The current study examined the
relationships among motivational factors (i.e., motivation types and motivational
strength, and language anxiety) in the simultaneous learning process of
additional languages. A mixed-methods design was conducted with 86 multilingual learners learning both
English and Turkish. The data were collected using a survey and follow-up open-ended
questions about the motivational factors. There were three major findings of the study. First, the motivational factors in one language were positively correlated with the same factors in another. Second, although the learners'
motivation (i.e., intrinsic, extrinsic and integrative) and motivational
strength to continue their education showed no differences in both
languages, their L2 anxiety towards learning additional languages was statistically
different, in that learners were less anxious when learning English language than learning Turkish language. Third, multilingual learners'
interest in learning other languages and willingness to integrate in the target
language culture, the status quo of the target language in the global world and
the level of unfamiliarity of the target language seem to play a role in the learners' beliefs of motivation,
feeling in learning additional languages and intention to study languages. Overall,
the study highlighted the role of multilingualism in learning English and Turkish.
It also shed light on understanding L2 affective factors learning distinct L2s.
Balaman Uçar, S. (2009). The preferences of Turkish university EFL students for instructional activities in relation to their motivation. (Unpublished master's thesis). Bilkent University, Ankara.
BC & TEPAV (2013). Turkey national needs assessment of state school English language teaching. Ankara: Yorum Press and Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1399388356-5.Turkey_National_ Needs_Assessment_of_State_School_English_Language_Teaching.pdf
Boo, Z., Dörnyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). L2 motivation research 2005-2014: Understanding a publication surge and a changing landscape. System, 55, 145-157. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2015.10.006
Budría, S., & Swedberg, P. (2014). The Impact of multilingualism on Spanish language acquisition among immigrants in Spain, (IZA Dp No:8748). Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2544812
Cenoz, J. (2013). Defining multilingualism. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 33, 3-18. Doi: 10.1017/S026719051300007X
Chen, J. F., Warden, C. A., & Chang, H. T. (2005). Motivators that do not motivate: The case of Chinese EFL learners and the influence of culture on motivation. TESOL Quarterly, 39(4), 609-633. Doi: 10.2307/3588524
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Choosing a mixed methods design. In J. W. Creswell & V. L. P. Clark (Eds.), Designing and conducting mixed methods research (pp. 58-88). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Csizér, K., & Lukács, G. (2010). The comparative analysis of motivation, attitudes and selves: The case of English and German in Hungary. System, 38(1), 1–13. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2009.12.001
Cummins, J. (2007). Rethinking monolingual instructional strategies in multilingual classrooms. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 221-240, ERIC Number: EJ829536
De Angelis, G. (2007). Third or additional language acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Dewaele, J. M. (2007). The effect of multilingualism, socio-biographical, and situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(4), 391-409. Doi: 10.1177/13670069070110040301
Dewaele, J. M., & Ip, T. (2013). The link between foreign language classroom anxiety, second language tolerance of ambiguity and self-rated English proficiency among Chinese learners. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 3(1), 47–66.
Dewaele, J. M., Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2008). The effects of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety among adult multilinguals: A review and empirical investigation. Language
Learning, 58(4), 911-960. Doi:10.1111/j.1467–9922.2008.00482.x
Dewaele, J. M., & Wei, L. (2013). Is multilingualism linked to a higher tolerance of ambiguity?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(1), 231-240. Doi: 10.1017/S1366728912000570
Dörnyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning. Language Learning, 40(1), 45-78. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00954.x
Dörnyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second and foreign language learning. Language Teaching, 31(3), 117-135. Doi: 10.1017/S026144480001315X
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dörnyei, Z. (2009). The L2 motivational self system. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 9–42). Bristol, England: Multilingual Matters.
Dörnyei, Z., & Al-Hoorie, A. H. (2017). The motivational foundation of learning languages other than Global English: Theoretical issues and research directions. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 455-468. Doi: 10.1111/modl.12408
Duff, P. A. (2017). Commentary: Motivation for learning languages other than English in an English‐dominant world. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 597-607. Doi: 10.1111/modl.12416
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The roles of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
Gorham, J. & Christophel, D. M. (1992). Students' perceptions of teacher behaviors as motivating and demotivating factors in college classes. Communication Quarterly, 40(3), 239-252. Doi: 10.1080/01463379209369839
Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L. Petska, K. S., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 224-235.
