REVIEW OF SOME GASTROENTERITIS VIRUSES CAUSING OUTBREAKS

Öz

Viruses cause more than 67% of all food-borne microbiological disorders worldwide. Food-borne viruses have spread among all over the earth more easily in the last decade with the globalization of food supply. Nowadays, Food-borne viruses are responsible from gastroenteritis disorders that causing deaths especially for 0-5 aged children, elderly and patients people. These viruses primarily are Noroviruses, Rotaviruses, Adenoviruses and Astroviruses. Viral transmission routes are diverse, and include direct contact with infected persons, indirect contact with contaminated surfaces, fecal-oral transmission (through contaminated food and water), droplet and airborne transmission. In this review, Gastroenteritis viruses such as Norovirus, Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Astrovirus and their contamination route are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Norovirus,Rotavirus,Adenovirus,Astrovirus

SALGINLARA NEDEN OLAN BAZI GASTROENTERİT VİRÜSLERİNİN İRDELENMESİ

Öz

Virüsler, dünya genelinde gıda kaynaklı mikrobiyolojik hastalıkların %67'sine neden olmaktadır. Gıda kaynaklı bu virüsler son on yılda gıda arzının küreselleşmesi ile birlikte daha kolay bir şekilde tüm yeryüzüne yayılmaktadır. Günümüzde özellikle 0-5 yaş çocuklarda, yaşlılarda ve hastalarda ölümlere sebep olabilen gıda kaynaklı virüslerin neden olduğu gastroenterit rahatsızlıkların nedeni olarak son yıllarda Norovirüsler, Rotavirüsler, Adenovirüsler ve Astrovirüsler gelmektedir. Artan vaka sayıları ve meydana gelen salgınlardan dolayı alınan önlemlerin daha sağlıklı olabilmesi için bu virüslerin gıdalara ve gıda ile temas eden insanlara bulaşma yollarının irdelenmesi zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Virüslerin bulaşma yollarına bakıldığında ise hasta insanlarla direk yolla,  fekal-oral iletimi (kontamine yiyecek ve su yoluyla),  öksürük damlacıkları ve hava yolu ile taşınması ile indirekt yolla bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede, Norovirüsler, Rotavirüsler, Adenovirüsler, Astrovirüsler ve onların kontaminasyon yolu tartışılmaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Norovirüs,Rotavirüs,Adenovirüs,Astrovirüs

Kaynakça

1. Predmore A, Li J. 2011. Enhanced Removal of a Human Norovirus Surrogate from Fresh Vegetables and Fruits by a Combination of Surfactants and Sanitizers. Appl Environ Microbiol, 77 (14), 4829-4838.
2. Kirk MD, Pires SM, Black RE, Caipo M , Crump JA , Devleesschauwer B, Döpfer D, Fazil A, Fischer-Walker CL, Hald T, Hall AJ, Keddy KH, Lake RJ, Lanata CF, Torgerson PR, Havelaar AH, Angulo FJ. 2015. World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis. PLOS Med, 12(12), 1-21.
3. Yoldaş Ö, Bulut A, Altındiş M. 2012. Hepatit A Enfeksiyonlarına Güncel Yaklaşım. Viral Hepat J, 18 (3), 81-86.
4. Brassard J, Gagne M, Genereux M, Cote C. 2012. Detection of Human Food-Borne and Zoonotic Viruses on Irrigated, Field-Grown Strawberries. Appl Environ Microbiol, 78 (10), 3763-3766.
5. Özdemir M, Demircili ME, Feyzioğlu B, Yavru S, Baysal B. 2013. İshalli Hastalarda Akut Viral Gastroenterit Etkenlerinin Araştırılması. Selçuk Tıp Derg, 29 (3), 127-130.
6. Baran A, Erdoğan A. 2013. Gıda Kaynaklı Bir Hastalık Olarak Norovirüs Salgınlarının Önemi. GIDA, 38 (2), 119-126.
7. Svraka S, Duizer E,Vennema H, De Bruin E, Van Der Veer B, Dorresteijn B, Koopmans M. 2007. Etiological role of viruses in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2005. J Clin Microbiol, 45, 1389-1394.
8. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson M, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM. 2011. Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States-Major Pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis, 17 (1), 7-15.

