THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS

Aslı Yorulmaz; Hakan Erinç; Abidin Tatlı; Aziz Tekin

doi:10.15237/gida.GD19104

EN TR

THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS

Öz

The aim of the study was to identify the changes in olive and corresponding olive oil characteristics in response to irrigation. Five olive cultivars (Halhalı, Sarı ulak, Nizip Yağlık, Kilis Yağlık and Karamani) from Turkish origin were harvested from their own traditional growing region (Mardin, Mersin, Gaziantep, Kilis and Hatay respectively) from both irrigated and non-irrigated trees (rain-fed) for two consecutive crop years. Olives were processed to oil with a laboratory scale system. Olive fruits were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties and phenolic composition and olive oils were analysed for fatty acid, triacylglycerol and sterol composition. Results have shown that average weight, flesh/pit ratio of olives were lower and dry matter and oil content were higher in rain-fed trees than irrigated ones. Phenolic content and composition of fruits were cultivar dependent and responded differently to water supplement. Fatty acid composition of olive oils mainly remained unchanged, however the concentration of individual triacylglycerols behaved in distinct ways. Total sterol and β-sitosterol contents increased and decreased for various cultivars whereas Δ-5-avenasterol increased in all cases. Sarı ulak variety was well separated from other varieties by principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis both in rain-fed and irrigated treatments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Irrigation,fatty acid,olive oil,phenolic,sterol,triacylglycerol

SULAMA İŞLEMİNİN ZEYTİN VE ZEYTİNYAĞININ ÖZELLİKLERİNE ETKİSİ

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı zeytin ve bu zeytinlerden elde edilen zeytinyağının özellikleri üzerine sulama işleminin etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada Türkiye orijinli 5 farklı zeytin çeşidi (Halhalı, Sarı ulak, Nizip Yağlık, Kilis Yağlık and Karamani), ard arda gelen 2 hasat yılı boyunca, sulanmış ve sulanmamış (yağmur suyuyla beslenmiş) ağaçlardan, yetiştirildikleri bölgelerden (sırasıyla Mardin, Mersin, Gaziantep, Kilis ve Hatay) hasat edilmişlerdir. Zeytinler laboratuvar ölçekli bir sistem ile yağa işlenmişlerdir. Zeytin meyveleri fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri ve fenolik kompozisyonları yönünden, zeytinyağları ise yağ asidi, trigliserit ve sterol bileşimleri yönünden analiz edilmişlerdir. Sonuçlar sulama yapılmamış örneklerde sulanan örneklere göre, zeytin ortalama ağırlıkları ile et/çekirdek oranının daha düşük, kuru madde ve yağ içeriğinin ise daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Fenolik madde içeriği ve kompozisyonunun çeşide bağlı olduğu görülmüş ve sulama işlemi ile farklı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Zeytinyağlarının yağ asidi bileşimleri değişmemiştir, ancak her bir trigliserit konsantrasyonunda farklı değişiklikler gözlenmiştir. Toplam sterol ve β-sitosterol miktarlarında çeşitler arasında artış azalışlar gözlenmiş, ancak Δ-5-avenasterol miktarı tüm durumlarda artmıştır. Sarı ulak çeşidi sulama yapılmamış ve sulanmış diğer çeşitlerden temel bileşen ve hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi ile net bir şekilde ayrılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sulama,yağ asidi,zeytinyağı,fenolik,sterol,triaçilgliserol

Kaynakça

AOCS, (2003). Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society AOCS Press, Champaign.
Ayton, J., Mailer, R. J., Haigh, A., Tronson, D., Conlan, D. (2007). Quality and oxidative stability of Australian olive oil according to harvest date and irrigation. J. Food Lipids 14:138-156. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2007.00076.x
Berenguer, M. J, Vossen, P. M., Grattan, S. R., Connell, J. H., Polito, V. S. (2006). Tree irrigation levels for optimum chemical and sensory properties of olive oil. HortScience 41: 427–432.
Dabbou, S., Chehab, H., Faten, B., Dabbou, S., Esposto, S., Selvaggini, R., Taticchi, A., Servili, M., Montedoro, G. F., Hammami, M. (2010). Effect of three irrigation regimes on Arbequina olive oil produced under Tunisian growing conditions. Agr. Water Manage. 97: 763-768. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.011
European Community Regulation 1348/2013 (2013). No 2568/91 on the characteristics of olive oil and olive-residue oil and on the relevant methods of analysis.
Goldhamer, D. A. (1999). Regulated deficit irrigation for California canning olives. Acta Hortic. 474: 373-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1999.474.76
Gόmez-Rico, A., Salvador, M. D., Moriana, A., Perez, D., Olmedilla, N., Ribas, F., Fregapane, G. (2007). Influence of different irrigation strategies in a traditional Cornicabra cv. olive orchard on virgin olive oil composition and quality. Food Chem. 100: 568-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.075
Herslöf, B. G. (1981). HPLC of triglycerides using UV detection. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 4: 471-473. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/jhrc.1240040911

