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Olumlu Sosyal Davranış Eğilimi Ölçeğinin Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Kendini Belirleme Kuramı Bağlamında İncelenmesi

Year 2020, Summer, 154 - 166, 18.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.670311

Abstract

Toplumsal yaşamın önemli bir yönü olan olumlu sosyal davranışlar, toplumun düzgün işleyişi için kritik bir öneme sahiptir ve hemen hemen her toplum bu tür davranışları takdir ve teşvik etmektedir. Olumlu sosyal davranışlar konusunda son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda, olumlu sosyal davranışın çok boyutlu ve davranışın altında yatan motivasyona vurgu yapılmakta, Kendini Belirleme Kuramı (KBK) çerçevesinde, olumlu sosyal davranışın altında yatan motivasyon içsel veya dışsal olabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada Carlo ve Randall (2002) tarafından geliştirilen ve altı farklı türde olumlu sosyal davranışları ölçen Olumlu Sosyal Davranış Eğilimi Ölçeği’nin psikometrik yapısı KBK temelinde incelenmiştir. Ölçek maddelerin içsel ve dışsal motivasyon olarak ayrışıp ayrışmadığını belirlemek amacıyla yapılan analizler sonucunda, sözkonusu ölçeğin içsel motivasyon ve dışsal motivasyon ayırımı temelinde iki boyutlu olarak da kullanılabileceği ve sözkonusu iki faktörün açıkladığı varyansın %39.18 olduğu) görülmüştür. İç tutarlılık açısından bakıldığında ise içsel ve dışsal motivasyon alt boyutlarının güvenirliğinin yeterli düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, Carlo ve Randall’ın (2002) sınıflaması göz önüne alındığında, ölçeğin özellikle özgecilik alt boyutunun Türk kültürü bağlamında yeniden kavramsallaştırılmasına ihtiyaç duyulduğu belirlenmiş ve tüm sonuçlar KBK bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

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References

  • Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of parents’ conditional regard: A self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72, 47-88. Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x. Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method: V. Assessing relevance across culture: Cross-national replications. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00369.x Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. Bean, R. A., Barber, B. K., & Crane, D. R. (2006). Parental Support, Behavioral Control, and Psychological Control Among African American Youth: The Relationships to Academic Grades, Delinquency, and Depression. Journal of Family Issues, 27(10), 1335–1355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06289649 Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2001). Are all prosocial behaviors equal? A socioecological developmental conception of prosocial behavior. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in Psychology Research, volume II (pp. 151–170). New York: Nova Science. Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 31–44. Carlo, G., Hausmann, A., Christiansen, S., & Randall, B.A. (2003). “Sociocognitive and Behavioral Correlates of a Measure of Prosocial Tendencies for Adolescents”, Journal of Early Adolescence, 23, 107-134. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237–288). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘‘what’’ and ‘‘why’’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008a). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains, Canadian Psychology, 49, 14–23. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008b). Self-determination theory: A macro theory of human motivation, development and health. Canadian Psychology, 49, 182-185. doi: 10.1037/a0012801 Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2014). Autonomy and need satisfaction in close relationships: Relationships motivation theory. In N. Weinstein (ed.), Human motivation and interpersonal relationships: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 53-73). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-8542-6_3. Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G. & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and Education: The Self-Determination Perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26(3 & 4), 325-346. Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701-778). New York: Wiley. Eisenberg, N., Wentzel, M., & Harris, J. D. (1998). The role of emotionality and regulation in empathy-related responding. School Psychology Review, 27(4), 506-521. Gagné, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 199-223. Grant, A. M. (2008). Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 48–58. Grant, A. M., & Berg, J. M. (2010). Prosocial motivation at work: How making a difference makes a difference. Forthcoming in K. Cameron and G. Spreitzer (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. Oxford University Press. Hepach, R., Vaish, A., & Tomasello, M. (2013). A new look at children’s prosocial motivation. Infancy 18(1), 67–90. Jackson, M., & Tisak, M.S. (2001). Is prosocial behavior a good thing? Developmental changes in children’s evaluations of helping, sharing, cooperating and comforting. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 349-367. Kındap, Y. (2011). A longitudinal study of the relationship between supportive parenting, social adjustment and self-determination level among adolescents on the basis of Self Determination Theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University. Kumru, A., Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (2004). Olumlu sosyal davranışların ilişkisel, kültürel, bilişsel ve duyuşsal bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(54), 109-125. Roth, G. (2008). Perceived parental conditional regard and autonomy support as predictors of young adults’ self-versus other-oriented prosocial tendencies. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 513-534. Roth, G., Kanat-Maymon, Y., & Bibi, U. (2011). Prevention of school bullying: The important role of autonomy-supportive teaching and internalization of pro-social values. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 654-666. Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63, 397-427. Ryan, R. M. (2009). Self-determination theory and wellbeing. Wellbeing in Developing Countries (WeD). Research Review 1 – June. Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749–761. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti&D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology Vol. 1 (pp. 618–655). New York: Wiley. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology, 49, 186-193. Sayıl, M., & Kındap, Y. (2010). Ergenin anne babadan algıladığı psikolojik kontrol: Psikolojik kontrol ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 13(25), 62-71. Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Beyers, W, et al. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43, 633 – 646. Tisak, M. S., & Ford, M. E. (1986). Children’s conceptions of interpersonal events. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 32, 291-306. Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 271-360). New York: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60019-2. Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 44(6), 1785-1788 Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 222-244.

