Araştırma Makalesi
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Development and Validation of the Hope Scale for Secondary School Students in Turkey: A Study on Various Variables

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 161 - 186, 10.09.2025

Zübeyde Er , Perihan Dinç Artut , Ayten Pınar Bal

Öz

In this study, a scale was developed to evaluate secondary school students’ levels of hope, and their hope levels were examined in terms of various variables through this scale. Initially, a draft scale consisting of 41 items was crafted by synthesizing existing literature and consulting experts in the field. The study was divided into two phases: the first involving 514 students for scale development and the second comprising 503 students for scale validation. Throughout the scale development process, confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses, Cronbach's Alpha and Guttman Split-half values were calculated. The final scale, comprising 22 items across four factors, accounted for 56.565% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis affirmed the adequacy of the model. The overall Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was determined as 0.896. As a result of the research, a valid and reliable scale was created. In addition, it was observed that the hope levels of the students did not differ significantly according to the variables of gender, academic achievement, and socio-economic level. However, there was a significant difference in the mean hope levels by grade, with fifth-grade students scoring higher, and by exposure to trauma, with those who had experienced trauma at least once having higher mean hope levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

covıd-19 earthquake hope scale scale development secondary school students

Etik Beyan

The questionnaire and methodology for this study was approved by the Human Research Ethics committee of the University of Çukurova Ünivesity (750981- E-91770517-604.01.02-753942)

Kaynakça

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Türkiye'deki Ortaokul Öğrencileri İçin Umut Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi ve Geçerlenmesi: Çeşitli Değişkenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 161 - 186, 10.09.2025

Zübeyde Er , Perihan Dinç Artut , Ayten Pınar Bal

Öz

Bu çalışmada, ortaokul öğrencilerinin umut düzeylerini değerlendirmek için bir ölçek geliştirilmiş ve öğrencilerin umut düzeyleri çeşitli değişkenler açısından bu ölçek aracılığıyla incelenmiştir. İlk olarak, mevcut literatür taranarak ve alan uzmanlarıyla görüşülerek 41 maddelik bir taslak ölçek oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma iki aşamaya ayrılmıştır: ilk aşamada ölçeğin geliştirilmesi amacıyla 514 öğrenciden, ikinci aşamada ise ölçeğin doğrulanması için 503 öğrenciden veri toplanmıştır. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde, doğrulayıcı ve açımlayıcı faktör analizleri, Cronbach Alpha ve Guttman Split-half değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Nihai ölçek, dört faktör altında toplanan 22 maddeden oluşmuş ve toplam varyansın %56,565’ini açıklamıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi modelin yeterliliğini doğrulamıştır. Ölçeğin genel Cronbach Alpha değeri 0,896 olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca, öğrencilerin umut düzeylerinin cinsiyet, akademik başarı ve sosyo-ekonomik düzey değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği gözlemlenmiştir. Ancak, umut düzeyleri sınıf düzeyine göre anlamlı farklılık göstermiş; beşinci sınıf öğrencilerinin daha yüksek umut puanları aldığı belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, en az bir kez travma yaşamış öğrencilerin ortalama umut düzeyleri de daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, ortaokul öğrencilerinde umudun nasıl geliştiğine dair önemli içgörüler sunmakta ve öğrencilerin duygusal dayanıklılıklarını desteklemek için erken müdahalelerin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19 Deprem Umut Ölçeği Ölçek Geliştirme Ortaokul Öğrencileri

