JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND STUDIES WRITING RULES

In the articles to be submitted to the Journal of Academic Research and Studies, authors are required to comply with the following principles and rules.

Articles that are not prepared by the specified principles and rules may not be included in the evaluation process or may be excluded from the evaluation at any stage of this process.

Click here for Sample Word Template. This word template is the full format of the journal. Please upload your article to the system after formatting it in this format. If you are uploading the article to the journal for the first time, you should leave the author and institution information blank since blind reviewing will be applied. You must save the name of the article file with the article name.

During the article submission process, a file named "Additional File" containing the "Copyright Agreement" and information about the study and authors should be prepared and uploaded to the system separately from the article file.



Notes for Abstract/Abstract:

- Abstract texts should be prepared within the scope of the basic elements specified, with a minimum of 150 and a maximum of 250 words.
- The number of keywords should be at least 3 and at most 5.
- The font should be Times New Roman and 8-point font. The main element titles in the Abstract and Abstract should be in bold font as shown in the sample table.
- Abstract and Abstract should be single-spaced with 0 pt before and after the line spacing.
Notes for Abstract:
- It should conform to English grammar and spelling rules. (Language editors will review it before it goes to the referees and send it back to the author for editing if necessary.)
- Abstract should be in harmony with the Abstract (ordering of articles, concepts, terms, etc.), and the concepts used should be translated as they are used in the English literature.
Plagiarism (Similarity) Warning!
- By AKAD's publication ethics, all articles submitted to the journal are checked for similarity by the journal secretariat using the ithenticate program before they are submitted for peer review. The upper limit for the similarity rate is 15%. The Secretariat has the authority to request corrections or reject manuscripts above this rate.

NOTE: The general writing rules for the article text should be as specified in the sample article template.


Article Writing Rules

1. Manuscripts should be prepared in A4 size in "Office Word" program (preferably Office 2010 and above)
2. The length of the articles should be in journal format and should not exceed 25 pages.
3. Page layout; Left: 2.5 cm, Right: 2.5 cm, Top: 2.5 cm and Bottom: 2.5 cm.
4. Manuscripts should be written in 11-point font and "Times New Roman" font with single line spacing. The entire text of the article should be prepared with a line spacing of 6 pt before and after. There should be a one-character break after commas and periods.
5. The indentation setting for paragraphs should be "Special-first line: 1.25 cm" and 6 spaces should be left before and after the paragraph. No additional blank lines should be left between paragraphs.
6. The first page of the article should include the title in Turkish and English in 14-point font.
7. The author's name and surname should be indicated in 11 pt. at the bottom right of the article title. The author's title, place of work, e-mail address and ORCID information will be shown as footnotes at the bottom of the page in 9 pt. (This information will be added by us during the layout phase, and the author (s) should not include this information when uploading their articles to the system)
8. Citations should be made in the text using the "conjunction method". Explanatory notes should be expressed as footnotes at the bottom of the page and in 9-point font size. References in the text should be made as the surname of the author(s) and the year of the source. If there is no author name, the name of the institution should be used instead of the author.
9. In the article, main headings and subheadings should be numbered in bold and left-justified (without indentation) with decimal numbers such as 1., 1.1.1., 1.1.1.1., 1.1.2., 1.1.2.1. All letters of the main headings should be capitalized, while only the initials of the subheadings should be capitalized and bold. Headings should be divided up to maximum 4 levels.



1. INTRODUCTION (All main headings should be in 11 point- all capital letters and bold font)
The entire content of the article should be written in 11 font size. In the introduction section, the basic concepts, theoretical development and approaches in the current literature related to the study, the problem situation in the research, purpose, importance, hypotheses, assumptions, limitations, etc. should be included. This section should be started from a new page.

2. TITLE (All main headings should be 11-point, all capital letters and bold font)

2.1. Subheading (Second degree subheadings should be in 11-point font, each word should be capitalized and boldface)

2.1.1. Sub-heading (Third degree sub-headings should be in 11-point font, only the first letter of the first word should be capitalized and boldface)

2.1.1.1.1. Sub-heading (Fourth degree sub-headings should be in 11-point font, only the first letter of the first word should be capitalized and bold, italic font)

Table, Figure, Graphic and Picture Display
- Each table, figure, graph, or picture should be titled. The title should be placed above the table, figure, chart, or picture, centered on the page, with only the initials of the words capitalized and in 11 pt.
- The table, figure, graph, or picture should be aligned to the center of the page, consecutively numbered in appropriate places in the text.
- The table, figure, graph, or picture should be set in such a way that it does not protrude beyond the page structure and can be easily read.
- Table, figure, graph, or picture names should be shown at the top and the source should be shown at the bottom.
- The references shown under the table, figure, graph, or picture should be in 9-point font and center-aligned.
- Text within tables, figures, and graphs should be in 9-point font, 0nk before and after, and single-spaced. Tables should not have column lines and outer borders, and tables should be prepared with only row lines. Places to be emphasized can be shown in bold font.
- The line spacing of the title and references should be set to 6 pt before and after as in the general structure of the article text.
- Footnotes for tables, figures, and graphs should be left justified (not indented) and 8 pt. font size.



