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Perchlorate Contamination in Drinking Waters and Foods

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 69 - 75, 01.03.2013

Öz

Perchlorates are commonly used in fertilizers and fireworks, rockets and other explosives as solid oxidizer and reduce the synthesis of thyroid hormones by preventing the transportation of iodine through the thyroid gland and thus cause to permanent health problems especially in woman and infants. The main exposure to perchlorates takes place due to the pollution of ground and surface water via contamination from agricultural areas and industrial wastes. Recently, scientific researches about the determination and elimination of the residues have increased with the emergence of their adverse effects on human health. Studies indicated that various levels of perchlorates are present in waters, milk and milk products, fruits and vegetables, processed foods and food additives. The purpose of this review is to increase the awareness about the importance of perchlorates residues in water and food products and their adverse effects on human health

Kaynakça

  • Özpınar, A., 2010. Çevresel guatrojenler (NIS inhibitörleri) ve subklinik hipotiroidizm. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 1:4.
  • Despopoulos, A., Selbernagl, S., 1997. Tiroid hormonları, renkli fizyoloji atlası. Prof. Dr. H. Çavuşoğlu (Der.). Edisyon, Nobel & Yücel Yayınları. İstanbul,4, 250–253.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, 2011. Toxicological profile for perchlorates. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
  • Niemann, R.A., Krynitsky, A.J., Nortrup, D.A., 2006. Ion chromatographic determination of perchlorate in foods by on-line enrichment and suppressed conductivity detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54(4):1137-43.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency., 2002. environmental Perchlorate toxicological review and risk characterization (external review draft). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington Office, Washington, DC, NCEA-1-0503. contamination
  • California Department Of Public Health, 2012. Perchlorate in California drinking water: monitoring update for http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ddwem/chemicals/ perchl/monitoringupdate.htm standby sources.
  • Kirk, A.B., Smith, E.E., Tian, K., Anderson, T., Dasgupta, P.K., 2003. Perchlorate in milk. Enviromental Science Technology 37: 4979–4981.
  • Urbansky, T.E., 2002. Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant. Enviromental Science and Pollution Research 9(3):187–192.
  • Gilbert M.B., Gu, B., 2006. The Chemistry of Perchlorate in the Environment In: Perchlorate Environmental treathment Ed: Gu, B.; Coates J.D. 412 p ISBN:978-0-387-31114-2 and
  • Hazardous Substances Data Bank, 2006. Perchlorates. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/htmlgen
  • O’Neil, M.J.,Smith, A., Hechelman, P.E., 2001. The Merck İndex: An Encyclopedia Of Chemicals, Drugs And Biologicals 13th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 92, 992, 1017, 1371, 1545.
  • Boldyrev, V.V., 2006. Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Thermochimica Acta 443(1): 1-36.
  • Soldin, O.P., Braverman, L.E., Lamm, S.H., 2001. Perchlorate clinical pharmacology and human health: a review. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 23(4): 316-331.
  • Dyke, J.V., Kirk, A.B., Martinelango, P.K., Dasgupta, P. K., 2006. Sample processing method for the determination of perchlorate in milk. Analytica Chimica Acta 567(1): 73-78.
  • Kadeş, A.K., 1995. Synthesis of ammonium perchlorate. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.100 p.
  • Vogt, H., Balej, J., Bennett, J.E., Wintzer, P., Sheikh, S.A., Gallone, P., 2002. Chlorine oxides and chlorine oxygen acids. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley.
  • Cohen, A.P., 1993. Desiccants. In: Kroschwitz, J.I., Howe-Grant, M., eds. Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopedia Of Chemical Technology. Vol. 7. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1031-1055.
  • Merrill, C.I., O'Drobinak, J.D., 1998. Sea water immersion of GEM II propellant. JANNAF Propellant Development & Characterization Subcommittee and Safety & Environmental Protection.
  • Snyder, S.A., Vanderford, B.J., Rosario-Ortiz, F.L., Victor, R.P., Gerard, N.B., Ronald Watson, A.R., Victor, R., Preedy, G.N.B., Ronald, W., 2009. Chapter 30-Iodate and perchlorate in bottled water: methods for discovery and ımpact on humans. Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine, Academic Press, San Diego 287-294.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. environmental Perchlorate toxicological review and risk characterization (external review draft). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington Office, Washington, DC, NCEA-1-0503. contamination
  • Kolbaşı, Tekkan, B., 2008. Sodyum perkloratın poecılıa sphenops (moli balığı) karaciğer ve tiroid histolojisi üzerine etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bornova, İzmir.79 p. [22] Oyar, O., 2000. Boyun Ultrasonografisi.
  • Ege.Üniversitesi.Basımevi, İzmir 161-168 .
  • Guyton, C.A.,1986. Textbook of medical physiology. Seventh edition. W.B.Saunders Company.
  • Bustad, L.K., Fuller, J.M., 1970. Thyroid function in domestic animals. Laboratory Animal Care 20(3): 561-581.
  • Capps, T., 2003. Ammonium perchlorate-induced lesions in zebrafish kidneys, Environmental Toxicology, Texas Technology University: Master’s Thesis, 48 p.
  • Cheng, Q., Smith, E.E., Liu, F., Gentle, A., Hooper, M.J., Anderson, T.A., 2007. Effects of perchlorate on sodiumiodide symporter and pendrin gene expression in deer mice, Enviromental Toxicology 22(4): 390–398 .
  • Anbar, M., Guttmann, S., Lweitus, Z., 1959. The mode of action of perchlorate ions on the iodine uptake of the thyroid gland. The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 7:87–96.
  • Eichler, O., Hackenthal, E., 1962. Secretion and metabolism of perchlorate measured with 36ClO4 Naunyn Schmiedebergs, Arch. Exp. Pathol Pharmakol 243:554–565.
  • Haddow, J.E., Palomaki, G.E., Allan, W.C., Williams, J.R., Knight, G. J., Gagnon, J., 1999. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child, New England Journal Medicine 341:549–555.
