Araştırma Makalesi
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The Evolution of Saudi Balancing Policy to Iran

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 173 - 202, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1199897

Öz

Saudi Arabia, which has traditionally adopted a foreign and security policy of relying on external patrons to ensure the regime’s security and territorial integrity since its establishment, has sought new security options due to some developments in the post-2015 period. This is because the power and security gaps in the Middle East region and the rise of Shiism under the leadership of Iran during this period encouraged Saudi Shiites and provided significant support to their anti-regime political activism. After 2015, the diminishing US guarantees for the security and territorial integrity of the Saudi regime, the ineffectiveness of the Saudi-led “Sunni Consensus” in the Yemen and Syria crises, and Russia and China’s deepening relations with Iran have led the Riyadh administration to a policy of internal balancing. In this process, the Riyadh administration has tried to ensure that the Sunni Islamist opposition to the regime is united with the regime through its hardline sectarian anti-Shiite policy at home and abroad. This policy was also used to legitimize the Saudi-Israeli rapprochement in Saudi public opinion.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, N. (2018a) Mubāderāt inşāi şebekāt eminiyye iklimiyye bi kıyādeti es-Suudiyye fi eş-Şark ul-Evsat. Rouya Türkiyyah, 8(2), 61-81. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/rouyaturkiyyah/issue/61446/917647
  • Acar, N. (2018b). Arap Baharı sürecinde Ortadoğu’da güvenlik ve dış politika: Suudi Arabistan örneği. Birey ve Toplum, 8(16), 139-171. https://doi.org/10.20493/birtop.477316
  • Acar, N. (2022a). İran-Suudi Arabistan rekabeti karşısında Çin dış politikası. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.994303. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.994303
  • Acar, N. (2022b). Körfez güvenlik mimarisinde Çin faktörü. İçinde Ö. Z Oktav & N. Acar (Ed.) Basra Körfezi Güvenliğinin Yeni Dinamikleri. (s. 47-80). Orion Kitapevi.
  • Adami, A., & Pouresmaeili, N. (2013). Saudi Arabia and Iran: The Islamic awakening case. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 3(4), 153-178. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/irfa/v3i4/f_0028362_23071.pdf
  • Akdoğan, İ. (2021). İran’a yönelik Suudi Arabistan-İsrail stratejik anlatı ittifakı. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 479-503. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.960702
  • Akdoğan, İ., & Kalaycı, R. (2014). Suudi Arabistan’da ihtiyaci hareketler olarak Sahve ve Vehbabilik. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 155-184. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tocd/issue/17161/179408
  • Akdoğan, İ., Uğuş M., & Yılmaz, M. M. (2021). Gerçekliğin yeniden inşası: Arap-İsrail normalleşmesinin Orta Doğu basınında çerçevelenmesi. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 75-118. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.839533
  • Ataman, M., & Akdoğan, İ. (2013). Suudi Arabistan 2013. Middle East Yearbook/Ortadoğu Yıllığı. https://ormer.sakarya.edu.tr/uploads/files/suudi_arabistan_2013.pdf
  • Athanasoulia, S. (2020). From ‘Soft’to ‘Hard’to ‘Moderate’: Islam in the dilemmas of post-2011 Saudi foreign policy. Religions, 11(4), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11040211
  • Baker, P., & Wright, R. (2004, Aralık 8). Iraq, Jordan see threat to election from Iran; leaders warn against forming religious state. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/12/08/iraq-jordan-see-threat-to-election-from-iran/7e0cc1bc-aeb3-447a-bc9e-cfa5499699bc/.
  • Beranek, O. (2009). Divided we survive: A landscape of fragmentation in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Brief, 33, 1-8. https://www.academia.edu/2973368/Divided_we_survive_a_landscape_of_fragmentation_in_Saudi_Arabia
  • Bock, A., & Henneberg, I. (2013). Why balancing fails: theoretical reflections on Stephen M. Walt’s ‚balance of threat theory. Walt’s‚ Balance of Threat Theory (October 24, 2013). University of Cologne International Politics and Foreign Policy Working Paper, 2. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2409228
  • Bull, H. (2012). The anarchical society: A study of order in world politics. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Büyükkara, M. A. (2009). Selefiliğin yakın tarihinden önemli bir yaprak: yeni bilgiler ışığında Cuheymân el-Uteybî ve cemaati. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(3), 21-46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3344084
  • Çavuşoğlu, E. (2022). Körfez ülkeleri ve Filistin: güçlü tarihsel bağlar temelinde Körfez siyaseti. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(2), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.25272/icps.1137102
  • Clarkson, A. (2014). Saudi Arabia: Anti-Shi’a discrimination in employment and the work place. The Center for Academic Shi’a Studies (CASS). http://www.shiaresearch.com/Doc/Anti-ShiaDiscrimiantionintheWorkplace-SaudiArabia.pdf
  • David, S. R. (1991). Explaining third world alignment. World Politics, 43(2), 233-256. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010472