REFERENCES

All sources used in the article should be included in the bibliography section. The references used should be listed alphabetically according to the surname of the author without distinction of quality (thesis, book, article, report, etc.). Works by the same author should be placed in the bibliography starting with the "oldest dated" one. The bibliography indentation should be set as (Hanging - 1 cm). References should be cited according to APA 7 style (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples).

Academic Journal Articles
- If a journal article has a DOI, the DOI should be added to the reference.
- Always include the issue number for a journal article.
- If the journal article has no DOI but has a URL to decode for readers (for example, if it comes from an online journal that is not part of a database), the URL of the article should be added at the end of the reference.

Tek Yazarlı Dergiler
Cümle sonu atıf: (Tsai, 2011)
Metin içi atıf: Tsai (2011)
Tsai, S. P. (2011). Stratejik ilişki yönetimi ve hizmet markası pazarlaması. European Journal of Marketing, 45(7), 1194-1213. doi:10.1108/03090561111137679

İki yazarlı dergiler
Cümle sonu atıf: (Crompton & Love, 1995)
Metin içi atıf: Crompton ve Aşk (1995)
Crompton, J. L. & Love, L. L. (1995). Bir festivalin kalitesinin değerlendirilmesinde alternatif yaklaşımların tahminsel geçerliliği. Journal of Travel Research, 34(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759503400102

Üç ve daha fazla yazarlı dergiler
Cümle sonu atıf: (Prayag vd., 2016)
Metin içi atıf: Prayag vd. (2016)
Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Muskat, B., & Chiappa, G. Del. (2016). Turistlerin duygusal deneyimleri, algılanan genel imaj, memnuniyet ve tavsiye etme niyeti arasındaki ilişkileri anlamak. Journal of Travel Research, 56(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515620567

Bilgileri eksik olan akademik dergiler
- Dergi cilt, sayı ve/veya makale veya sayfa numaralarını kullanmıyorsa, eksik öğeler referanstan çıkarılmalıdır.
Cümle sonu atıf: (Butler, 2017; Sanchiz vd., 2017; Stegmeir, 2016)
Metin içi atıf: Butler (2017), Sanchiz vd. (2017) ve Stegmeir (2016)
Cilt numarası olmayan makaleler
Stegmeir, M. (2016). İklim değişikliği: Yeni disiplin uygulamaları üniversiteye erişimi teşvik ediyor. The Journal of College Admission, (231), 44-47. https://www.nxtbook.com/ygsreprints/NACAC/nacac_jca_spring2016/#/46
Sayı numarası olmayan makaleler
Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). Yaşlı ve genç yetişkinler bilgi aramaya nasıl başlıyor? Yaş, alan bilgisi ve problem karmaşıklığının bilgi aramanın farklı adımları üzerindeki etkisi. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038
Sayfa aralığı belli olmayan dergiler
Butler, J. (2017). Erişimin çok kiplilikle buluştuğu yer: ASL müzik videoları örneği. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21(1). http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html

Books
- The author, year of publication, title and publisher of the book should be indicated. The same format should be used for both printed books and e-books.
- Even if the copyright date is different from the publication date, the copyright date shown on the copyright page of the book should be used as the year of publication in the reference.
- The number of editions should be inserted in parentheses after the title, without italics.
- If the book contains a DOI, the DOI should be added to the reference after the publisher's name.
- The publisher location (city/country) should not be included.
- If the e-book without a DOI has a fixed URL to be resolved for readers, the URL of the book should be included in the reference. The name of the database should not be included in the reference.
- If the e-book is from an academic research database and does not have a DOI or fixed URL, the book reference should end after the publisher's name. The name of the database should not be included in the reference. In this case the reference is the same as for a printed book.
End-of-sentence citation: (Jackson, 2019; Sapolsky, 2017; Svendsen & Løber, 2020)
In-text citation: Jackson (2019), Sapolsky (2017), Svendsen and Løber (2020)
Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000
Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.
Svendsen, S., & Løber, L. (2020). The big picture/Academic writing: The one-hour guide (3rd digital ed.). Hans Reitzel Forlag. https://thebigpicture-academicwriting.digi.hansreitzel.dk/
- For edited books, use the abbreviation "(Ed.)" for the editor, followed by a period after the editor's name. In case of more than one editor, add the role once after all names.
End-of-sentence citation: (Hygum & Pedersen, 2010; Kesharwani, 2020; Torino et al., 2019)
In-text citation: Hygum and Pedersen (2010), Kesharwani (2020) and Torino et al. (2019)
Hygum, E., & Pedersen, P. M. (Eds.). (2010). Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag. https://earlychildhoodeducation.digi.hansreitzel.dk/
Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic Press.
Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., & Sue, D. W. (Eds.). (2019). Microaggression theory: Influence and implications. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466642

