Emotional Socialization Behaviors of Mothers Having Preschooler
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 186 - 201, 27.04.2021
Rabia Özen Uyar
,
Melek Merve Yılmaz
,
Yaşare Aktaş Arnas
Öz
The aim of the study is to investigate emotional socialization behaviors of mothers having preschooler in relation to the child's gender, education and socioeconomic level of the mother. In the research, a correlational survey model was used. The participants of the study consisted of 303 mothers having children aged 4-6 with low, middle and high socioeconomic living conditions. The data of the study were collected with the Coping with Negative Emotions of Children Scale and Personal Information Form. T-test and variance analysis were used to analyze the data. Research results revealed that emotional socialization behaviors of mothers did not differ significantly according to the child's gender. As a result of the analysis, it was found that emotional socialization behaviors differ significantly in terms of the socioeconomic level of the mothers. According to this, low socioeconomic level mothers showed more punitive reactions and minimization reactions than middle and high socioeconomic level mothers. Results also showed that punitive reactions and problem-focused responses differed according to the educational level of the participating mothers. In this direction, as the education level of the mothers increases, it is seen that there is a decrease in punitive reactions while there is an increase in problem-focused responses.
Kaynakça
- Altan-Aytun. Ö., Yağmurlu. B., & Yavuz, H. M. (2012). Turkish mothers’ coping with children’s negative emotions: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 437-443.
- Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C.-S., Suwalsky, J. T. D., & Haynes, O. M. (2003). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development: The Hollingshead Four-Factor Index of Social Status and The Socioeconomic Index of Occupations. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Monographs in parenting series. Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 29-82). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5(1), 80-88.
- Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. M. (2010). Gender differences in the socialization of preschoolers' emotional competence. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010(128), 29-49.
- Denham, S. A., Mitchell-Copeland, J., Strandberg, K., Auerbach, S., & Blair, K. (1997). Parental contributions to preschoolers' emotional competence: Direct and indirect effects. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1), 65-86.
- Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1994). Mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's temperament and anger behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40(1), 138-156.
- Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.
- Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67(5), 2227-2247.
- Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Cumberland, A. (1998). The socialization of emotion: Reply to commentaries. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 317-333.
- Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N. ve Bernzweig, J. (1990). The coping with children's negative emotions scale: Procedures and scoring. Arizona State University.
- Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions: Relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72(3), 907-920.
- Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N. ve Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The coping with children's negative emotions scale (CCNES): Psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence. Marriage and Family Review, 34(3-4), 285-310.
- Fivush, R. (1991). Gender and emotion in mother-child conversations about the past. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1(4), 325-341.
- Fivush, R., Berlin, L., McDermott Sales, J., Mennuti-Washburn, J., & Cassidy, J. (2003). Functions of parent-child reminiscing about emotionally negative events. Memory, 11(2), 179-192.
- Garner, P. W., Robertson, S., & Smith, G. (1997). Preschool children's emotional expressions with peers: The roles of gender and emotion socialization. Sex Roles, 36(11-12), 675-691.
- Hashima, P. Y., & Amato, P. R. (1994). Poverty, social support, and parental behavior. Child Development, 65(2), 394-403.
- Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (24. bs.). Ankara: Nobel.
- Klimes‐Dougan, B., Brand, A. E., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Usher, B., Hastings, P. D., Kendziora, K., & Garside, R. B. (2007). Parental emotion socialization in adolescence: Differences in sex, age and problem status. Social Development, 16(2), 326-342.
- Macklem, G. L. (2008). Practitioner's guide to emotion regulation in school-aged children. New York. USA: Springer Science & Business Media.
- Özen-Uyar, R., Yılmaz-Genç, M. M., & Aktaş-Arnas, Y. (2018). Emotion regulation and emotion understanding in preschoolers as a predictor of the maternal socialization of emotion. Education and Science, 43(195), 1-17.
- Root, A. K., & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Gender and parents' reactions to children's emotion during the preschool years. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010(128), 51-64.
- Shaffer, A., Suveg, C., Thomassin, K., & Bradbury, L. L. (2012). Emotion socialization in the context of family risks: Links to child emotion regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(6), 917-924.
- Yağmurlu, B., Çitlak, B., Dost, A., & Leyendecker, B. (2009). Türk Annelerin Çocuk Sosyalleştirme Hedeflerinde Eğitime Bağlı Olarak Gözlemlenen Farklılıklar. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(63), 1-15.
Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Duygu Sosyalleştirme Davranışları
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 186 - 201, 27.04.2021
Rabia Özen Uyar
,
Melek Merve Yılmaz
,
Yaşare Aktaş Arnas
Öz
The aim of the study
is to investigate emotional socialization behaviors of mothers having
preschooler in relation to the child's gender, socioeconomic and education
level of the mother. In the research, a correlational survey model was used.
The participants of the study consisted of 303 mothers having children aged 4-6
with low, middle and high socioeconomic living conditions. The data of the
study were collected with the Coping with Negative Emotions of Children Scale
and Personal Information Form. T-test and variance analysis were used to
analyze the data. Research results revealed that emotional socialization
behaviors of mothers did not differ significantly according to child's gender.
As a result of the analysis, it was found that emotional socialization
behaviors differ significantly in terms of the socioeconomic level of the
mothers. According to this, low socioeconomic level mothers showed more
punitive reactions and minimization reactions than middle and high
socioeconomic level mothers. Results also showed that punitive and
problem-focused reactions differed according to the educational level of the
participating mothers. In this direction, as the education level of the mothers
increases, it is seen that there is a decrease in punitive reactions while
there is an increase in problem-focused reactions.
Kaynakça
- Altan-Aytun. Ö., Yağmurlu. B., & Yavuz, H. M. (2012). Turkish mothers’ coping with children’s negative emotions: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 437-443.
- Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C.-S., Suwalsky, J. T. D., & Haynes, O. M. (2003). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development: The Hollingshead Four-Factor Index of Social Status and The Socioeconomic Index of Occupations. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Monographs in parenting series. Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 29-82). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5(1), 80-88.
- Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. M. (2010). Gender differences in the socialization of preschoolers' emotional competence. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010(128), 29-49.
- Denham, S. A., Mitchell-Copeland, J., Strandberg, K., Auerbach, S., & Blair, K. (1997). Parental contributions to preschoolers' emotional competence: Direct and indirect effects. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1), 65-86.
- Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1994). Mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's temperament and anger behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40(1), 138-156.
- Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.
- Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67(5), 2227-2247.
- Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Cumberland, A. (1998). The socialization of emotion: Reply to commentaries. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 317-333.
- Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N. ve Bernzweig, J. (1990). The coping with children's negative emotions scale: Procedures and scoring. Arizona State University.
- Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions: Relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72(3), 907-920.
- Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N. ve Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The coping with children's negative emotions scale (CCNES): Psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence. Marriage and Family Review, 34(3-4), 285-310.
- Fivush, R. (1991). Gender and emotion in mother-child conversations about the past. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1(4), 325-341.
- Fivush, R., Berlin, L., McDermott Sales, J., Mennuti-Washburn, J., & Cassidy, J. (2003). Functions of parent-child reminiscing about emotionally negative events. Memory, 11(2), 179-192.
- Garner, P. W., Robertson, S., & Smith, G. (1997). Preschool children's emotional expressions with peers: The roles of gender and emotion socialization. Sex Roles, 36(11-12), 675-691.
- Hashima, P. Y., & Amato, P. R. (1994). Poverty, social support, and parental behavior. Child Development, 65(2), 394-403.
- Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (24. bs.). Ankara: Nobel.
- Klimes‐Dougan, B., Brand, A. E., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Usher, B., Hastings, P. D., Kendziora, K., & Garside, R. B. (2007). Parental emotion socialization in adolescence: Differences in sex, age and problem status. Social Development, 16(2), 326-342.
- Macklem, G. L. (2008). Practitioner's guide to emotion regulation in school-aged children. New York. USA: Springer Science & Business Media.
- Özen-Uyar, R., Yılmaz-Genç, M. M., & Aktaş-Arnas, Y. (2018). Emotion regulation and emotion understanding in preschoolers as a predictor of the maternal socialization of emotion. Education and Science, 43(195), 1-17.
- Root, A. K., & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Gender and parents' reactions to children's emotion during the preschool years. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010(128), 51-64.
- Shaffer, A., Suveg, C., Thomassin, K., & Bradbury, L. L. (2012). Emotion socialization in the context of family risks: Links to child emotion regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(6), 917-924.
- Yağmurlu, B., Çitlak, B., Dost, A., & Leyendecker, B. (2009). Türk Annelerin Çocuk Sosyalleştirme Hedeflerinde Eğitime Bağlı Olarak Gözlemlenen Farklılıklar. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(63), 1-15.