  • Harknett, R. J., & VanDenBerg, J. A. (1997). Alignment theory and interrelated threats: Jordan and the Persian Gulf crisis. Security Studies, 6(3), 112-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636419708429316
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2011). The Middle East in the world hierarchy: Imperialism and resistance. Journal of International Relations and Development, 14(2), 213-246. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2010.3
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2014). Foreign policy in the Middle East. The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, 1-34. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc
  • Hinnebusch, R., & Quilliam, N. (2006). Contrary siblings: Syria, Jordan and the Iraq war. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(3), 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570600869564
  • Jones, T. (2009). Embattled in Arabia: Shi ‘is and the politics of confrontation in Saudi Arabia. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 19. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/104058/Embattled%20in%20Arabia.pdf
  • Jones, T. C. (2016, Ocak 4). Saudi Arabia’s dangerous sectarian game. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/opinion/saudi-arabias-dangerous-sectarian-game.html
  • Keynoush, B. (2020). Iran’s regional dynamics: A piecemeal approach. Middle East Policy, 27(2), 94-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12497
  • Kiernan, P. (2007). Middle East ppinion: Iran fears aren’t hitting the Arab street. New York: Zogby International, March, 2. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/middle-east-opinion-iran-fears-arent-hitting-the-arab-street/
  • Koç, E. (2019). İran ve Suudi Arabistan rekabetinin İsrail ve Filistin sorunu üzerinden analizi. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. 7(2), 233-263. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.641494.
  • Kostiner, J. (2013). State, Islam and opposition in Saudi Arabia: The post-desert storm phase. Religious Radicalism in the Greater Middle East, 75-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546559608427347
  • Lacroix, S. (2004). Between Islamists and liberals: Saudi Arabia’s new “Islamo-Liberal” reformists. The Middle East Journal, 58(3), 345-365. https://doi.org/10.3751/58.3.11
  • Lacroix, S. (2011). Awakening Islam: The politics of religious dissent in contemporary Saudi Arabia. Harvard University Press
  • Lacroix, S. (2017). Saudi Arabia’s Muslim Brotherhood predicament. İçinde M. Lynch (Ed.), The Qatar crisis (s. 51-53). The Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS) Papers
  • Loui, H. K. (2018). Siyasal Şiilikte otorite çatışması: Velayet-i Fakih'e karşı Şiraziler. İRAM CENTER. https://iramcenter.org/d_hbanaliz/Siyasal_Yiilikte_Otorite_CalYYmasY.pdf
  • Matthiesen, T. (2012). A “Saudi Spring?”: The Shi’a protest movement in the Eastern Province 2011–2012. The Middle East Journal, 66(4), 628-659. https://doi.org/10.3751/66.4.14
  • Matthiesen, T. (2014). The other Saudis: Shiism, dissent and sectarianism (C. 46). Cambridge University Press
  • Matthiesen, T. (2015). The domestic sources of Saudi foreign policy: Islamists and the state in the wake of the Arab Uprisings. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Saudi-Arabia_Matthiesen_FINALv.pdf
  • Modebadze, V. (2018). The battle for regional dominance between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 4(3), 66-72. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jlia4&div=27&id=&page=
  • Morgenthau H. J. & Thompson K. W. (1985). Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace (6th ed.). Knopf: Distributed by Random House
  • Oktav, Ö. Z. (2011). Basra Körfezi güvenliğinin değişen dinamikleri. Beta
  • Podeh, E. (2018). Saudi Arabia and Israel: from secret to public engagement, 1948–2018. The Middle East Journal, 72(4), 563-586. https://doi.org/10.3751/72.4.12
  • Sinani, B. (2022). Post-Salafism: religious revisionism in contemporary Saudi Arabia. Religions, 13(4), 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040340
  • Teitelbaum, J. (2010). The Shiites of Saudi Arabia. Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, 10, 73-85. http://media.hudson.org.s3.amazonaws.com/Current+Trends+Volume+10.pdf
  • Turaç, B. (2022). Suudi Arabistan’ın terörizmle mücadele stratejileri çerçevesinde 12 mart vakası sert bir yanıt mı? Türkiye Politik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(1), 31-46. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2373129
  • Wagner, R. H. (1994). Peace, war, and the balance of power. American Political Science Review, 88(3), 593-607. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944797
  • Walt, S. M. (1988). Testing theories of alliance formation: The case of Southwest Asia. International Organization, 42(2), 275-316. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300032823
  • Walt, S. M. (1990). The origins of alliance. Cornell University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics. Waveland Press.
  • Yamani, M. (2008). The two faces of Saudi Arabia. Survival, 50(1), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330801899488