  • Glinoer, D., 2000. Thyroid disease during pregnancy, Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text (Eds: Braverman L.E, Utiger R.D,. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1013–1027.
  • Braverman, L. E., Utiger, R. D., 2000. Introduction to hypothyroidism, Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Eds: Braverman L.E, Utiger R.D., 8th. ed. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 719–720.
  • United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2005. Perchlorate: a system to track sampling and cleanup results is needed. Report to the chairman, subcommittee, on environment and hazardous materials. Committee on Energy and Commerce, Washington, DC. of Representatives
  • Jackson, P.E., Gokhale, S., Streib, T., Rohrer, J.S., Pohl, C.A., 2000. Improved method for the determination of trace perchlorate in ground and drinking waters by ion chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 888(1-2): 151-158 .
  • California Department of Health Services, 2000. Perchlorate http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/ps/ddwem/chemicals/p erchl.htm. drinking water.
  • Urbansky, E. T., 1998. Perchlorate chemistry: implications Bioremediation Journal, 2 (2), 81-95. and remediation.
  • Kannan, K., Praamsma, M.L., Oldi, J.F., Kunisue, T., Sinha, R.K., 2009. Occurrence of perchlorate in drinking water, groundwater, surface water and human saliva from India. Chemosphere 76: 22–26.
  • Wu, Q., Zhang, T., Sun, H.W., Kannan, K., 2010. Perchlorate in tap water, groundwater, surface waters, and bottled water from China and its association with other inorganic anions and with disinfection byproducts. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicologyl 58: 543–550.
  • Motzer, W. E., 2001. Perchlorate: problems, detection, and solutions. Environmental Forensics 2: 301–311.
  • Plummer, L.N., Bohlke, J.K, Doughten, M.W., 2006. Perchlorate groundwater in North-Central New Mexico. Environmental Science and Technology 40: 1757– 1763. and holocene
  • Parker, D.R., Seyfferth, A. L., Reese, B. K., 2008. Perchlorate in groundwater: a synoptic survey of “Pristine” sites in the coterminous United States. Environmental Science Technology 42: 1465–1471.
  • Fram, M. S., Belitz, K., 2011. Probability of detecting perchlorate under natural conditions in deep groundwater in California Southwestern Science Technology 45: 1271–1277. and the United States. Environmental [42] Sungur, Ş., Sangün, M.K., 2010. Ion chromatographic determination of perchlorate in foods consumed in Hatay region. Food Chemistry 126(1): 326-331.
  • Urbansky, E.T., Magnuson, M.L., Kelty, C.A., Brown, S.K., 2000. Perchlorate uptake by salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) in the Las Vegas Wash riparian ecosystem. Science Total Environmental 256: 227-232.
  • Smith, P. N., Yu, L., McMurry, T., Anderson, T. A., 2004. Perchlorate in water, soil, vegetation, and rodents collected from the Las Vegas Wash Nevada, USA. Environmental Pollution 132: 121- 127.
  • Ellington, J.J., Wolfe, N.L., Garrison, A.W., Evans, J.J., Avants, J.K., Teng Q., 2001. Analysis of perchlorate in tobacco plants and tobacco products. Environmental Science and Technology 35: 3213- 3218.
  • Cataldo, D.A., Garland, T.A., Wildung, R.E., 1986. Plant root absorption and metabolic fate of technetium in plants. in technetium in the environment; Desmet, G., Myttenaere, C., Eds.; Elsevier: London.
  • Jackson, W.A., Joseph, P., Laxman, P., Tan K., Smith, P.N., Yu, L., Anderson, T.A., 2005. Perchlorate accumulation in forage and edible vegetation. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 53: 369-373.
  • Sanchez, C.A., Crump, K.S., Krieger, R.I., Khandaker, N.R., Gibbs, J.P., 2005. Perchlorate and nitrate in leafy vegetables of North America. Environmental Science and Technology 39(24): 9391-9397.
  • Gindberg, G.L., Hattis, D.B., Zoeller, T.R., Rice, D.C., 2007. Evaluation of the U.S. EPA/OSWER preliminary remediation goal for perchlorate in groundwater: focus on exposure to nursing infants. Environmental Health Perspectives 115: 361–369.
  • Rice, C.P., Baldwin, V.I.R., Abbott, L.C., Hapeman, C.J., Capuco, A.V., Le, A., Bialek-Kalinsk, K., Bannerman, D. D., Hare W., Paape, M.J., 2007. Predicting perchlorate exposure in milk from concentration in dairy feed. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55: 8806–8813.
  • Wang, Z., Lau, B.P., Tague, B., Sparling, M., Forsyth, D., 2011. Determination of perchlorate in infant chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 28(6): 799-806. isotope dilution ion
  • Kirk, A.B., Martinelango, K., Dutta, A., Tian, K., Smith, E.E., Dasgupta, P.K., 2005. Perchlorate and iodide in dairy and breast milk. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 2011–2017.
  • Kirk, A.B., Dyke, J.V., Martin, C.F., Dasgupta, P.K., 2007. thiocyanate, and ıodide excretion in human milk. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA. perchlorate
  • Dyke, J.V., Ito, K., Obitsu, T., Hisamatsu, Y., Dasgupta, P.K., Blount, B.C., 2007. Perchlorate in dairy milk, comparison of Japan versus the United States. Environmental Science and Technology 41: 88–92.
  • Her, N., Kim, J., Yoon, Y., 2010. Perchlorate in dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula in South Korea. Chemosphere 81(6): 732-737.
  • Shi, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Shi, J., Cai, Y., Mou, S., Jiang, G., 2007. Perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled water and milk collected from different areas in China. Environment International 33(7): 955-962.
  • Snyder, S.A., Pleus, R.C., Vanderford, B.J., Holady, J.C., 2006. Perchlorate and chlorate in dietary supplements and flavor enhancing ingredients. Analytica Chimica Acta 567(1): 26-32.
  • Lee, J.W., Oh, S.H., Oh, J.E., 2012. Monitoring of perchlorate in diverse foods and its estimated dietary exposure for Korea populations. Journal of Hazardous Materials 243(0): 52-58.
  • Murray, C.W., Egan, S.K., Kim, H., 2008. US Food and Drug Administration's total diet study: dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine. Journal Expo Science Environmental http://www.nature.com/jes. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.750064.