Kaynakça

  • Akmal, S. Z., Arlinkasari, F., & Febriani, A. U. (2017). Hope of success and fear of failure predicting academic procrastination students who working on a thesis. Guidena: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Psikologi, Bimbingan dan Konseling, 7(1), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.24127/GDN.V7I1.724
  • Akman, Y., & Korkut, F. (1993). Umut ölçeği üzerine bir araştırma [A research on the hope scale]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9.
  • Alarcon, G. M., Bowling, N. A., & Khazon, S. (2013). Great expectations: A meta-analytic examination of optimism and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 821–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.004
  • Aslan, Ö., Sekmen, K., Kömürcü, Ş., & Özet, A. (2007). Kanserli hastalarda umut [Hope for cancer patients]. Çukurova Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 11(2), 18–24.
  • Atik, G., & Kemer, G. (2009). Psychometric properties of children's hope scale: Validity and reliability study. Elementary Education Online, 8(2), 379–390.
  • Aydın, B. (2010). Üniversite öğrencilerinin duygusal zekâ ve umut düzeyleri ile psikolojik sağlamlıkları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between university students' emotional intelligence and hope levels and their psychological resilience] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
  • Bakar, N. A., & Rosbi, S. (2020). Effect of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to tourism industry. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(4). https://journal-repository.theshillonga.com/index.php/ijaers/article/view/1858
  • Baxter, M. A., Hemming, E. J., McIntosh, H. C., & Hellman, C. M. (2017). Exploring the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and hope. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(8), 948–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1365319
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  • Feldman, D. B., & Shu, T. M. (2023). The relationships of hope, optimism, and academic motivation with GPA among university students in Hong Kong. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231184144
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
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  • Goleman, D. (2016). Duygusal zekâ: Neden IQ’dan daha önemlidir? (B. Seçkin Yüksel, Trans.). Varlık Yayınları.
  • Greup, S. R., Kaal, S. E. J., Jansen, R., Manten‐Horst, E., Thong, M. S. Y., van der Graaf, W. T., & Husson, O. (2018). Post-traumatic growth and resilience in adolescent and young adult cancer patients: An overview. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1089/jayao.2017.0040
  • Hayat, A. A., Emad, N., Sharafi, N., & Keshavarzi, M. H. (2022). A comparative study of students' academic optimism and hope, and their relationships with academic achievement. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 23(11). https://doi.org/10.5812/semj-121136
  • Hendricks-Ferguson, V. (2006). Relationships of age and gender to hope and spiritual well-being among adolescents with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 23(4), 189–199.
  • Herth, K. (1992). Abbreviated instrument to measure hope: Development and psychometric evaluation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17(10), 1251–1259.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
  • Karabacak Çelik, A. (2023). Deprem sonrası travma belirtileri, umut ve iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between post-earthquake trauma symptoms, hope and well-being]. TRT Akademi, 8(18), 574–591. https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.1275268
  • Karayiğit, N. (2017). Sosyo-ekonomik düzeyin psiko-sosyal gelişim ve dindarlığa etkileri. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(7), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.17859/pauifd.292235
  • Kashdan, T. B., Pelham, W. E., Lang, A. R., Hoza, B., Jacob, R. G., Jennings, J. R., ... & Gnagy, E. M. (2002). Hope and optimism as human strengths in parents of children with externalizing disorders: Stress is in the eye of the beholder. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(4), 441–468. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.4.441.22597
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
  • Lei, H., Wang, Z., Peng, Z., Yuan, Y., & Li, Z. (2019). Hope across socioeconomic status: Examining measurement invariance of the Children’s Hope Scale across socioeconomic status groups. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2593. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02593
  • Ling, Y., Yang, Q., Ge, Z., Zhong, M., Zeng, Y., & Huebner, S. E. (2021). Examination of the validity of the Chinese version of the Children’s Hope Scale among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 39(4), 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282920987324
  • Long, L. J. (2022). Hope and PTSD. Current Opinion in Psychology, 48, Article 101472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101472
  • Lopez, S. J. (2013). Making hope happen: Create the future you want for yourself and others. Atria Books.
  • Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 857–885. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400004156
  • Marques, S. C., Lopez, S. J., Fontaine, A. M., Coimbra, S., & Mitchell, J. (2014). Validation of a Portuguese version of the Snyder Hope Scale in a sample of high school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32(8), 781–786. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282914540865
  • Marujo, H. Á., Velez, M. J., Gonçalves, S. P., Neto, L. M., Krafft, A. M., & Casais, M. (2021). The value of hope: Validation of the perceived hope scale in the Portuguese population. Current Psychology, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02115-6
  • Menninger, K. (1959). The academic lecture: Hope. American Journal of Psychiatry, 116(6), 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.116.6.481
  • Miller, J. F. (2007). Hope: A construct central to nursing. Nursing Forum, 42(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2007.00061.x
  • Morganstein, J. C., & Ursano, R. J. (2020). Ecological disasters and mental health: Causes, consequences, and interventions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00001
  • Nas, E. (2022). Ergenlerin öz-merhamet ve umut düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Examination of adolescents' self-compassion and hope levels]. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 46–65.
  • Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID–19 crises and tourist travel risk perceptions. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3592321
  • Ortiz, R., & Sibinga, E. (2017). The role of mindfulness in reducing the adverse effects of childhood stress and trauma. Children, 4(3), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/children4030016
  • Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 315–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9
  • Penzar, E. C. (2019). The role of hope among college students’ academic achievement (Doctoral dissertation, Seattle Pacific University). Education Dissertations, 46. https://digitalcommons.spu.edu/soe_etd/46