Suudi Arabistan’ın İran’ı Dengeleme Politikasının Değişimi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 173 - 202, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1199897

Öz

Kurulduğu günden beri rejim güvenliğini ve toprak bütünlüğünü sağlamak için dışarıdan hamilere dayanmayı geleneksel dış ve güvenlik politikası olarak benimseyen Suudi Arabistan, 2015 sonrası dönemde yaşanan bazı gelişmeler nedeniyle yeni güvenlik arayışlarına girmiştir. Çünkü bu dönemde Orta Doğu bölgesinde oluşan güç ve güvenlik boşlukları ve İran liderliğinde yükselen Şiilik, Suudi vatandaşı Şiilere cesaret aşılamış ve Şiilerin rejim karşıtı siyasal aktivizmlerine önemli bir destek sağlamıştır. 2015 sonrası ABD’nin Suudi rejim güvenliği ve toprak bütünlüğüne yönelik garantilerinin azalması, Suudi liderliğinde oluşturulan “Sünni Konsensüsü”nün Yemen ve Suriye krizlerinde etkisiz kalması, Rusya ve Çin’in İran’la derinleşen ilişkileri Riyad yönetimini dâhili dengeleme politikasına yönlendirmiştir. Bu süreçte Riyad yönetimi içeride ve dışarıda sürdürdüğü Şii karşıtı sertlik yanlısı mezhepsel politikayla içeride rejime muhalif olan Sünni İslamcı kanadın rejimle kenetlenmesini sağlamaya çalışmıştır. Bu politika aynı zamanda Suudi-İsrail yakınlaşmasına Suudi kamuoyunda meşruiyet kazandırmak için de kullanılmıştır. 