İçme Suları ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 69 - 75, 01.03.2013

Öz

Gübrelerde ve katı oksitleyici olarak silah sanayisinde, havai fişeklerde, roketlerde ve diğer patlayıcılarda yaygın şekilde kullanılan perkloratlar, iyodun, tiroid bezi hücrelerine geçişini engelleyerek tiroid hormonlarının sentezini azaltmakta ve böylelikle özellikle kadınlarda ve bebeklerde kalıcı sağlık sorunlarına neden olmaktadır. Perkloratlara olan genel maruziyet, tarımsal alanlardan bulaşma ve endüstriyel atıklar yolu ile gıda maddelerinin, yeraltı ve yüzey sularının kirlenmesi neticesinde meydana gelmektedir. Son yıllarda, perklorat kalıntılarının insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin ortaya çıkması ile birlikte özellikle içme sularında ve bazı gıda maddelerinde kalıntılarının belirlenmesine ve ortadan kaldırılmasına yönelik araştırmalar artmaktadır. Bu konuda yapılan araştırmalar, sularda, süt ve süt ürünlerinde, sebze ve meyvelerde, işlenmiş gıda ürünlerinde ve gıda katkı maddelerinde çeşitli düzeylerde perklorat kalıntıları bulunabildiğini göstermektedir. Bu derleme makalesinin amacı, sularda ve gıda maddelerinde perklorat kalıntılarının ve bu kalıntıların insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin önemi hakkında bir farkındalık meydana getirmektir

