Effects of Central and Local Administrations on Food Safety: Examples from The World and From Turkey

Abstract

Every year millions of people in the world get sick or die because of the food they eat and drink. Because the foods that people eat and drink are spoiled for various reasons and as a result of consuming these spoiled products, people get food-borne diseases. Physical, chemical and microbiological factors cause food spoilage. An effective control mechanism minimizes these threats. At this point, countries take into consideration the health of their citizens and adopt laws and regulations in line with their own management systems. Thus, healthy and reliable food will be achieved with an effective control mechanism. Every country attaches importance to public health in accordance with its own means.In this study; it has been tried to give information about food safety issues in the framework of the central and local governments by giving examples both from Turkey and some of the world's countries.

Keywords

• Health,Food safety,Central Administration,Local Government

Merkezi ve Yerel Yönetimlerin Gıda Güvenliğindeki Etkileri: Dünyadan ve Türkiye'den Örnekler

Öz

Dünya’da her yıl milyonlarca kişi yedikleri ve içtikleri gıdalar yüzünden ya hastalanmaktadır ya da ölmektedir. Çünkü insanların yedikleri ve içtikleri gıdalar çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı bozulmakta ve bu bozulmuş ürünleri tüketmeleri sonucunda da insanlar gıda kaynaklı hastalıklara yakalanmaktadır. Gıdaların bozulmasına fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik etkenler sebep olmaktadır. Etkili bir kontrol mekanizması bu tehditleri minimum seviyeye indirmektedir. İste tam bu noktada ülkeler kendi vatandaşlarının sağlığını göz öününde bulundurarak kendi yönetim sistemlerine uyumlu olacak şekilde yasalar ve yönetmelikler çıkarmaktadır. Böylece etkin bir denetim mekanizması ile sağlıklı ve güvenilir gıdaya ulaşılmış olacaktır. Her ülke kendi imkanları doğrultusunda halk sağlığına önem vermektedir. Bu çalışmada hem Türkiye’den hem de dünyanın bazı ülkelerinden örnekler verilerek merkezi ve yerel yönetimler çerçevesinde gıda güvenliği konusu hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sağlık,Gıda Güvenliği,Merkezi Yönetim,Yerel Yönetim

Kaynakça

1. AL-BUSAIDI, Moza A. ve JUKES, David J. (2015), "Assessment of The Food Control Systems in The Sultanate of Oman", Food Control, S.51, ss.55-69.
2. AL-BUSAIDI, Moza A., JUKES, David J. ve BOSE, Shekar (2017), "Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) in Seafood Processing: An Analysis of Its Application and Use in Regulation in The Sultanate Of Oman", Food Control, S.73, ss.900-915.
3. AL-KANDARI, Dina ve JUKES, David J. (2012), "The Food Control System in Saudi Arabia – Centralizing Food Control Activities", Food Control, S.28, ss.33-46.
4. AL-MAZEEDI, Hani M., ABBAS, Alaa B., AL-JOUHAR, Wafaa Y., AL-MUFTY, Siham A. ve AL-MENDICAR, Yousef A. (2012), "Food Safety Review (FSR) in the State of Kuwait as a part of Arab Gulf Area", Internet Journal of Food Safety, S.14, ss.54-69.
5. ALOMIRAH, Husam F., AL-ZENKI, Sameer F., SAWAYA, Wajeeh N., JABSHEH, Faten, HUSAIN, Adnan J., AL-MAZEEDI, Hani M., AL-KANDARI, Dina ve JUKES, David (2010), "Assessment of The Food Control System in The State of Kuwait", Food Control, S.21, ss.496-504.
6. AL-SHABIB, Nasser Abdulatif, MOSILHEY, Sameh Hassan ve HUSAIN, Fohad Mabood (2016), "Cross-Sectional Study on Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Male Food Handlers Employed in Restaurants of King Saud University, Saudi Arabia", Food Control, S.59, ss.212-217.
7. ATİK, İlker ve ATİK, Azize (2018), "Belediyelerin Gıda Güvenliğindeki Rolü", Alanya Uluslararası Yerel Yönetimler Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara, ss.1513-1516.
8. CHEN, Jun-Shi (2009), "What Can We Learn from the 2008 Melamine Crisis in China?", Biomedical And Environmental Sciences, S.22, ss.109-111.