Book chapters in edited books
- This format should be used for both print and e-book edited book chapters, including book chapters edited from academic research databases.
- If the chapter includes a DOI, the DOI should be included in the reference after the publisher's name.
- The location of the publisher (city/country) should not be included.
- If a chapter without a DOI has a fixed URL to be resolved for readers, the URL of the chapter should be included in the reference. The name of the database should not be included in the reference.
- If the chapter belongs to an academic research database and does not have a DOI or fixed URL, the book reference should end after the publisher's name. The name of the database should not be included in the reference. In this case, the reference is the same as the printed book chapter.
- The edition information should be included in the same parentheses as the page range of the chapter, separated by commas.
- For unpaginated book chapters, the page range should be omitted from the reference.
End-of-sentence citation: (Aron et al., 2019; Dillard, 2020; Thestrup, 2010).
In-text citation: Aron et al. (2019), Dillard (2020) and Thestrup (2010)
Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing human potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345-359). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016
Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115-129). Routledge.
Thestrup, K. (2010). To transform, to communicate, to play-The experimenting community in action. In E. Hygum & P. M. Pedersen (Eds.), Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag. https://earlychildhoodeducation.digi.hansreitzel.dk/?id=192
- For a reprinted work (a work published in two places at the same time), both years should be indicated in the in-text citation, separated by a section line, together with the previous year.
- After the information about the work you are using, the title, page range, editor, year of publication and publisher of the original work should be given in parentheses.
End-of-sentence citation: (Bronfenbrenner, 1973/2005).
In-text citation: Bronfenbrenner (1973/2005)
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). The social ecology of human development: A retrospective conclusion. In U. Bronfenbrenner (Ed.), Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development (pp. 27-40). SAGE Publications. (Reprinted from Brain and intelligence: The ecology of child development, pp. 113-123, by F. Richardson, Ed., 1973, National Educational Press)

Conference proceedings published as a full book
- Conference proceedings published as a full book should use the same reference format as other books.
End-of-sentence citation: (Kushilevitz & Malkin, 2016)
In-text citation: Kushilevitz and Malkin (2016)
Kushilevitz, E., & Malkin, T. (Eds.). (2016). Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 9562. Theory of cryptography. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49096-9

Conference proceedings published as book chapters in edited books
- Conference proceedings published as a book chapter in an edited book should use the same reference format as other book chapters.
End-of-sentence citation: (Bedenel et al., 2019)
In-text citation: Bedenel et al. (2019)
Bedenel, A.-L., Jourdan, L., & Biernacki, C. (2019). Probability estimation by an adapted genetic algorithm in web insurance. In R. Battiti, M. Brunato, I. Kotsireas, & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 11353. Learning and intelligent optimization (pp. 225-240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05348-2_21

Theses
- A thesis is considered published when it is obtained from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, PQDT Open or YÖK TEZ, an institutional repository or an archive.
- If the database assigns publication numbers to theses, the publication number should be inserted in parentheses after the title of the thesis or dissertation, without italics.
- The description "PhD thesis" or "Master's thesis" followed by a comma and the name of the awarding institution. This information should be placed in square brackets after the title of the thesis or dissertation and any publication number.
- The source element of the reference should include the name of the database, repository or archive.
- The URL should be included if it is available.
- If the database or archive requires users to log in before viewing the thesis or dissertation, i.e. the URL will not work for readers, the reference should end with the database name.
End-of-sentence citation: (Gürer, 2017; Kabir, 2016; Miranda, 2019; Zambrano-Vazquez, 2016)
In-text citation: Gürer (2017), Kabir (2016), Miranda (2019) and Zambrano-Vazquez (2016)
Gürer, A. (2017). The regulatory role of personality in the effect of perceived organizational chronism on employee silence (Publication No. 460679) [Doctoral dissertation, Istanbul Arel University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster youth who obtained graduate level degrees: Self-efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI
Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615
- If a thesis is unpublished, "[Unpublished doctoral thesis]" or "[Unpublished master's thesis]" should be added in square brackets after the title of the thesis.
- In the source element of the reference, the name of the degree-granting institution should be indicated.
End-of-sentence citation: (Harris, 2014)
In-text citation: Harris (2014)
Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.