Kaynakça

  • Özpınar, A., 2010. Çevresel guatrojenler (NIS inhibitörleri) ve subklinik hipotiroidizm. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 1:4.
  • Despopoulos, A., Selbernagl, S., 1997. Tiroid hormonları, renkli fizyoloji atlası. Prof. Dr. H. Çavuşoğlu (Der.). Edisyon, Nobel & Yücel Yayınları. İstanbul,4, 250–253.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, 2011. Toxicological profile for perchlorates. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
  • Niemann, R.A., Krynitsky, A.J., Nortrup, D.A., 2006. Ion chromatographic determination of perchlorate in foods by on-line enrichment and suppressed conductivity detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54(4):1137-43.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency., 2002. environmental Perchlorate toxicological review and risk characterization (external review draft). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington Office, Washington, DC, NCEA-1-0503. contamination
  • California Department Of Public Health, 2012. Perchlorate in California drinking water: monitoring update for http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ddwem/chemicals/ perchl/monitoringupdate.htm standby sources.
  • Kirk, A.B., Smith, E.E., Tian, K., Anderson, T., Dasgupta, P.K., 2003. Perchlorate in milk. Enviromental Science Technology 37: 4979–4981.
  • Urbansky, T.E., 2002. Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant. Enviromental Science and Pollution Research 9(3):187–192.
  • Gilbert M.B., Gu, B., 2006. The Chemistry of Perchlorate in the Environment In: Perchlorate Environmental treathment Ed: Gu, B.; Coates J.D. 412 p ISBN:978-0-387-31114-2 and
  • Hazardous Substances Data Bank, 2006. Perchlorates. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/htmlgen
  • O’Neil, M.J.,Smith, A., Hechelman, P.E., 2001. The Merck İndex: An Encyclopedia Of Chemicals, Drugs And Biologicals 13th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 92, 992, 1017, 1371, 1545.
  • Boldyrev, V.V., 2006. Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Thermochimica Acta 443(1): 1-36.
  • Soldin, O.P., Braverman, L.E., Lamm, S.H., 2001. Perchlorate clinical pharmacology and human health: a review. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 23(4): 316-331.
  • Dyke, J.V., Kirk, A.B., Martinelango, P.K., Dasgupta, P. K., 2006. Sample processing method for the determination of perchlorate in milk. Analytica Chimica Acta 567(1): 73-78.
  • Kadeş, A.K., 1995. Synthesis of ammonium perchlorate. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.100 p.
  • Vogt, H., Balej, J., Bennett, J.E., Wintzer, P., Sheikh, S.A., Gallone, P., 2002. Chlorine oxides and chlorine oxygen acids. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley.
  • Cohen, A.P., 1993. Desiccants. In: Kroschwitz, J.I., Howe-Grant, M., eds. Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopedia Of Chemical Technology. Vol. 7. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1031-1055.
  • Merrill, C.I., O'Drobinak, J.D., 1998. Sea water immersion of GEM II propellant. JANNAF Propellant Development & Characterization Subcommittee and Safety & Environmental Protection.
  • Snyder, S.A., Vanderford, B.J., Rosario-Ortiz, F.L., Victor, R.P., Gerard, N.B., Ronald Watson, A.R., Victor, R., Preedy, G.N.B., Ronald, W., 2009. Chapter 30-Iodate and perchlorate in bottled water: methods for discovery and ımpact on humans. Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine, Academic Press, San Diego 287-294.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. environmental Perchlorate toxicological review and risk characterization (external review draft). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington Office, Washington, DC, NCEA-1-0503. contamination
  • Kolbaşı, Tekkan, B., 2008. Sodyum perkloratın poecılıa sphenops (moli balığı) karaciğer ve tiroid histolojisi üzerine etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bornova, İzmir.79 p. [22] Oyar, O., 2000. Boyun Ultrasonografisi.
  • Ege.Üniversitesi.Basımevi, İzmir 161-168 .
  • Guyton, C.A.,1986. Textbook of medical physiology. Seventh edition. W.B.Saunders Company.
  • Bustad, L.K., Fuller, J.M., 1970. Thyroid function in domestic animals. Laboratory Animal Care 20(3): 561-581.
  • Capps, T., 2003. Ammonium perchlorate-induced lesions in zebrafish kidneys, Environmental Toxicology, Texas Technology University: Master’s Thesis, 48 p.
  • Cheng, Q., Smith, E.E., Liu, F., Gentle, A., Hooper, M.J., Anderson, T.A., 2007. Effects of perchlorate on sodiumiodide symporter and pendrin gene expression in deer mice, Enviromental Toxicology 22(4): 390–398 .
  • Anbar, M., Guttmann, S., Lweitus, Z., 1959. The mode of action of perchlorate ions on the iodine uptake of the thyroid gland. The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 7:87–96.
  • Eichler, O., Hackenthal, E., 1962. Secretion and metabolism of perchlorate measured with 36ClO4 Naunyn Schmiedebergs, Arch. Exp. Pathol Pharmakol 243:554–565.
  • Haddow, J.E., Palomaki, G.E., Allan, W.C., Williams, J.R., Knight, G. J., Gagnon, J., 1999. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child, New England Journal Medicine 341:549–555.
  • Glinoer, D., 2000. Thyroid disease during pregnancy, Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text (Eds: Braverman L.E, Utiger R.D,. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1013–1027.
  • Braverman, L. E., Utiger, R. D., 2000. Introduction to hypothyroidism, Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Eds: Braverman L.E, Utiger R.D., 8th. ed. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 719–720.
