd), (Smith, nd)

3.  if the missing element is the title
The author and date are indicated, the work is described in square brackets and then the source is indicated.

For example:
Smith, J. (2022). [Title of Study Unknown]. [Website name]. https://www.example.com/bilinmeyen-calisma
In-text citiation: (Author, year), (Smith, 2022)

4. If the missing element is the author and date
The title should be entered, "nd" should be written instead of "no date" and then the source should be indicated.

For example:
[Artificial intelligence and its future role]. (nd). [Websitename].https://www.example.com/bilinmeyen-calisma
In-text citiation: (Başlık, nd), (Artificial intelligence and its future role, nd)

5.  If the missing element is the author and title
The work is identified in square brackets, followed by the date and source.
For example:
[Unknown Study]. (2023). [Website name]. https://www.example.com/bilinmeyen-calisma
In-text citiation: (Job description, year), ([Unknown Work], 2023)

6.  If the missing item is the date and title
The work is identified in square brackets, "nd" is written instead of "no date" and then the source is indicated.
For example:
[Unknown Study]. (nd). [Website name]. https://www.example.com/bilinmeyen-calisma
In-text citiation: (Job description, nd), (Bilinmeyen çalışma, nd)

7.  If the missing element is the author, date and title
The work is identified in square brackets, "nd" is written instead of "no date" and then the source is indicated.

For example:
[Unknown Study]. (nd). [Website name]. https://www.example.com/bilinmeyen-calisma
In-text citiation: (Job description, nd), (Bilinmeyen çalışma, nd)

8. Anonymous authors
In-text citiation: ([Anonymous], year)

WEBSITES AND SOCIAL MEDIA
1. Web Page
Web page written by one person
Doe, J. (2023,15 February). The rise of digital art: New possibilities for creative expression. World of Art and Culture. https://www.example.com/digital-art-rise
In-text citiation: Doe, 2023), Doe (2023)

Web page with corporate author
World Health Organization. (2023, 10 March). Global health ınitiatives: Improving access to healthcare. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/global-health-initiatives
In-text citiation: (WHO, 2022), WHO (2022). 

2. Document From Websıte
Document by author
Doe, J. (2022). Digital literacy: Critical skills in the information age [Personal opinion]. Personal Blog. https://www.example.com/digital-literacy
In-text citiation: (Doe, 2022), Doe (2022).

Corporate authored document
World Economic Forum. (2021). The future of jobs report 2021: Reskilling for the future [Rapor]. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2021
In-text citiation: (WEF, 2021), WEF (2021)

3. Blog post
Articles written by one person
Doe, J. (2022, 25 January). The power of art: The role of creativity for social change. Art and Thought Blog. https://www.example.com/art-power-social-change
In-text citiation: Doe, 2022), Doe (2022)

4. Social media
Articles written by one person
Doe, J. (2022, 30 Temmuz). Dijital dünyada bilgi güvenliği: Temel ilkeler [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/exampleuser/status/123456789
In-text citiation: Doe, 2022), Doe (2022)

Posts written by a person with a username/identifier
Doe, J. [@exampleuser]. (2021, 5 February). Digital marketing strategies: Current trends and tips [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/exampleuser/status/987654321
In-text citiation: Doe, 2021), Doe (2021)

 Posts with corporate authors
World Health Organization. (2022, 10 February). We provide the most up-to-date information on COVID-19 vaccines [Facebook Update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/WHO/posts/123456789012345
In-text citiation: (WHO, 2022), WHO (2022).

MAPS & POSTERS

1. Online map or poster
Smith, J. (2021). Biodiversity map on Earth [Map]. Nature Conservation Society. https://www.example.com/biodiversity-map
In-text citiation: (Smith, 2021), Smith (2021)

2. Print map or poster
Doe, J. (2022). Exploring ancient civilizations: A historical map [Poster]. National Geographic.
In-text citiation: (Doe, 2022), Doe (2022)

3. Google Maps
Google. (n. d). [İstanbul Haritası]. 15 Ocak 2023, https://www.google.com/maps

VIDEOS, PODCASTS AND IMAGES

1- Videos, Film and TV

Online video streaming
TechTalks. (2023, 15 Şubat). Quantum computing: Exploring the future of technology [Webinar]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=example123
In-text citiation: (TeachTalks, 2023), TeachTalk (2023)

Films and documentaries
Nolan, C. (Yönetmen). (2014). Interstellar [Film]. Warner Bros.
In-text citiation: (Nolan, 2014), Nolan (2014)

TV programmes
Smith, J. (Author) and Robinson, L. (Director). (2020). Eye of the Needle (Season 1, Episode 14) [TV series episode]. Brown, N., Doe, J. (Executive Producers), Prodigal son. Warner Bros. Television; Fox Entertainment.
In-text citiation: (Smith, 2020), Smith (2020).

2. Podcasts and audio

Podcasts
Doe & Smith (Hosts). 2018, March 10). Creativity and innovation (Episode 7) [Interview format]. Advanced podcast. PodcastProd.
In-text citiation: (Doe, et al., 2018), Doe (et al., 2018)

Songs & audio tracks
Adele. (2011). Rolling in the deep [Single]. On Late night feelings. Columbia
In-text citiation: (Adele, 2019), Adele (2019)

Classical music songs
Mozart: The complete symphonies. Deutsche Grammophon. (Original work published 1773)
In-text citiation: (Mozart, 1787), Mozart (1787)

SECONDARY SOURCES

Bibliographical references to secondary sources give the name and date of the original research, while also indicating the secondary source. Secondary sources should be used, if possible, when the original source cannot be reached.
For example
• Original research (book):
Smith, A. (2005). The Art of Writing. Publisher.
Secondary source (article):
Jones, B. (2020). A Review of "The Art of Writing" by Smith. Journal of Writing Studies, 15(2), 123-145. https://doi.org/xxxx
• When citing a secondary source within the text:
(Jones, 2020, s. 130) veya Jones'a göre (2020, s. 130)
In-text citiation:
Jones, B. (2020). A Review of "The Art of Writing" by Smith. Journal of Writing Studies, 15(2), 123-145. https://doi.org/xxxx

COURSE MATERIALS

Lecture notes and powerpoints
Smith, A. (2021, February 10). Introduction to psychology: Understanding human behavior [Lecture notes]. University of Example. https://www.example.edu/psychology-101
In- text citiation: (Smith, 2021), Smith (2021), (Smith, 2021, p.30), Smith (2021, p.30), (Smith, 2021, pp.30-45), Smith (2021, pp. 30-45)

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

The APA manual identifies the following examples of personal communications:
• emails
• private letters
• memos
• personal interviews
• telephone conversations
• other sources not publicly available

In- text citiation: Mail: (K. Johnson, personal message, January 10, 2022), private letter: (R. Davis, personal message, November 22, 2020), telephone conversation: (M. Anderson, personal message, May 5, 2021), Personal interview: (P . Smith, personal message, February 15, 2023)