Non-academic journal article
- If a journal article has a DOI, the DOI should be appended to the reference.
- If the journal article does not have a DOI and comes from an academic research database, the reference should end after the page break. Database information should not be included in the reference. In this case, the reference is the same as a printed journal article.
- If the journal article does not have a DOI but has an accessible URL (for example, if it comes from an online journal that is not part of a database), the URL of the article should be added at the end of the reference.
- If the journal article lacks volume, issue and/or page numbers (e.g. because it is from an online journal), the missing items should be omitted from the reference.
End-of-sentence citation: (Lyons, 2009; Schaefer & Shapiro, 2019; Schulman, 2019)
In-text citation: Lyons (2009), Schaefer and Shapiro (2019) and Schulman (2019)
Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don't 'iTune' us: It's geeks versus writers. Guess who's winning. Newsweek, 153(24), 27.
Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September 6). New middle chapter in the story of human evolution. Science, 365(6457), 981-982. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3550
Schulman, M. (2019, September 9). Superfans: A love story. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/16/superfans-a-love-story

Newspaper articles
- In the source element of the reference, the title of the newspaper should be italicized.
- If the newspaper article has a URL that is accessible to readers, the URL of the article should be added at the end of the reference. If volume, issue and/or page numbers are missing for the article, these items should be omitted from the reference.
- If the printed version of the newspaper article was used, the page or pages of the article should be indicated after the newspaper title. Abbreviations such as "s" or "ss." should not be used before the pages.
- If the article is on a news website (e.g. CNN, HuffPost), a site that does not have an associated daily or weekly newspaper, the web page format on a news website should be used instead.
End-of-sentence citation: (Carey, 2019; Harlan, 2013; Stobbe, 2020)
In-text citation: Carey (2019), Harlan (2013) and Stobbe (2020)
Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html
Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bomb-grade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.
Stobbe, M. (2020, January 8). Cancer death rate in U.S. sees largest one-year drop ever. Chicago Tribune.

Blog posts
- Blog posts should follow the same format as articles.
- The name of the blog should be italicized, as in a journal title.
End-of-sentence citation: (Ouellette, 2019)
In-text citation: Ouellette (2019)
Ouellette, J. (2019, November 15). Physicists capture first footage of quantum knots unraveling in superfluid. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/study-you-can-tie-a-quantum-knot-in-a-superfluid-but-it-will-soon-untie-itself/

Web pages on news websites
- For articles from newspaper websites such as The New York Times or The Washington Post, the newspaper article category should be used.
- The author and the date the article was published should be indicated.
- The title of the article should be italicized.
- The source element of the reference should include the name of the news website.
- The reference should end with the URL.
End-of-sentence citation: (Bologna, 2019; Roberts, 2020; Toner, 2020)
In-text citation: Bologna (2019), Roberts (2020) and Toner (2020)
Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with anxiety love watching horror movies. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watching-horror-movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
Roberts, N. (2020, June 10). Trayvon Martin's mother, Sybrina Fulton, qualifies to run for elected office. BET News. https://www.bet.com/news/national/2020/06/10/trayvon-martin-mother-sybrina-fulton-qualifies-for-office-florid.html
Toner, K. (2020, September 24). When Covid-19 hit, he turned his newspaper route into a lifeline for senior citizens. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/coronavirus-newspaper-deliveryman-groceries-senior-citizens-cnnheroes-trnd/index.html

Web pages on the websites of official institutions
- For a page on an official institutional website without individual authors, the specific institution responsible for the webpage should be used as the author.
- A date for the web page should be provided as specifically as possible.
- Some online studies note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the general website, the updated date in the reference should be used.
- The date of last review should not be added to a reference. This is because the content being reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If the date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for reference purposes.
- The title of the web page should be italicized and the reference should end with the URL.
End-of-sentence citation: (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018)
In-text citation: National Institute of Mental Health (2018)
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml

Web pages on the websites of various organizations
- For a page on an organization's website without individual authors, the name of the organization should be used as the author.
- A date for the web page should be provided as specifically as possible.
- Some online studies note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the general website, the updated date in the reference should be used.
- Since the author of the webpage and the site name are the same, the site name should be omitted from the reference item to avoid repetition.
- The title of the web page should be italicized and the reference should end with the URL.
End-of-sentence citation: (World Health Organization, 2018)
In-text citation: World Health Organization (2018)
World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

Web pages on individual authors' websites
- For individual web pages, the page owner should be added as an author.
- Provide as specific a date for the web page as possible.
- If the web page has an updated date, the current date should be used.
- The site name should be entered as the source element of the reference.
- The title of the web page should be italicized and the reference should end with the URL.
End-of-sentence citation: (Giovanetti, 2019)
In-text citation: Giovanetti (2019)
Giovanetti, F. (2019, November 16). Why we are so obsessed with personality types. Medium. https://medium.com/the-business-of-wellness/why-we-are-so-obsessed-with-personality-types-577450f9aee9