Capsaicinoid Distribution and Transgressive Segregation in Capsicum spp. Hybrids Derived from TEV- and CMV-Resistant Parents

Öz

The purpose of this study is to explore the inheritance patterns concerning capsaicinoid-derived pungency in pepper (Capsicum spp.) via quantitative measurement of capsaicinoid in F1 and F4 generations through hybridization of Teopisca (TEV (Tobacco Etch Virus)-resistant) and PI640517 (CMV (Cucumber Mosaic Virus)-resistant). The 60 F4 specimens raised from earlier hybridization and selection steps were used to create a core material set consisting of 20 individuals and a single F1 individual, considering the most pertinent agronomic indicators-factors like fruit size, health/vigor of the plant, yield as well as capsaicinoid content. Capsaicinoids were extracted from dried fruit samples, and capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); results were expressed as Scoville Heat Units (SHU). Parental SHU values were 28662.01 for Teopisca and 22053.05 for the PI640517 line, and the F1 individual was 32885.06, whereas the F4 genotypes displayed a markedly wider range (15039.83–76146.30 SHU), with a population mean of 34984.65 ± 17820.35 SHU. Notably, 60% of the F4 genotypes exceeded the higher parent, while 35% fell below the lower parent, indicating strong transgressive segregation for pungency. Genotype F4-2 recorded the maximum SHU of 76146.30 and the best 10 genotypes contributed 70.29% of the total SHU in the core set. In effect, the findings strongly indicate the presence of segregating variation for pungency within the virus-resistance–derived genetic background and allow the identification of high-pungency candidates for selection. This opens avenues within the conception and integration of capsaicinoid-based quality traits within pepper breeding programs while conserving resistance-related genetic resources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Capsaicinoids
• Genetic Inheritance
• Virus Resistance
• Transgressive Segregation

Destekleyen Kurum

Kilis 7 Aralik University Scientific Research Projects Unit

Proje Numarası

25/MAP/001

TEV ve CMV'ye Dirençli Ebeveynlerden Elde Edilen Capsicum spp. Melezlerinde Kapsaisinoid Dağılımı ve Transgresif Ayrışma

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Teopisca (TEV [Tobacco etch virus] dirençli) ve PI640517 (CMV [Cucumber mosaic virus] dirençli) ebeveynlerinin melezlenmesi sonucunda elde edilen F1 ve F4 nesillerinde kapsaisinoid içerikleri nicel olarak belirlenmiş ve biberde (Capsicum spp.) kapsaisinoid kaynaklı acılığın kalıtım modeli araştırılmıştır. Melezleme ve seleksiyon çalışmaları sonucunda elde edilen 60 adet F4 materyal arasından, meyve büyüklüğü, bitki sağlığı ve canlılığı, verim performansı ile kapsaisinoid içerikleri dikkate alınarak 20 F4 genotipi ve bir F1 bireyinden oluşan çekirdek materyal seti oluşturulmuştur. Kurutulmuş meyve örneklerinden kapsaisinoid ekstraksiyonu gerçekleştirilmiş, kapsaisin ve dihidrokapsaisin miktarları Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografisi (HPLC) yöntemiyle analiz edilmiş ve sonuçlar Scoville Isı Birimi (SHU) cinsinden ifade edilmiştir. Ebeveyn hatlarda SHU değerleri Teopisca için 28662,01 ve PI640517 için 22053,05 olarak belirlenirken, F1 bireyinde 32885,06 SHU değeri saptanmıştır. F4 genotiplerinde ise 15039,83–76146,30 SHU arasında değişen geniş bir varyasyon belirlenmiş ve popülasyon ortalaması 34984,65 ± 17820,35 SHU olarak hesaplanmıştır. İncelenen F4 genotiplerinin %60’ının yüksek ebeveyn değerini aştığı, %35’inin ise düşük ebeveyn değerinin altında kaldığı tespit edilmiş ve bu durumun acılık karakteri bakımından güçlü bir transgresif segregasyona işaret ettiği değerlendirilmiştir. En yüksek SHU değeri 76146,30 ile F4-2 genotipinde belirlenmiş, çekirdek materyal setinde yer alan en yüksek değerlere sahip ilk 10 genotipin toplam SHU miktarının %70,29’unu oluşturduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, virüs direnci kaynaklı genetik arka plan içerisinde kapsaisinoid birikimi bakımından önemli düzeyde ayrışan varyasyonun bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca yüksek acılık potansiyeline sahip üstün genotiplerin belirlenmesine olanak sağlandığı ve bu genotiplerin, direnç gen kaynaklarının korunmasıyla birlikte kapsaisinoid temelli kalite özelliklerinin geliştirilmesine yönelik biber ıslah programlarında değerlendirilebileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kapsaisinoidler
• Genetik Kalıtım
• Virüs Direnci
• Transgresif Ayrışma