  • Raats, C., Adams, S., Savahl, S., Isaacs, S., & Tiliouine, H. (2019). The relationship between hope and life satisfaction among children in low and middle socioeconomic status communities in Cape Town, South Africa. Child Indicators Research, 12, 733–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9549-0
  • Rand, K. L., Shanahan, M. L., Fischer, I. C., & Fortney, S. (2020). Hope and optimism as predictors of academic performance and subjective well-being in college students. Learning and Individual Differences, 81, Article 101906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101906
  • Sarıçam, H., & Akın, A. (2013). Bütünleyici Umut Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Integrative Hope Scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability study]. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (15), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.447
  • Saripah, I., & Asiah, N. (2023). The hope of Indonesian students: Current and future counseling challenges. BISMA: The Journal of Counseling, 7(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.23887/bisma.v7i1.55265
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
  • Schrank, B., Woppmann, A., Sibitz, I., & Lauber, C. (2011). Development and validation of an integrative scale to assess hope. Health Expectations, 14(4), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-7625.2010.00645.x
  • Scioli, A., Ricci, M., Nyugen, T., & Scioli, E. R. (2011). Hope: Its nature and measurement. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(2), 78–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020903
  • Sengupta, S., & Karmakar, R. (2021). A comparative study on hope between adolescent male and female. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.25215/0903.082
  • Serçemeli, M., & Kurnaz, E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemi döneminde öğrencilerin uzaktan eğitim ve uzaktan muhasebe eğitimine yönelik bakış açıları üzerine bir araştırma [A research on students' perspectives on distance education and distance accounting education during the COVID-19 pandemic period]. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 40–53.
  • Sharma, S. (1996). Applied multivariate techniques. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Snyder, C. R. (1994). The role of hope in academic and sport achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1132–1144.
  • Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
  • Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
  • Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., ... & Stahl, K. J. (1997). The development and validation of the Children’s Hope Scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(3), 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399
  • Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., Shorey, H. S., Rand, K. L., & Feldman, D. B. (2003). Hope theory, measurements, and application to school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(2), 122–139. https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.18.2.122.21854
  • Snyder, C. R., Shorey, H. S., Cheavens, J., Pulvers, K. M., Adams, V. H. III, & Wiklund, C. (2002). Hope and academic success in college. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 820–826. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.4.820
  • Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321
  • Somers, C. L., Gill-Scalcucci, S., Flett, G. L., & Nepon, T. (2022). The utility of brief mattering subscales for adolescents: Associations with learning motivations, achievement, executive function, hope, loneliness, and risk behavior. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(1), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829211055342
  • Sparks, L. A., Trentacosta, C. J., Hicks, M. R., Kernsmith, P., & Smith-Darden, J. (2021). Hope as a protective factor: Relations to adverse childhood experiences, delinquency, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30, 3005–3015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02119-7
  • Spiegel, D. (1997). Trauma, dissociation, and memory. In R. Yehuda & A. C. McFarlane (Eds.), Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (pp. 225–237). New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Stotland, E. (1969). The psychology of hope. Jossey-Bass.
  • Sun, Y., Yu, H., Wang, X., & Ma, C. (2023). Sense of hope affects secondary school students’ mental health: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1097894. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097894
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Structural equation modelling: Basic concepts and applications. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49–74. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tarhan, S., & Bacanlı, H. (2015). Sürekli Umut Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Trait Hope Scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability study]. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 1–14.
  • Tavsancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (2020). Türk Dil Kurumu sözlüğü. https://www.tdk.gov.tr
  • Valle, M. F., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. M. (2004). Further evaluation of the Children’s Hope Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 22(4), 320–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/073428290402200403
  • Wang, Q., Xu, W., Ren, L., Wang, W., & Wang, Y. (2019). The relationship between hope and post-traumatic stress disorder in Chinese Shidu parents: The mediating role of perceived stress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 251, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.049
  • Williams, C. R. (2009). Hope and first generation college students: An examination of academic success and persistence (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Florida.
  • Wong, W. L., & Cheung, S. (2024). Hope and its associations with academic-related outcomes and general well-being among college students: The importance of measurement specificity. BMC Psychology, 12(1), Article 1859. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01859-7
  • World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19--11-march-2020
  • Yan, W., Huang, Q., Wang, Y., Ni, Z., Peng, K., & Zhang, P. (2024). Hope as the mediator in the relation between resilience and life satisfaction among Tibetan orphans. SAGE Open, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241252003
  • Yang, Y., Xu, X., Liu, W., & Pang, W. (2020). Hope and creative self-efficacy as sequential mediators in the relationship between family socioeconomic status and creativity. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 505563. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00438
Toplam 83 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Zübeyde Er 0000-0002-9812-9552

Perihan Dinç Artut 0000-0002-1585-0222

Ayten Pınar Bal 0000-0003-1695-9876

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 15 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Er, Z., Artut, P. D., & Bal, A. P. (2025). Development and Validation of the Hope Scale for Secondary School Students in Turkey: A Study on Various Variables. International Journal of Educational Spectrum, 7(2), 161-186. https://doi.org/10.47806/ijesacademic.1582765
 Kapak Resmi İndir

ISSN: 2667-5870