  • United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2005. Perchlorate: a system to track sampling and cleanup results is needed. Report to the chairman, subcommittee, on environment and hazardous materials. Committee on Energy and Commerce, Washington, DC. of Representatives
  • Jackson, P.E., Gokhale, S., Streib, T., Rohrer, J.S., Pohl, C.A., 2000. Improved method for the determination of trace perchlorate in ground and drinking waters by ion chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 888(1-2): 151-158 .
  • California Department of Health Services, 2000. Perchlorate http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/ps/ddwem/chemicals/p erchl.htm. drinking water.
  • Urbansky, E. T., 1998. Perchlorate chemistry: implications Bioremediation Journal, 2 (2), 81-95. and remediation.
  • Kannan, K., Praamsma, M.L., Oldi, J.F., Kunisue, T., Sinha, R.K., 2009. Occurrence of perchlorate in drinking water, groundwater, surface water and human saliva from India. Chemosphere 76: 22–26.
  • Wu, Q., Zhang, T., Sun, H.W., Kannan, K., 2010. Perchlorate in tap water, groundwater, surface waters, and bottled water from China and its association with other inorganic anions and with disinfection byproducts. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicologyl 58: 543–550.
  • Motzer, W. E., 2001. Perchlorate: problems, detection, and solutions. Environmental Forensics 2: 301–311.
  • Plummer, L.N., Bohlke, J.K, Doughten, M.W., 2006. Perchlorate groundwater in North-Central New Mexico. Environmental Science and Technology 40: 1757– 1763. and holocene
  • Parker, D.R., Seyfferth, A. L., Reese, B. K., 2008. Perchlorate in groundwater: a synoptic survey of “Pristine” sites in the coterminous United States. Environmental Science Technology 42: 1465–1471.
  • Fram, M. S., Belitz, K., 2011. Probability of detecting perchlorate under natural conditions in deep groundwater in California Southwestern Science Technology 45: 1271–1277. and the United States. Environmental [42] Sungur, Ş., Sangün, M.K., 2010. Ion chromatographic determination of perchlorate in foods consumed in Hatay region. Food Chemistry 126(1): 326-331.
  • Urbansky, E.T., Magnuson, M.L., Kelty, C.A., Brown, S.K., 2000. Perchlorate uptake by salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) in the Las Vegas Wash riparian ecosystem. Science Total Environmental 256: 227-232.
  • Smith, P. N., Yu, L., McMurry, T., Anderson, T. A., 2004. Perchlorate in water, soil, vegetation, and rodents collected from the Las Vegas Wash Nevada, USA. Environmental Pollution 132: 121- 127.
  • Ellington, J.J., Wolfe, N.L., Garrison, A.W., Evans, J.J., Avants, J.K., Teng Q., 2001. Analysis of perchlorate in tobacco plants and tobacco products. Environmental Science and Technology 35: 3213- 3218.
  • Cataldo, D.A., Garland, T.A., Wildung, R.E., 1986. Plant root absorption and metabolic fate of technetium in plants. in technetium in the environment; Desmet, G., Myttenaere, C., Eds.; Elsevier: London.
  • Jackson, W.A., Joseph, P., Laxman, P., Tan K., Smith, P.N., Yu, L., Anderson, T.A., 2005. Perchlorate accumulation in forage and edible vegetation. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 53: 369-373.
  • Sanchez, C.A., Crump, K.S., Krieger, R.I., Khandaker, N.R., Gibbs, J.P., 2005. Perchlorate and nitrate in leafy vegetables of North America. Environmental Science and Technology 39(24): 9391-9397.
  • Gindberg, G.L., Hattis, D.B., Zoeller, T.R., Rice, D.C., 2007. Evaluation of the U.S. EPA/OSWER preliminary remediation goal for perchlorate in groundwater: focus on exposure to nursing infants. Environmental Health Perspectives 115: 361–369.
  • Rice, C.P., Baldwin, V.I.R., Abbott, L.C., Hapeman, C.J., Capuco, A.V., Le, A., Bialek-Kalinsk, K., Bannerman, D. D., Hare W., Paape, M.J., 2007. Predicting perchlorate exposure in milk from concentration in dairy feed. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55: 8806–8813.
  • Wang, Z., Lau, B.P., Tague, B., Sparling, M., Forsyth, D., 2011. Determination of perchlorate in infant chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 28(6): 799-806. isotope dilution ion
  • Kirk, A.B., Martinelango, K., Dutta, A., Tian, K., Smith, E.E., Dasgupta, P.K., 2005. Perchlorate and iodide in dairy and breast milk. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 2011–2017.
  • Kirk, A.B., Dyke, J.V., Martin, C.F., Dasgupta, P.K., 2007. thiocyanate, and ıodide excretion in human milk. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA. perchlorate
  • Dyke, J.V., Ito, K., Obitsu, T., Hisamatsu, Y., Dasgupta, P.K., Blount, B.C., 2007. Perchlorate in dairy milk, comparison of Japan versus the United States. Environmental Science and Technology 41: 88–92.
  • Her, N., Kim, J., Yoon, Y., 2010. Perchlorate in dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula in South Korea. Chemosphere 81(6): 732-737.
  • Shi, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Shi, J., Cai, Y., Mou, S., Jiang, G., 2007. Perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled water and milk collected from different areas in China. Environment International 33(7): 955-962.
  • Snyder, S.A., Pleus, R.C., Vanderford, B.J., Holady, J.C., 2006. Perchlorate and chlorate in dietary supplements and flavor enhancing ingredients. Analytica Chimica Acta 567(1): 26-32.
  • Lee, J.W., Oh, S.H., Oh, J.E., 2012. Monitoring of perchlorate in diverse foods and its estimated dietary exposure for Korea populations. Journal of Hazardous Materials 243(0): 52-58.
  • Murray, C.W., Egan, S.K., Kim, H., 2008. US Food and Drug Administration's total diet study: dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine. Journal Expo Science Environmental http://www.nature.com/jes. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.750064.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Collection
Yazarlar

