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The Effect of Meaning in Life Group Sessions Designed within the Framework of Expressive Techniques on Meaning in Life, Sense of Purpose and Depression Levels of University Students

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 12, 326 - 345, 02.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.959202

Öz

The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness of expressive therapy program on university students’ meaning in life for eight sessions. An important aspect of psychological well-being, especially emphasized in humanist theories, is the perceived meaning in life. Purpose in life has been defined by Frankl as having goals and believing that life is fulfilling and worthwhile. It is considered that having an awareness about life goals and determining a goal will provide a system that will support the well-being of the individual. Therefore, group sessions were organized with the students reached through Marmara University Psychological Counseling and Guidance Application Research Center (MARPAM). In the study, quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest experimental group was used. Before the sessions, the data were collected from the participants through the The Meaning in Life Questionnaire, Sense of Purpose Scale, and depression subscale of DASS-21 scale. The difference between data of pre-test and post-test was analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test in SPSS-20 program. The data collected from the participants after each session through interview including open-ended questions, were analyzed with content analysis. At the end of the analyzes, the difference between pre-test and post-test scores of the participants from the The Meaning in Life Questionnaire, Sense of Purpose Scale and the depression sub-dimension of the DASS-21 scale was found statistically significant at the level of p <.05. This difference occurred in favor of the post-tests. In the analysis of qualitative data, it was observed that the responses of the participants were shaped around the themes of interpretation, inner journey, awareness and empathy.

Kaynakça

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  • Akın, A., & Taş, İ. (2015). Yaşam anlamı ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Meaning in life questionnaire: A study of validity and reliability]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10, 27–36.
  • APA (2013). DSM V (Tanı kriterleri el kitapçığı-V). Çev. Ertuğrul Köroğlu. Say Yayınları.
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  • Brassai, L., Piko, B. F., & Steger, M. F. (2011). Meaning in life: Is it a protective factor for adolescents’ psychological health?. International journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18(1), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9089-6
  • Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (2002). Optimism. In S.J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed.) (p. 231-243). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Chippendale, T., & Boltz, M. (2015). Living legends: Effectiveness of a program to enhance sense of purpose and meaning in life among community-dwelling older adults. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69(4), 6904270010p1-6904270010p11. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2015.014894
  • Cho, S. (2008). Effects of logo-autobiography program on meaning in life and mental health in the wives of alcoholics. Asian Nursing Research, 2(2), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1976-1317(08)60036-5
  • Creswell, J. W. (2017). Eğitim araştırmaları: Nicel ve nitel araştırmanın planlanması, yürütülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. Edam.
  • Çelik, N. D. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşamda anlam ve yaşam amaçları arasındaki ilişki. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 6(1), 133-141. https://doi.org/ 10.13114/MJH.2016119294
  • Damiano, R. F., de Andrade Ribeiro, L. M., Dos Santos, A. G., Da Silva, B. A., & Lucchetti, G. (2017). Empathy is associated with meaning of life and mental health treatment but not religiosity among Brazilian medical students. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 1003-1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0321-9
  • Daneshvar, S., Shafiei, M., & Basharpoor, S. (2020). Group-based compassion-focused therapy on experiential avoidance, meaning-in-life, and sense of coherence in female survivors of intimate partner violence with PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, , 88626052095866-886260520958660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520958660
  • Datu, J. A. D., King, R. B., Valdez, J. P. M., & Eala, M. S. M. (2019). Grit is associated with lower depression via meaning in life among Filipino high school students. Youth & Society, 51(6), 865-876. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X18760402
  • Debats, D. L., Drost, J., & Hansen, P. (1995). Experiences of meaning in life: A combined qualitative and quantitative approach. The British Journal of Psychology, 86(3), 359-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02758.x
  • DeLucia-Waack, J. L., Kalodner, C. R., & Riva, M. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy. Sage Publications.
  • Demir, V. (2017). Dışavurumcu sanat terapisinin psikolojik belirtiler ile bilişsel işlevlere etkisi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(13), 575-598. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.337250
  • Demir, V., & Yıldırım, B. (2017). Sanatla terapi programının üniversite sınavına hazırlanan öğrencilerin depresyon, anksiyete ve stres belirti düzeylerine etkililiği. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 18(1), 311-344. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.280267
  • DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. (2009). College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among college students. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0049
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Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Dışavurumcu Teknikler Çerçevesinde Tasarlanan Yaşam Anlamı Grup Çalışmasının Yaşam Anlamı, Amaç Bilinci ve Depresyon Düzeyine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 12, 326 - 345, 02.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.959202