Kaynakça

  • Acar, N. (2018a) Mubāderāt inşāi şebekāt eminiyye iklimiyye bi kıyādeti es-Suudiyye fi eş-Şark ul-Evsat. Rouya Türkiyyah, 8(2), 61-81. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/rouyaturkiyyah/issue/61446/917647
  • Acar, N. (2018b). Arap Baharı sürecinde Ortadoğu’da güvenlik ve dış politika: Suudi Arabistan örneği. Birey ve Toplum, 8(16), 139-171. https://doi.org/10.20493/birtop.477316
  • Acar, N. (2022a). İran-Suudi Arabistan rekabeti karşısında Çin dış politikası. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.994303. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.994303
  • Acar, N. (2022b). Körfez güvenlik mimarisinde Çin faktörü. İçinde Ö. Z Oktav & N. Acar (Ed.) Basra Körfezi Güvenliğinin Yeni Dinamikleri. (s. 47-80). Orion Kitapevi.
  • Adami, A., & Pouresmaeili, N. (2013). Saudi Arabia and Iran: The Islamic awakening case. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 3(4), 153-178. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/irfa/v3i4/f_0028362_23071.pdf
  • Akdoğan, İ. (2021). İran’a yönelik Suudi Arabistan-İsrail stratejik anlatı ittifakı. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 479-503. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.960702
  • Akdoğan, İ., & Kalaycı, R. (2014). Suudi Arabistan’da ihtiyaci hareketler olarak Sahve ve Vehbabilik. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 155-184. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tocd/issue/17161/179408
  • Akdoğan, İ., Uğuş M., & Yılmaz, M. M. (2021). Gerçekliğin yeniden inşası: Arap-İsrail normalleşmesinin Orta Doğu basınında çerçevelenmesi. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 75-118. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.839533
  • Ataman, M., & Akdoğan, İ. (2013). Suudi Arabistan 2013. Middle East Yearbook/Ortadoğu Yıllığı. https://ormer.sakarya.edu.tr/uploads/files/suudi_arabistan_2013.pdf
  • Athanasoulia, S. (2020). From ‘Soft’to ‘Hard’to ‘Moderate’: Islam in the dilemmas of post-2011 Saudi foreign policy. Religions, 11(4), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11040211
  • Baker, P., & Wright, R. (2004, Aralık 8). Iraq, Jordan see threat to election from Iran; leaders warn against forming religious state. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/12/08/iraq-jordan-see-threat-to-election-from-iran/7e0cc1bc-aeb3-447a-bc9e-cfa5499699bc/.
  • Beranek, O. (2009). Divided we survive: A landscape of fragmentation in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Brief, 33, 1-8. https://www.academia.edu/2973368/Divided_we_survive_a_landscape_of_fragmentation_in_Saudi_Arabia
  • Bock, A., & Henneberg, I. (2013). Why balancing fails: theoretical reflections on Stephen M. Walt’s ‚balance of threat theory. Walt’s‚ Balance of Threat Theory (October 24, 2013). University of Cologne International Politics and Foreign Policy Working Paper, 2. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2409228
  • Bull, H. (2012). The anarchical society: A study of order in world politics. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Büyükkara, M. A. (2009). Selefiliğin yakın tarihinden önemli bir yaprak: yeni bilgiler ışığında Cuheymân el-Uteybî ve cemaati. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(3), 21-46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3344084
  • Çavuşoğlu, E. (2022). Körfez ülkeleri ve Filistin: güçlü tarihsel bağlar temelinde Körfez siyaseti. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(2), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.25272/icps.1137102
  • Clarkson, A. (2014). Saudi Arabia: Anti-Shi’a discrimination in employment and the work place. The Center for Academic Shi’a Studies (CASS). http://www.shiaresearch.com/Doc/Anti-ShiaDiscrimiantionintheWorkplace-SaudiArabia.pdf
  • David, S. R. (1991). Explaining third world alignment. World Politics, 43(2), 233-256. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010472
  • Harknett, R. J., & VanDenBerg, J. A. (1997). Alignment theory and interrelated threats: Jordan and the Persian Gulf crisis. Security Studies, 6(3), 112-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636419708429316
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2011). The Middle East in the world hierarchy: Imperialism and resistance. Journal of International Relations and Development, 14(2), 213-246. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2010.3
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2014). Foreign policy in the Middle East. The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, 1-34. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc
  • Hinnebusch, R., & Quilliam, N. (2006). Contrary siblings: Syria, Jordan and the Iraq war. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(3), 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570600869564
