BIOMASS ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Öz

Energy is one of the basic building blocks in the economic system of countries. Major environmental problems such as fluctuations in energy prices, insufficient energy resources, global warming and climate change have steered countries towards alternative energy sources like modern biomass energy. As a result, countries have been compelled to revise the structure of the basic macroeconomic indicators that constitute the trajectory of the economic system, such as foreign direct investments (FDI) and economic growth (EG) with regard to alternative energy sources. The causality relationship between biomass energy consumption (BEC) and FDI inflows in the country groups classified as lower-middle, upper-middle and high-income by the World Bank for the period 1970-2017 is examined in the study. According to the findings obtained, it is understood that causality from BEC to FDI in all three countries, whereas causality from FDI to BEC disappears as the income levels of the countries increase. This findings put forward that there is a transition from growth hypothesis to feedback hypothesis as income level decreases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biomass Energy Consumption
• Foreign Direct Investments
• Renewable Energy
• Economic Growth
• Panel Causality

BIOMASS ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Öz

Enerji, ülkelerin ekonomik sistemini oluşturan temel yapı taşlarından biridir. Enerji fiyatlarındaki dalgalanmalar, enerji kaynaklarındaki yetersizlik, küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği gibi ciddi çevresel problemler ülkeleri modern biyokütle enerjisi gibi alternatif enerji kaynaklarına yönlendirmiştir. Bu durumun bir sonucu olarak da ülkeler, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve ekonomik büyüme gibi ekonomik sistemin yörüngesini oluşturan temel göstergelerin yapısını alternatif enerji kaynaklarına göre revize etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu çalışmada 1970-2017 dönemi için dünya bankası tarafından alt-orta, üst-orta ve yüksek gelir olarak sınıflandırılmış ülke gruplarındaki biyokütle enerjisi tüketimi ve doğrudan yabancı yatırım girişleri arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, her üç ülke grubu içinde biyokütle enerjisi tüketiminden doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara doğru nedensellik tespit edilirken, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardan biyokütle enerjisi tüketimine doğru nedenselliğin ise ülkelerin gelir düzeyleri arttıkça ortadan kaybolduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu bulgular, gelir düzeyi azaldıkça büyüme hipotezinden geri bildirim hipotezine doğru bir geçişin gerçekleştiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyokütle Enerji Tüketimi
• Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar
• Yenilenebilir Enerji
• , Ekonomik Büyüme
• Panel Nedensellik

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