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik geliştirilen 8 haftalık yaşam anlamı grup çalışmasının etkililiğini test etmektir. Psikolojik iyi oluşun, özellikle danışmanlık sürecinin hümanist teorilerinde vurgulandığı önemli bir yönü, yaşamda algılanan anlamdır. “Amaç” yapısı çeşitli şekillerde tanımlanmış olsa da, tanımlar hayattaki kapsayıcı bir yönün üzerinde uzlaşma eğilimindedir. Hayattaki amaç Frankl tarafından hedeflere sahip olmak ve yaşamın tatmin edici ve değerli olduğuna inanmak olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bireylerin yaşamdaki amaçlarına dair bilinçli oluşu, bir amaç belirlemiş oluşunun bireyin iyi oluşunu destekleyecek bir sistem sunacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle Marmara Üniversitesi Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Uygulama Araştırma Merkezi (MARPAM) üzerinden gerçekleştirilen duruyu sonucunda çalışmaya katılmaya gönüllü olan sekiz öğrenci ile grup oturumları düzenlenmiştir. Çalışmada ön test son test deney gruplu yarı deneysel yöntem kullanılmıştır. Oturumlar öncesi katılımcılardan Yaşam Anlamı Ölçeği, Amaç Bilinci (Hissi) Ölçeği ve DAS-21 ölçeği Depresyon alt boyutu aracılığı ile verileri toplanmıştır. Öntest-sontest verileri arasındaki fark Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar testi ile SPSS-20 programında analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcılardan her oturum sonrasında toplanan açık uçlu sorulardan elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonunda katılımcıların yaşam anlamı ölçeğinden, amaç bilinci ölçeğinden ve DAS-21 ölçeği depresyon alt boyutundan aldıkları ön test ve son test puanları arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Söz konusu farklılık son testler lehine gerçekleşmiştir. Nitel verilerin analizinde katılımcıların yanıtlarının anlamlandırma, içsel yolculuk, farkındalık ve empati temaları etrafında şekillendiği görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Adler, A. (1931). Yaşamın anlamı ve amacı (çev. 2016). Say Yayınları.
  • Akın, A., & Taş, İ. (2015). Yaşam anlamı ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Meaning in life questionnaire: A study of validity and reliability]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10, 27–36.
  • APA (2013). DSM V (Tanı kriterleri el kitapçığı-V). Çev. Ertuğrul Köroğlu. Say Yayınları.
  • Baştemur, Ş., & Baş, E. (2021) Öyküsel terapinin dışavurumcu sanat uygulamaları ile bütünleşmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 13(1), 146-169. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.771319
  • Brassai, L., Piko, B. F., & Steger, M. F. (2011). Meaning in life: Is it a protective factor for adolescents’ psychological health?. International journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18(1), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9089-6
  • Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (2002). Optimism. In S.J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed.) (p. 231-243). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Chippendale, T., & Boltz, M. (2015). Living legends: Effectiveness of a program to enhance sense of purpose and meaning in life among community-dwelling older adults. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69(4), 6904270010p1-6904270010p11. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2015.014894
  • Cho, S. (2008). Effects of logo-autobiography program on meaning in life and mental health in the wives of alcoholics. Asian Nursing Research, 2(2), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1976-1317(08)60036-5
  • Creswell, J. W. (2017). Eğitim araştırmaları: Nicel ve nitel araştırmanın planlanması, yürütülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. Edam.
  • Çelik, N. D. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşamda anlam ve yaşam amaçları arasındaki ilişki. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 6(1), 133-141. https://doi.org/ 10.13114/MJH.2016119294
  • Damiano, R. F., de Andrade Ribeiro, L. M., Dos Santos, A. G., Da Silva, B. A., & Lucchetti, G. (2017). Empathy is associated with meaning of life and mental health treatment but not religiosity among Brazilian medical students. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 1003-1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0321-9
  • Daneshvar, S., Shafiei, M., & Basharpoor, S. (2020). Group-based compassion-focused therapy on experiential avoidance, meaning-in-life, and sense of coherence in female survivors of intimate partner violence with PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, , 88626052095866-886260520958660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520958660
  • Datu, J. A. D., King, R. B., Valdez, J. P. M., & Eala, M. S. M. (2019). Grit is associated with lower depression via meaning in life among Filipino high school students. Youth & Society, 51(6), 865-876. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X18760402
  • Debats, D. L., Drost, J., & Hansen, P. (1995). Experiences of meaning in life: A combined qualitative and quantitative approach. The British Journal of Psychology, 86(3), 359-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02758.x
  • DeLucia-Waack, J. L., Kalodner, C. R., & Riva, M. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy. Sage Publications.
  • Demir, V. (2017). Dışavurumcu sanat terapisinin psikolojik belirtiler ile bilişsel işlevlere etkisi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(13), 575-598. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.337250
  • Demir, V., & Yıldırım, B. (2017). Sanatla terapi programının üniversite sınavına hazırlanan öğrencilerin depresyon, anksiyete ve stres belirti düzeylerine etkililiği. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 18(1), 311-344. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.280267
  • DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. (2009). College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among college students. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0049