Ayşe Kevser Bilgin Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Fatih Cengiz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bilgin, A. K., & Cengiz, M. F. (2013). İçme Suları ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu. Akademik Gıda, 11(1), 69-75.
AMA Bilgin AK, Cengiz MF. İçme Suları ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu. Akademik Gıda. Mart 2013;11(1):69-75.
Chicago Bilgin, Ayşe Kevser, ve Mehmet Fatih Cengiz. “İçme Suları Ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu”. Akademik Gıda 11, sy. 1 (Mart 2013): 69-75.
EndNote Bilgin AK, Cengiz MF (01 Mart 2013) İçme Suları ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu. Akademik Gıda 11 1 69–75.
IEEE A. K. Bilgin ve M. F. Cengiz, “İçme Suları ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu”, Akademik Gıda, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 69–75, 2013.
ISNAD Bilgin, Ayşe Kevser - Cengiz, Mehmet Fatih. “İçme Suları Ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu”. Akademik Gıda 11/1 (Mart 2013), 69-75.
JAMA Bilgin AK, Cengiz MF. İçme Suları ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu. Akademik Gıda. 2013;11:69–75.
MLA Bilgin, Ayşe Kevser ve Mehmet Fatih Cengiz. “İçme Suları Ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu”. Akademik Gıda, c. 11, sy. 1, 2013, ss. 69-75.
Vancouver Bilgin AK, Cengiz MF. İçme Suları ve Gıdalarda Perklorat Kontaminasyonu. Akademik Gıda. 2013;11(1):69-75.

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