9. CSFS - CENTRE FOR STUDIES IN FOOD SECURITY (2015), The Five A's of Food Security, Ryerson Üniversitesi, Toronto, http://www.ryerson.ca/foodsecurity/our-approach.html (Erişim tarihi: 15.07.2015).
10. ÇOPUROĞLU, Gizem, KASIMOĞLU DOĞRU, Aylin ve AYAZ, Naim Deniz (2015), "Türk Gıda Mevzuatında Risk Analizi", Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, S.26(1), ss.23-28.
11. FAO (1983), World Food Security: a Reappraisal of The Concepts and Approaches, Director General’s Report, Rome.
12. HADJIGEORGIOU, Andreas, TALIAS, Michael A., SOTERIADES, Elpidoforos S., PHILALITHIS, Anastasios, PSAROULAKI, Anna, GIKAS, Achilleas ve TSELENTIS, Yiannis (2014), "Attitudes and Beliefs on The Establishment of a National Food Safety Authority in Cyprus. A Population-Based Survey", Appetite, S.75, ss.90-96.
13. KETTUNEN, Karoliina, NEVAS, Mari ve LUNDÉN, Janne (2017), "Challenges in Using Administrative Enforcement Measures in Local Food Control", Food Control, S.76, ss.34-41.
14. KETTUNEN, Karoliina, PESONEN, Susanna, LUNDÉN, Janne ve NEVAS, Mari (2018), "Consistency and Risk-Basis of Using Administrative Enforcement Measures in Local Food Control", Food Control, S.85, ss.199-211.
15. KOÇ, Gökçe ve UZMAY, Ayşe (2015), "Gıda Güvencesi ve Gıda Güvenliği:Kavramsal Çerçeve, Gelişmeler ve Türkiye", Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, S.21(1), ss.39-48.
16. KOTSANOPOULOS, Konstantinos V. ve ARVANITOYANNIS, Ioannis S. (2017), "The Role of Auditing, Food Safety, and Food Quality Standards in the Food Industry: A Review", Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, S.16, ss.760-775.
17. LÄIKKÖ-ROTO, Tiina ve NEVAS, Mari (2014), "Auditing Local Official Food Control: Perceptions of Auditors and Auditees", Food Control, S.37, ss.135-140.
18. LÄIKKÖ-ROTO, Tiina, MÄKELÄ Silja, LUNDÉN, Janne, HEIKKILÄ, Jaakko ve NEVAS, Mari (2015), "Consistency in Inspection Processes of Food Control Officials and Efficacy of Official Controls in Restaurants in Finland ", Food Control, S.57, ss.341-350.
19. LÄIKKÖ-ROTO, Tiina, LUNDÉN, Janne, HEIKKILÄ, Jaakko ve NEVAS, Mari (2016), "Prerequisites for Effective Official Food Control", Food Control, S.61, ss.172-179.
20. LEISNER, Jorgen J., LUND, Thomas Baker, FRANDSEN, E.A., ANDERSEN, Nana B.A., FREDSLUND, Lise, NGUYEN, Vi P.T. ve KRISTIANSEN, Thomas (2014), "What Consumers Expect from Food Control and What They Get – A Case Study of The Microbial Quality of Sushi Bars in Denmark", Food Control, S.45, ss.76-80.
21. LUECKL, Johannes, WEYERMAIR, Karin, MATT, Monika, MANNER, Karin ve FUCHS, Klemens (2019), "Results of Official Food Control in Austria 2010–2016", Food Control, S.99, ss.190-201.
22. LUNDÉN, Janne (2013), "Reasons for Using Enforcement Measures in Food Premises in Finland", Food Control, S.31, ss.84-89.
23. MÄKELÄ, Johanna ve RAUTAVIRTA, Kaija (2018), "Food, Nutrition, and Health in Finland", Nutritional and Health Aspects of Food in Nordic Countries (Ed. Veslemøy Andersen, Eirin Bar, Wirtanen Gun), Elsevier, United Kingdom, ss.127-143.
24. RAUSCHER GABERNIG, Elke, KUCHLING, Sabrina, OEHLINGER, Richard, WOLF, Josef ve FUCHS, Klemens (2016), "Risk Ranking of Mycotoxins Based on Exposure and Toxicity for The Austrian Population", Toxicology Letters, S.258, ss.165-166.
25. SHUKLA, Seema, SHANKAR, Ravi ve SINGH, Surya Prakash (2014), "Food Safety Regulatory Model in India", Food Control, S.37, ss.401-413.
26. SHUKLA, Seema, SINGH, Surya Prakash ve SHANKAR, Ravi (2018), "Evaluating Elements of National Food Control System: Indian Context", Food Control, S.90, ss.121-130.
27. TGDF - TÜRK GIDA VE İÇECEK SANAYI DERNEKLERI FEDERASYONU (2011), Çiftlikten Çatala Gıda Güvenliği, TGDF Yayınları, Ankara.
28. TURKU, Mikko, LEPISTÖ, Outi ve LUNDÉN, Janne (2018), "Differences Between Official Inspections and Third Party Audits of Food Establishments", Food Control, S.85, ss.459-465.
29. VIOLARIS, Yiannis, BRIDGES, Olga ve BRIDGES, James W. (2008), "Small businesses – Big risks: Current status and future direction of HACCP in Cyprus", Food Control, S.19, ss.439-448.
30. YANG, Lijie, QIAN, Yongzhong, CHEN, Chen ve WANG, Fang (2012), "Assessing the Establishment of Agro-Food Control Systems Based on A Relevant Officials’ Survey in China", Food Control, S.26, ss.223-230.
31. 1 sayılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Teşkilatı Hakkında Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesi (10.07.2018 tarih ve 30474 sayılı Resmi Gazete).