  • Dos Santos, A. (2019). Empathy and aggression in group music therapy with teenagers: A descriptive phenomenological study. Music Therapy Perspectives, 37(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miy024
  • Dulaney, E. S., Graupmann, V., Grant, K. E., Adam, E. K., & Chen, E. (2018). Taking on the stress-depression link: meaning as a resource in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 65, 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.02.011
  • Dunn, M. G., & O'Brien, K. M. (2009). Psychological health and meaning in life: Stress, social support, and religious coping in Latina/Latino immigrants. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 31(2), 204-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986309334799
  • Esfahani, M. & Haghayegh, S. A. (2019). Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on resiliency, meaning of life and family‎ functioning in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 25(4), 8-8. https://doi.org/10.32598/hms.25.4.298
  • Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press.
  • Fry, P. S. (1998). The development of personal meaning and wisdom in adolescence: A reexamination of moderating and consolidating factors and influences. In P. T. P. Wong & P. S. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp. 91–110). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Güçray, S. S., Çolakkadioğlu, O., & Çekıcı, F. (2009). Grup uygulamalarında aktiviteler/egzersizler; amaçları, çeşitleri ve uygulama örnekleri. Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 18(2).
  • Harlow, L.L., & Newcomb, M.D. (1990). Towards a general hierarchical model of meaning and satisfaction in life. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(3), 387-405.
  • Hedayati, M. M., & Khazaei, M. M. (2014). An investigation of the relationship between depression, meaning in life and adult hope. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 598-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.753
  • Heisel, M. J., & Flett, G. L. (2008). Psychological resilience to suicide ideation among older adults. Clinical Gerontologist, 31(4), 51-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317110801947177
  • Huang, J., Nigatu, Y. T., Smail-Crevier, R., Zhang, X., & Wang, J. (2018). Interventions for common mental health problems among university and college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 107, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.018
  • Kim, M. K., & Kang, S. D. (2013). Effects of art therapy using color on purpose in life in patients with stroke and their caregivers. Yonsei Medical Journal, 54(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2013.54.1.15
  • Kleiman, E. M., & Beaver, J. K. (2013). A meaningful life is worth living: Meaning in life as a suicide resiliency factor. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 934-939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.002
  • Korotkov, D. L. (1998). The sense of coherence: Making sense out of chaos. In P. T. P. Wong & P. S. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (p. 51–70). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Krause, N. (2004). Stressors arising in highly valued roles, meaning in life, and the physical health status of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59(5), S287-S297. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.5.S287
  • Krause, N. (2009). Meaning in life and mortality. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64(4), 517-527. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp047
  • Kul, A., Demir, R., & Katmer, A. N. (2020). Covid-19 Salgını döneminde psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak yaşam anlamı ve kaygı. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(6), 615-719. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44419
  • Lane, K. J. (2018). Building coping skills, emotional regulation, and insight in preadolescent girls: An expressive art therapy program developmental model (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).
  • Langle, A. (2005). The search for meaning in life and the existential fundamental motivations. Existential Analysis, 16 (1), 2-14.
  • Leitch, M. L. (2007). Somatic experiencing treatment with tsunami survivors in Thailand: Broadening the scope of early intervention. Traumatology, 13(3), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765607305439
  • Lightsey Jr, O. R. (2006). Resilience, meaning, and well-being. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(1), 96-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005282369
  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2011). Meaning in life and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16(2), 150-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.519287
  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335-343.
  • Martela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623
  • Mascaro, N., & Rosen, D. H. (2006). The role of existential meaning as a buffer against stress. The Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 46(2), 168-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167805283779
  • Masten A. S. & Reed M. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C.R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed.) (74-88). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • McMillen, J. C. (1999). Better for it: How people benefit from adversity. Social Work (New York), 44(5), 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/44.5.455
  • Molasso, W. R. (2006). Exploring Frankl's purpose in life with college students. Journal of College and Character, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1940-1639.1502
  • Moon, B. L. (2009). Existential art therapy: The canvas mirror. Charles C Thomas Publisher.
  • Morrison, A. S., Mateen, M. A., Brozovich, F. A., Zaki, J., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Changes in empathy mediate the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy but not mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 50(6), 1098-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.005