Destekleyen Kurum

Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi

Proje Numarası

25/MAP/001

Kaynakça

1. Acquaah, G., 2020. Principles of plant genetics and breeding (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.
2. Al Othman, Z.A., Ahmed, Y.B., Habila, M.A., Ghafar, A.A., 2011. Determination of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in Capsicum fruit samples using high-performance liquid chromatography. Molecules, 16(10), 8919-8929. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16108919
3. American Spice Trade Association, 2004. Official analytical methods of the American Spice Trade Association (4th ed.). American Spice Trade Association, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
4. Arce-Rodríguez, M.L., Ochoa-Alejo, N., 2017. An R2R3-MYB transcription factor regulates capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Plant Physiology, 174(3), 1359-1370. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.00506
5. Arpacı, B.B., Baktemur, G., Keleş, D., Kara, E., Erol, Ü.H., Taşkın, H., 2020. Determination of color and heat level of some resistance sources and improved pepper genotypes. Crop Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, 2(1), e200006. https://doi.org/10.20900/cbgg20200006
6. Arpacı, B.B., Erol, Ü.H., 2024. Relationship between fruit maturation, phytochemical content, pungency, and Pun1 gene expression in Capsicum species (Capsicum spp.). Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 71(6), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443724607262
7. Attuquayefio, V.K., Buckle, K.A., 1987. Rapid sample preparation method for HPLC analysis of capsaicinoids in Capsicum fruits and oleoresins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 35, 777-779. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00077a032
8. Aza-González, C., Núñez-Palenius, H.G., Ochoa-Alejo, N., 2011. Molecular biology of capsaicinoid biosynthesis in chili pepper (Capsicum spp.). Plant Cell Reports, 30(5), 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-010-0968-8