9. Dağcı Yaprak Ş. 2011. İmmünkompetan Erişkinler ve İmmünsupresif Tedavi Alanlarda Norovirüs Enfeksiyonunun Araştırılması. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sağlı Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gaziantep, Türkiye, 48 s.
10. Uyar Y, Çarhan A, Özkaya E Ertek, M. 2008. Türkiye'de 2008 Yılında Ortaya Çıkan İlk Norovirus Salgınının Laboratuvar Sonuçlarının Değerlendirilmesi. Mikrobiyol Bul, 42, 607-615.
11. Rydel, GE. 2009. Norovirus, Causative Agent Of Winter Vomiting Disease, Exploits Several Histo-Blood Group Glycans For Adhesion. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/20045/2/ gupea_2077_20045_2.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 13.09.2016).
12. Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Dolin R, Thornhill TS, Kalica AR, Chanock RM. 1972. Visualization by İmmune Electron Microscopy of A 27-nm Particle Associated With Acute Infectious Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis. J Virol,10(5), 1075-1081.
13. Anon, 2016. http://www.norovirus.com/history-of-norovirus/. (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Mart 2016).
14. Anon, 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281053477_Caliciviridae_ Virus_taxonomy_the_classification_and_nomenclature_of_viruses. (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Mart 2016).
15. Kireçci E, Özer A. 2011. Norovirüsler, Salgınları ve Mücadele. Van Tıp Dergisi, 18 (1), 49-56.
16. Farkas T, Lung CWP, Fey B. 2014. Relationship Between Genotypes and Serotypes of Genogroup 1 Recoviruses: A Model For Human Norovirus Antigenic Diversity. J Gen Virol, 95, 1469-1478.
17. Matthews JE, Dicke BW, Miller RD, Felzer JR, Dawson BP, Lee AS, Rocks JJ, Kiel J, Montes JS, Moe CL, Eisenberg JN, Leon JS. 2012. The Epidemiology Of Published Norovirus Outbreaks: A Review Of Risk Factors Associated With Attack Rate And Genogroup. Epidemiol Infect, 140 (7), 1161-1172.
18. Puustinen L, Blazevic V, Huhti L, Szakal ED, Halkosalo A, Salminen M, Vesikari T. 2012. Norovirus genotypes in endemic acute gastroenteritis of infants and children in Finland between 1994 and 2007. Epidemiol Infect, 140, 268-275.
19. Huhti L, Szakal ED, Puustinen L, Salminen M, Huhtala H, Valve O, Blazevic V, Vesikari T. 2011. Norovirus GII-4 Causes a More Severe Gastroenteritis Than Other Noroviruses in Young Children. J Infect Dis, 203, 1442-1444. 20. Okada M, Ogawa T, Kaiho I, Shinozaki K. 2005. Genetic analysis of Noroviruses in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2004. J Clin Microbiol, 43, 4391-4401.
20. Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Baric RS. 2011. Norovirus GII.4 Strain Antigenic Variation. J Virol, 231-242.
21. Debbink K, Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Costantini V, Beltramello M, Corti D, Swanstrom J, Lanzavecchia A, Vinjé J, Baric RS. 2013. Emergence of New Pandemic GII.4 Sydney Norovirus Strain CorrelatesWith Escape From Herd Immunity. J Infect Dis, 208, 1877–1887.
22. Noel JS, Fankhauser RL, Ando T, Monroe SS, Glass RI. 1999. Identification of a Distinct Common Strain of "Norwalk-like Viruses" Having a Global Distribution. J Infect Dis, 179, 1334-1344.
23. Marks PJ, Vipond IB, Carlisle D, Deakin D, Fey RE, Caul EO. 2000. Evidence for Airborne Transmission of Norwalk-like Virus (NLV) in a Hotel Restaurant. Epidemiol Infect, 124, 481-487.
24. Bonifait L, Charlebois R, Vimont A, Turgeon N, Veillette M, Longtin Y, Jean J, Duchaine C. 2015. Detection and Quantification of AirborneNorovirus During Outbreaks in Healthcare Facilities. Clin Infect Dis, 61 (3), 299–304.
25. Widdowson MA, Cramer EH, Hadley L, Bresee JS, Beard RS, Bulens SN, Charles M, Chege W, Isakbaeva E, Wright JG, Mintz E, Forney D, Massey J, Glass RI, Monroe SS. 2004. Outbreaks of acutegastroenteritis on cruise ships and on land: identification of a predominant circulating strain of norovirus-United States, 2002. J Infect Dis, 190, 27-36.
26. Bull RA, Tu ETV, Mciver CJ, Rawlinson WD, White PA. 2006. Emergence of a New Norovirus Genotype II.4 Variant Associated with Global Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol, 327–333.
27. Anon-c, 2016. http://promedmail.org/post/20070310.0849. (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mart 2016).
28. Siebenga J, Kroneman A, Vennema H, Duizer E, Koopmans M. 2008. Food-Borne Viruses İn Europe Network Report: The Norovirus GII.4 2006b (For US Named Minerva-Like, For Japan Kobe034-Like, For UK V6) Variant Now Dominant in Early Seasonal Surveillance. Eurosurveillance, 13 (2), 1-4.
29. Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N, Williams K, Lee D, Vinjé J. 2011. Novel surveillance network for norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks, United States. Emerg Infect Dis, 17 (8), 1389-95.