  • O'Connor, K., & Chamberlain, K. (1996). Dimensions of life meaning: A qualitative investigation at mid‐life. The British Journal of Psychology, 87(3), 461-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1996.tb02602.x
  • Ostafin, B. D., & Proulx, T. (2020). Meaning in life and resilience to stressors. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 33(6), 603-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1800655
  • Owens, G. P., Steger, M. F., Whitesell, A. A., & Herrera, C. J. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder, guilt, depression, and meaning in life among military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22(6), 654-657. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20460
  • Özel, Y., Türkleş S. & Erdoğan, S. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde ruhsal durumun incelenmesi. JAREN 6(2), 220-228.
  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological bulletin, 136(2), 257-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
  • Park, N., Park, M., & Peterson, C. (2010). When is the search for meaning related to life satisfaction?. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 2(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01024.x
  • Payne, P., Levine, P. A., & Crane-Godreau, M. A. (2015). Somatic experiencing: using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 93.
  • Pinquart, M. (2002). Creating and maintaining purpose in life in old age: A meta-analysis. Ageing International, 27(2), 90-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-002-1004-2
  • Robatmili, S., Sohrabi, F., Shahrak, M. A., Talepasand, S., Nokani, M., & Hasani, M. (2015). The effect of group logotherapy on meaning in life and depression levels of Iranian students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 37(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9225-0
  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1
  • Sarıçam, H. (2018). The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 7(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.274847
  • Sarıçam, H., Çelik, İ., & Canatan, A. (2017, Mayıs). Amaç Bilinci (Hissi) Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlaması ve Psikometrik Özellikleri. 2. Avrasya Pozitif Psikoloji Kongresi 11-14 Mayıs, İstanbul.
  • Scannell, E. D., Allen, F. C. L., & Burton, J. (2002). Meaning in life and positive and negative well-being. North American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 93–112.
  • Schippers, M. C., & Ziegler, N. (2019). Life crafting as a way to find purpose and meaning in life. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2778. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02778
  • Sertöz, Ö., Ö., & Mete, H. E. (2004). Bedensel hastalıklarda depresyon. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7(Ek2), 63-69.
  • Shaffer, D. R. (1996). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
  • Sharma, G., Yukhymenko-Lescroart, M., & Kang, Z. (2018). Sense of purpose scale: Development and initial validation. Applied Developmental Science, 22(3), 188-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2016.1262262
  • Somov, P. G. (2007). Meaning of life group: Group application of logotherapy for substance use treatment. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 32(4), 316-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933920701476664
  • Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
  • Steger, M. F. (2009). Meaning in life. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford library of psychology. Oxford handbook of positive psychology (p. 679–687). Oxford University Press.
  • Steger, M. F., Mann, J. R., Michels, P., & Cooper, T. C. (2009). Meaning in life, anxiety, depression, and general health among smoking cessation patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(4), 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.02.006
  • Testoni, I., Ronconi, L., Palazzo, L., Galgani, M., Stizzi, A., & Kirk, K. (2018). Psychodrama and moviemaking in a death education course to work through a case of suicide among high school students in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 441. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00441
  • Thompson, G. (2003). On the meaning of life. Wadsworth.
  • Tunç, A. Y., & Yapıcı, G (2019). Bir tıp fakültesindeki öğrencilerin depresyon, anksiyete ve stres düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(2), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.423636
  • Updegraff, J. A., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2008). Searching for and finding meaning in collective trauma: Results from a national longitudinal study of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 709-722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.709
  • Vaartio-Rajalin, H., Santamäki-Fischer, R., Jokisalo, P., & Fagerström, L. (2021). Art making and expressive art therapy in adult health and nursing care: A scoping review. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 8(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.09.011
  • Wilson, J. P., & Thomas, R. B. (2004). Empathy in the treatment of trauma and PTSD. Routledge.
  • Yalom, I. (2001). Varoluşçu Psikoterapi (Çev. Babayiğit, İ. Z.). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Bilge Nuran Aydoğdu 0000-0002-1738-0682

Derya Eryigit 0000-0002-3708-7176

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2022
Kabul Tarihi 8 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydoğdu, B. N., & Eryigit, D. (2022). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Dışavurumcu Teknikler Çerçevesinde Tasarlanan Yaşam Anlamı Grup Çalışmasının Yaşam Anlamı, Amaç Bilinci ve Depresyon Düzeyine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(12), 326-345. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.959202

IBAD'da yayımlanan makaleler, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY) lisansı altındadır. Makalede kullandıkları materyaller için gerekli izinlerin alınması yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Makalelerin bilimsel ve hukuki mesuliyeti yazarlarına aittir.