9. Balcı, M., Arpacı, B.B., Koç, M., Erol, Ü.H., 2024. Response of some pepper genotypes to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and discrimination of Kilis isolates using high-resolution melting (HRM) method. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 12(8), 1435-1441. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i8.1435-1441.6488
10. Batiha, G.E.-S., Alqahtani, A., Ojo, O.A., Shaheen, H.M., Wasef, L., Elzeiny, M., Ismail, M., Shalaby, M., Murata, T., Zaragoza-Bastida, A., Rivero-Perez, N., Magdy Beshbishy, A., Kasozi, K.I., Jeandet, P., Hetta, H.F., 2020. Biological properties, bioactive constituents, and pharmacokinetics of some Capsicum spp. and capsaicinoids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(15), 5179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155179
11. Butcher, J.D., Crosby, K.M., Yoo, K.S., Patil, B.S., Jifon, J.L., Rooney, W.L., 2013. Heterosis in different F1 Capsicum annuum genotypes for fruit traits, ascorbic acid, capsaicin, and flavonoids. Scientia Horticulturae. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.03.022
12. Chang, T., Ji, X., Luo, M., Shen, L., Yang, S., Zhang, C., 2024. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on capsaicinoids and related metabolic substances of dried chili pepper fruit. Horticulturae, 10(8), 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080831
13. Collins, M.D., Wasmund, L.M., Bosland, P.W., 1995. Improved method for quantifying capsaicinoids in Capsicum using high-performance liquid chromatography. HortScience, 30(1), 137-139. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.1.137
14. da Silva Antonio, A., Wiedemann, L.S.M., da Veiga-Junior, V.F., 2019. Food pungency: The evolution of methods for capsaicinoid analysis. Food Analytical Methods, 12, 1327-1345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-019-01470-2
15. Garcés-Claver, A., Gil-Ortega, R., Álvarez-Fernández, A., Arnedo-Andrés, M.S., 2007. Inheritance of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, determined by HPLC-ESI/MS, in an intraspecific cross of Capsicum annuum L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(17), 6951-6957. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070951x
16. González-Zamora, A., Sierra-Campos, E., Luna-Ortega, J.G., Pérez-Morales, R., Ortiz, J.C.R., García-Hernández, J.L., 2015. Measurement of capsaicinoids in chiltepin hot pepper: A comparison study among extraction methods. Journal of Chemistry, 2015, 709150. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/709150
17. Gurung, T., Techawongstien, S., Suriharn, B., Techawongstien, S., 2011. Impact of environments on the accumulation of capsaicinoids in Capsicum spp. HortScience, 46(12), 1576-1581. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.12.1576
18. Hosen, M., Rafii, M.Y., Mazlan, N., Jusoh, M., Chowdhury, M.F.N., Yusuff, O., Ikbal, M.F., 2022. Estimation of heterosis and combining ability for improving yield, sweetness, carotenoid and antioxidant qualities in pumpkin hybrids (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.). Horticulturae, 8(10), 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100863
19. Jacquemond, M., 2012. Cucumber mosaic virus. Advances in Virus Research, 84, 439-504.
20. Jiang, T., Hao, T., Chen, W., Li, C., Pang, S., Fu, C., Miao, S., 2025. Reprogrammed plant metabolism during viral infections: Mechanisms, pathways and implications. Molecular Plant Pathology, 26(2), e70066. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.70066
21. Kenyon, L., Kumar, S., Tsai, W.S., Hughes, J.d’A., 2014. Virus diseases of peppers (Capsicum spp.) and their control. Advances in Virus Research, 90, 297-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801246-8.00006-8
22. Keleş Öztürk, P., Argün, D., Baloğlu, S., Keleş, D., 2019. Effects of Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) on the yield and quality of Karaisali pepper populations. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(2), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.418284
23. Mishra, J., Srivastava, R., Trivedi, P.K., Verma, P.C., 2020. Effect of virus infection on the secondary metabolite production and phytohormone biosynthesis in plants. 3 Biotech, 10(12), 547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02541-6
24. Mori, A., Lehmann, S., O’Kelly, J., Kumagai, T., Desmond, J.C., Pervan, M., McBride, W.H., Kizaki, M., Koeffler, H.P., 2006. Capsaicin, a component of red peppers, inhibits the growth of androgen-independent, p53 mutant prostate cancer cells. Cancer Research, 66(6), 3222-3229. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0087
25. Naves, E.R., Federico, S., Wagner, L., Adriano, N., Fernie, A., 2022. Heterosis for capsaicinoids accumulation in chili pepper hybrids is dependent on parent-of-origin effect. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18711-w
26. Ogawa, K., Murota, K., Shimura, H., Furuya, M., Togawa, Y., Matsumura, T., 2015. Evidence of capsaicin synthase activity of the Pun1-encoded protein and its role as a determinant of capsaicinoid accumulation in pepper. BMC Plant Biology, 15, 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-015-0476-7
27. Oyagbemi, A.A., Saba, A.B., Azeez, O.I., 2010. Capsaicin: A novel chemopreventive molecule and its underlying molecular mechanisms of action. Indian Journal of Cancer, 47(1), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.58860
28. Sánchez, A.M., Sánchez, M.G., Malagarie-Cazenave, S., Olea, N., Díaz-Laviada, I., 2007. Apoptosis induced by capsaicin in prostate PC-3 cells involves ceramide accumulation, neutral sphingomyelinase, and JNK activation. Apoptosis, 12(11), 2013-2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-007-0119-z
29. Stewart, C., Kang, B.C., Liu, K., Mazourek, M., Moore, S.L., Yoo, E.Y., Kim, B.D., Paran, I., Jahn, M.M., 2005. The Pun1 gene for pungency in pepper encodes a putative acyltransferase. The Plant Journal, 42(5), 675-688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02410.x
30. Zewdie, Y., Bosland, P.W., 2000. Evaluation of genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment interaction for capsaicinoids in Capsicum annuum L. Euphytica, 111, 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003837314929