Examination of Psychometric Properties of the Prosocial Tendencies Measure in the Context of Self-Determination Theory

Year 2020, Summer, 154 - 166, 18.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.670311

Abstract

Prosocial behaviours, which
constitute an
important aspect of social life, are essential for
the proper functioning of society. These kinds of behaviors are appreciated
and encouraged in almost every society. Recent research on prosocial behaviour has
started to emphasize the
multidimensional nature and underlying motivations of
prosocial behaviour. Within the framework of
Self- Determination Theory (SDT) suggests that the motivation behind engaging
in prosocial behaviour is intrinsic or extrinsic. In this study, the
psychometric structure of The Prosocial Tendencies Measure, which was developed
by Carlo and Randall (2002) and distinguishes
between
six different types of prosocial behaviours, was examined based
on SDT. Analyses to determine whether the
items of this scale can be classified as intrinsic and extrinsic motivational
factors showed that the scale can be used in two dimensions as
intrinsic-extrinsic motivations. We also found that these two factors demonstrated
good internal consistency. However, when
Carlo and Randall's (2002) classification is taken into consideration, it seems
that, especially, the altruism sub-dimension needs to be re-conceptualized in
the Turkish cultural context. The obtained results
were discussed in
the framework of Self Determination Theory.

Project Number

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References

  • Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of parents’ conditional regard: A self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72, 47-88. Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x. Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method: V. Assessing relevance across culture: Cross-national replications. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00369.x Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. Bean, R. A., Barber, B. K., & Crane, D. R. (2006). Parental Support, Behavioral Control, and Psychological Control Among African American Youth: The Relationships to Academic Grades, Delinquency, and Depression. Journal of Family Issues, 27(10), 1335–1355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06289649 Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2001). Are all prosocial behaviors equal? A socioecological developmental conception of prosocial behavior. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in Psychology Research, volume II (pp. 151–170). New York: Nova Science. Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 31–44. Carlo, G., Hausmann, A., Christiansen, S., & Randall, B.A. (2003). “Sociocognitive and Behavioral Correlates of a Measure of Prosocial Tendencies for Adolescents”, Journal of Early Adolescence, 23, 107-134. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237–288). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘‘what’’ and ‘‘why’’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008a). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains, Canadian Psychology, 49, 14–23. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008b). Self-determination theory: A macro theory of human motivation, development and health. Canadian Psychology, 49, 182-185. doi: 10.1037/a0012801 Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2014). Autonomy and need satisfaction in close relationships: Relationships motivation theory. In N. Weinstein (ed.), Human motivation and interpersonal relationships: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 53-73). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-8542-6_3. Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G. & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and Education: The Self-Determination Perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26(3 & 4), 325-346. Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701-778). New York: Wiley. Eisenberg, N., Wentzel, M., & Harris, J. D. (1998). The role of emotionality and regulation in empathy-related responding. School Psychology Review, 27(4), 506-521. Gagné, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 199-223. Grant, A. M. (2008). Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 48–58. Grant, A. M., & Berg, J. M. (2010). Prosocial motivation at work: How making a difference makes a difference. Forthcoming in K. Cameron and G. Spreitzer (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. Oxford University Press. Hepach, R., Vaish, A., & Tomasello, M. (2013). A new look at children’s prosocial motivation. Infancy 18(1), 67–90. Jackson, M., & Tisak, M.S. (2001). Is prosocial behavior a good thing? Developmental changes in children’s evaluations of helping, sharing, cooperating and comforting. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 349-367. Kındap, Y. (2011). A longitudinal study of the relationship between supportive parenting, social adjustment and self-determination level among adolescents on the basis of Self Determination Theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University. Kumru, A., Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (2004). Olumlu sosyal davranışların ilişkisel, kültürel, bilişsel ve duyuşsal bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(54), 109-125. Roth, G. (2008). Perceived parental conditional regard and autonomy support as predictors of young adults’ self-versus other-oriented prosocial tendencies. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 513-534. Roth, G., Kanat-Maymon, Y., & Bibi, U. (2011). Prevention of school bullying: The important role of autonomy-supportive teaching and internalization of pro-social values. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 654-666. Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63, 397-427. Ryan, R. M. (2009). Self-determination theory and wellbeing. Wellbeing in Developing Countries (WeD). Research Review 1 – June. Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749–761. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti&D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology Vol. 1 (pp. 618–655). New York: Wiley. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology, 49, 186-193. Sayıl, M., & Kındap, Y. (2010). Ergenin anne babadan algıladığı psikolojik kontrol: Psikolojik kontrol ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 13(25), 62-71. Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Beyers, W, et al. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43, 633 – 646. Tisak, M. S., & Ford, M. E. (1986). Children’s conceptions of interpersonal events. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 32, 291-306. Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 271-360). New York: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60019-2. Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 44(6), 1785-1788 Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 222-244.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Vezir Aktaş 0000-0002-8475-1877

Yeliz Kındap Tepe 0000-0003-0963-810X

Project Number -
Publication Date August 18, 2020
Acceptance Date February 12, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Summer

Cite

APA Aktaş, V., & Kındap Tepe, Y. (2020). Olumlu Sosyal Davranış Eğilimi Ölçeğinin Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Kendini Belirleme Kuramı Bağlamında İncelenmesi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(7), 154-166. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.670311

IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / IBAD Journal of Social Sciences / IBAD

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