Inglese, P., Barone, E., Gullo, G. (1996). The effect of complementary irrigation on fruit growth, ripening pattern and oil characteristics of olive (Olea europaea L.) cv. Carolea. J. Hortic. Sci. 71: 257–263.
International Olive Oil Council (2015). Trade Standard applying to olive oil and olive pomace oils. COI/T.15/NC No 3/Rev.IUPAC, (1987). Standard Methods for Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivates, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 7 th ed., IUPAC Method 2.301, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Motilva, M. J., Tovar, M. J., Romero, M. P., Alegre, A., Girona, J. (2000). Influence of regulated deficit irrigation strategies applied to olive trees (Arbequina cultivar) on oil yield and oil composition during the fruit ripening. J. Sci. Food Agr. 80: 2037–2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0010(200011)80:14<2037::AID-JSFA733>3.0.CO;2-0
Owen, R. W., Mier, W., Giacosa, A., Hull, W. E., Spiegelhalder, B., Bartsch, H. (2000). Identification of lignans as major components in the phenolic fraction of olive oil. Clin. Chem. 46: 976-988.
Parr, J., Bolwell, G. (2000). Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content or profile. J. Sci. Food Agr. 80: 985–1012. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7<985::AID-JSFA572>3.0.CO;2-7
Patumi, M., d’Andria, R., Fontanazza, G., Morelli, G., Giorio, P., Sorrentino, G. (1999). Yield and oil quality of intensively trained trees of three cultivars of olive (Olea europaea L.) under different irrigation regimes. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 74: 729-737.
Patumi, M., d’Andria, R., Marsilio, V., Fontanazza, G., Morelli, G., Lanza, B. (2002). Olive and olive oil quality after intensive monocone olive growing (Olea europaea L. cv. Kalamata) in different irrigation regimes. Food Chem. 77: 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00317-X
Salas, J., Pastor, M., Castro, J., Vega, V. (1997). Influencia del riego sobre la composition y caracteristicas organolepticas del aceite de oliva. Grasas Aceites 48: 74–82.
Servili, M., Esposto, S., Lodolini, E., Selvaggini, R., Taticchi, A., Urbani, S., Montedoro, G., Serravalle, M., Gucci, R. (2007). Irrigation effects on quality, phenolic composition, and selected volatiles of virgin olive oils Leccino. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 6609–6618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf070599n
Stefanoudaki, E., Chartzoulakis, K., Koutsaftakis, A., Kotsifaki, F. (2001). Effect of drought stress on qualitative characteristics of olive oil of cv Koroneiki. Grasas Aceites 52: 202-206. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3989/gya.2001.v52.i3-4.358
Stefanoudaki, E., Williams, M., Chartzoulakis, K., Harwood, J. (2009). Effect of irrigation on quality attributes of olive oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57: 7048-7055. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1021/jf900862w
Tovar, M. J., Romero, M. P. J., Motilva, M. J. (2001). Changes in the phenolic composition of olive oil from young trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina) grown under linear irrigation strategies. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 5502–5508. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1021/jf0102416
Tovar, M. J., Romero, M. P., Alegre, S., Girona, J., Motilva, M. J. (2002). Composition and organoleptic characteristics of oil from Arbequina olive (Olea europaea L.) trees under deficit irrigation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 82: 1755–1763. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/jsfa.1246
Turkish Food Codex, Communique on olive oil and pomace oil (2018). The Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey, Number 27665, Ankara.
Yorulmaz, A., Poyrazoglu, E. S., Ozcan, M. M., Tekin, A. (2012). Phenolic profiles of Turkish olives and olive oils. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Tech. 114: 1083-1093. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/ejlt.201100186
Yorulmaz, A., Yavuz, H., Tekin, A. (2014). Characterization of Turkish olive oils by triacylglycerol structures and sterol profiles. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 91: 2077–2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-014-2554-7
Zeleke, K., Mailer, R., Eberbach, P., Wünsche, J. (2012). Oil content and fruit quality of nine olive (Olea europaea L.) varieties affected by irrigation and harvest times. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. 40: 241-252. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/01140671.2012.662159.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

-

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Aslı Yorulmaz
0000-0003-4446-6585
Türkiye

Hakan Erinç ^*
0000-0001-8858-4570
Türkiye

Abidin Tatlı Bu kişi benim
Türkiye

Aziz Tekin

Yayımlanma Tarihi

6 Ekim 2019

Gönderilme Tarihi

17 Temmuz 2019

Kabul Tarihi

17 Ekim 2019

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2019 Cilt: 44 Sayı: 6

DOI

https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19104

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA37RD97AA

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yorulmaz, A., Erinç, H., Tatlı, A., & Tekin, A. (2019). THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS. Gıda, 44(6), 1081-1091. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19104

AMA

1.Yorulmaz A, Erinç H, Tatlı A, Tekin A. THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS. GIDA. 2019;44(6):1081-1091. doi:10.15237/gida.GD19104

Chicago

Yorulmaz, Aslı, Hakan Erinç, Abidin Tatlı, ve Aziz Tekin. 2019. “THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS”. Gıda 44 (6): 1081-91. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19104.

EndNote

Yorulmaz A, Erinç H, Tatlı A, Tekin A (01 Ekim 2019) THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS. Gıda 44 6 1081–1091.

IEEE

[1]A. Yorulmaz, H. Erinç, A. Tatlı, ve A. Tekin, “THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS”, GIDA, c. 44, sy 6, ss. 1081–1091, Eki. 2019, doi: 10.15237/gida.GD19104.

ISNAD

Yorulmaz, Aslı - Erinç, Hakan - Tatlı, Abidin - Tekin, Aziz. “THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS”. Gıda 44/6 (01 Ekim 2019): 1081-1091. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19104.

JAMA

1.Yorulmaz A, Erinç H, Tatlı A, Tekin A. THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS. GIDA. 2019;44:1081–1091.

MLA

Yorulmaz, Aslı, vd. “THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS”. Gıda, c. 44, sy 6, Ekim 2019, ss. 1081-9, doi:10.15237/gida.GD19104.

Vancouver

1.Aslı Yorulmaz, Hakan Erinç, Abidin Tatlı, Aziz Tekin. THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS. GIDA. 01 Ekim 2019;44(6):1081-9. doi:10.15237/gida.GD19104