  • Jones, T. (2009). Embattled in Arabia: Shi ‘is and the politics of confrontation in Saudi Arabia. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 19. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/104058/Embattled%20in%20Arabia.pdf
  • Jones, T. C. (2016, Ocak 4). Saudi Arabia’s dangerous sectarian game. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/opinion/saudi-arabias-dangerous-sectarian-game.html
  • Keynoush, B. (2020). Iran’s regional dynamics: A piecemeal approach. Middle East Policy, 27(2), 94-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12497
  • Kiernan, P. (2007). Middle East ppinion: Iran fears aren’t hitting the Arab street. New York: Zogby International, March, 2. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/middle-east-opinion-iran-fears-arent-hitting-the-arab-street/
  • Koç, E. (2019). İran ve Suudi Arabistan rekabetinin İsrail ve Filistin sorunu üzerinden analizi. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. 7(2), 233-263. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.641494.
  • Kostiner, J. (2013). State, Islam and opposition in Saudi Arabia: The post-desert storm phase. Religious Radicalism in the Greater Middle East, 75-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546559608427347
  • Lacroix, S. (2004). Between Islamists and liberals: Saudi Arabia’s new “Islamo-Liberal” reformists. The Middle East Journal, 58(3), 345-365. https://doi.org/10.3751/58.3.11
  • Lacroix, S. (2011). Awakening Islam: The politics of religious dissent in contemporary Saudi Arabia. Harvard University Press
  • Lacroix, S. (2017). Saudi Arabia’s Muslim Brotherhood predicament. İçinde M. Lynch (Ed.), The Qatar crisis (s. 51-53). The Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS) Papers
  • Loui, H. K. (2018). Siyasal Şiilikte otorite çatışması: Velayet-i Fakih'e karşı Şiraziler. İRAM CENTER. https://iramcenter.org/d_hbanaliz/Siyasal_Yiilikte_Otorite_CalYYmasY.pdf
  • Matthiesen, T. (2012). A “Saudi Spring?”: The Shi’a protest movement in the Eastern Province 2011–2012. The Middle East Journal, 66(4), 628-659. https://doi.org/10.3751/66.4.14
  • Matthiesen, T. (2014). The other Saudis: Shiism, dissent and sectarianism (C. 46). Cambridge University Press
  • Matthiesen, T. (2015). The domestic sources of Saudi foreign policy: Islamists and the state in the wake of the Arab Uprisings. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Saudi-Arabia_Matthiesen_FINALv.pdf
  • Modebadze, V. (2018). The battle for regional dominance between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 4(3), 66-72. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jlia4&div=27&id=&page=
  • Morgenthau H. J. & Thompson K. W. (1985). Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace (6th ed.). Knopf: Distributed by Random House
  • Oktav, Ö. Z. (2011). Basra Körfezi güvenliğinin değişen dinamikleri. Beta
  • Podeh, E. (2018). Saudi Arabia and Israel: from secret to public engagement, 1948–2018. The Middle East Journal, 72(4), 563-586. https://doi.org/10.3751/72.4.12
  • Sinani, B. (2022). Post-Salafism: religious revisionism in contemporary Saudi Arabia. Religions, 13(4), 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040340
  • Teitelbaum, J. (2010). The Shiites of Saudi Arabia. Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, 10, 73-85. http://media.hudson.org.s3.amazonaws.com/Current+Trends+Volume+10.pdf
  • Turaç, B. (2022). Suudi Arabistan’ın terörizmle mücadele stratejileri çerçevesinde 12 mart vakası sert bir yanıt mı? Türkiye Politik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(1), 31-46. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2373129
  • Wagner, R. H. (1994). Peace, war, and the balance of power. American Political Science Review, 88(3), 593-607. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944797
  • Walt, S. M. (1988). Testing theories of alliance formation: The case of Southwest Asia. International Organization, 42(2), 275-316. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300032823
  • Walt, S. M. (1990). The origins of alliance. Cornell University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics. Waveland Press.
  • Yamani, M. (2008). The two faces of Saudi Arabia. Survival, 50(1), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330801899488
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Necmettin Acar 0000-0002-6130-5145

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Acar, N. (2022). Suudi Arabistan’ın İran’ı Dengeleme Politikasının Değişimi. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 173-202. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1199897

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY NC) International License.
İran Çalışmaları Dergisi bilginin yayılması ve zenginleşmesi için Açık Erişim Politikasına uymaktadır.