Henry, A. (2010). Contexts of possibility in simultaneous language learning: Using the L2 Motivational Self System to assess the impact of global English. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 31(2), 149-162. Doi: 10.1080/01434630903471439
Henry, A. (2011). Examining the impact of L2 English on L3 selves: A case study. International Journal of Multilingualism, 8(3), 235-255. Doi: 10.1080/01434630903471439
Henry, A. (2017). L2 motivation and multilingual identities. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 548-565. Doi: 10.1111/modl.12412
Hoffmann, C. (2000). The spread of English and the growth of multilingualism with English in Europe. In J. Cenoz & U. Jessner (Eds.), English in Europe: The acquisition of a third language (pp: 1-21). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Horwitz, E. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126. Doi: 0.1017/S0267190501000071
House, J. (2003). English as a lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism?. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(4), 556–578. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00242.x
Jaspaert, K., & Lemmens, G. (1990). Linguistic evaluation of Dutch as a third language. In M. Byram & J. Leman (Eds.), Bicultural and trilingual education: The Foyer model in Brussels (pp: 30–56). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Jessner, U. (2008). Teaching third languages: Findings, trends and challenges. Language Teaching, 41(1), 15–56. Doi: 10.1017/S0261444807004739
Kemp, C. (2007). Strategic processing in grammar learning: Do multilinguals use more strategies?. International Journal of Multilingualism, 4(4), 241-261. Doi: 10.2167/ijm099.0
König, W. (2005). Language production in Turkish–German–English trilinguals. International Journal of Multilingualism, 2(2), 135-148. Doi: 10.1080/14790710508668381
Lai, H.T.Y. (2013). The motivation of learners of English as a foreign language. International Education Studies, 6(10), 90-101. Doi: 10.5539/ies.v6n10p90
Lamb, M. (2004). Integrative motivation in a globalizing world. System, 32(1), 3-19. Doi: 10.1016/system.2003.04.002
Lasagabaster, D. (2013). Attitudes and motivation in bilingual education. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Lasagabaster, D., & Doiz, A. (2015). A longitudinal study on the impact of CLIL on affective factors. Applied Linguistics, 38(5), 688-712. Doi: 10.1093/applin/amv059
Leung, C. (2016). English as an additional language –a genealogy of language-in-education policies and reflections on research trajectories. Language and Education, 30(2), 158-174. Doi: 10.1080/09500782.2015.1103260
Li, Q. (2014). Differences in the motivation of Chinese learners of English in a foreign and second language context. System, 42, 451-461. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2014.01.011
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2016). Designing qualitative research (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
May, S. (2014). Introducing the “multilingual turn.” In S. May (Ed.), The multilingual turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL and bilingual education (pp. 1–6). New York: Routledge.
Noels, K. A. (2001). Learning Spanish as a second language: Learners’ orientations and perceptions of their teachers’ communication style. Language Learning, 51(1), 107–144. Doi: 10.1111/0023-8333.00149
Noels, K. A. (2009). The internalisation of language learning into the self and social identity. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 295–313). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Noels, K. A., Pelletier, L. G., Clément, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2000). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self‐determination theory. Language learning, 50(1), 57-85. Doi: 0.1111/0023-8333.00111
Plonsky, L., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). How big is “big”? Interpreting effect sizes in L2 research. Language Learning, 64(4), 878-912. Doi: 10.1111/lang.12079
Ryan, S. (2006). Language learning motivation within the context of globalisation: An L2 self within an imagined global community. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies: An International Journal, 3(1), 23-45. Doi:10.1207/s15427595cils0301_2
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Sağın-Şimşek, Ç. (2014). Receptive multilingualism in Turkish-Turkmen academic counseling sessions. Applied Linguistics Review, 5(1), 195-210. Doi: 10.1515/applirev-2014-0009
Sakai, H., & Kikuchi, K. (2009). An analysis of demotivators in the EFL classroom. System, 37(1), 57-69. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2008.09.00
Santos, A., Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2015). Communicative anxiety in English as a third language. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1-14. Doi: 10.1080/13670050.2015.1105780
Schmidt, R., Boraie, D., & Kassabgy, O. (1996). Foreign language motivation: Internal structure and external connections. In R. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning motivation: Pathways to the new century (Technical Report #11) (pp. 9–70). Honolulu: University of Hawaii,
Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Schmidt, R., & Watanabe, Y. (2001). Motivation, strategy use, and pedagogical preferences in foreign language learning. In Z. Dörnyei and R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition (pp. 313–359). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Schüppert, A., & Gooskens, C. (2011). Investigating the role of language attitudes for perception abilities using reaction time. Dialectologia: Revista Electrònica, Special Issue II, 119-140.
Skutnabb-Kangas, T., Maffi, L., & Harmon, D. (2003). Sharing a world of difference: the earth's linguistic, cultural and biological diversity. UNESCO.
Sugita-McEown, M., Noels, K. A., & Saumure, K. D. (2014). Students' self-determined and integrative orientations and teachers' motivational support in a Japanese as a foreign language context. System, 45, 227-241. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2014.06.001
Swain, M. (2000). French immersion research in Canada: Recent contributions to SLA and applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 199-212. Doi: 10.1017/S0267190500200123
Ortega, L. (2013). SLA for the 21st century: Disciplinary progress, transdisciplinary relevance, and the bi/multilingual turn. Language Learning, 63(1), 1-24. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00735.x
Thompson, A. (2009). The multilingual/bilingual dichotomy: An exploration of individual differences. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Michigan State University, USA.
Thompson, A. (2013). The interface of language aptitude and multilingualism: Reconsidering the bilingual/multilingual dichotomy. The Modern Language Journal, 97(3), 685–701. Doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.12034.x
Thompson, A. S., & Aslan, E. (2015). Multilingualism, perceived positive language interaction (PPLI), and learner beliefs: What do Turkish students believe?, International Journal of Multilingualism, 12(3), 259-275. Doi: 10.1080/14790718.2014.973413
Thompson, A. S., & Erdil-Moody, Z. (2016). Operationalizing multilingualism: language learning motivation in Turkey. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 19(3), 314-331. Doi: 10.1080/13670050.2014.985631
Thompson, A. S., & Khawaja, A. J. (2016). Foreign language anxiety in Turkey: The role of multilingualism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(2), 115-130. Doi: 10.1080/01434632.2015.1031136
Thompson, A. S., & Lee, J. (2013). Anxiety and EFL: Does multilingualism matter?. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 16(6), 730-749. Doi:10.1080/13670050.2012.713322
Thompson, A. S., & Lee, J. (2016). The motivational factors questionnaire in the Korean EFL context: Predicting group membership according to English proficiency and multilingual status. The Language Learning Journal, 1-23. Doi:10.1080/09571736.2015.1130082
Ushioda, E. (2009). A person-in-context relational view of emergent motivation, self and identity. In Z. Dörnyei and E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 215–228). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Ushioda, E., & Dörnyei, Z. (2012). Motivation. In S. Gass, & A. Mackey (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 396-409). New York: Routledge.
Ushioda, E., & Dörnyei, Z. (2017). Beyond global English: Motivation to learn languages in a multicultural world: Introduction to the special issue. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 451-454. Doi: 10.1111/modl.12409
van Compernolle, R. A. (2016). Are multilingualism, tolerance of ambiguity, and attitudes toward linguistic variation related? International Journal of Multilingualism, 13(1), 61-73. Doi: 10.1080/14790718.2015.1071821
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Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. Modern Language Journal, 86(1), 54–66. Doi: 10.1111/1540-4781.00136
Yashima, T. (2009). International posture and the Ideal L2 self in the Japanese EFL context. In Z. Dörnyei, & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 144-163). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Yashima, T., Zenuk-Nishide, L., & Shimizu, K. (2004). The influence of attitudes and affect on willingness to communicate and second language communication. Language Learning, 54(1), 119-152. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00250.x
Balaman Uçar, S. (2009). The preferences of Turkish university EFL students for instructional activities in relation to their motivation. (Unpublished master's thesis). Bilkent University, Ankara.
BC & TEPAV (2013). Turkey national needs assessment of state school English language teaching. Ankara: Yorum Press and Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1399388356-5.Turkey_National_ Needs_Assessment_of_State_School_English_Language_Teaching.pdf
Boo, Z., Dörnyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). L2 motivation research 2005-2014: Understanding a publication surge and a changing landscape. System, 55, 145-157. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2015.10.006
Budría, S., & Swedberg, P. (2014). The Impact of multilingualism on Spanish language acquisition among immigrants in Spain, (IZA Dp No:8748). Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2544812
Cenoz, J. (2013). Defining multilingualism. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 33, 3-18. Doi: 10.1017/S026719051300007X
Chen, J. F., Warden, C. A., & Chang, H. T. (2005). Motivators that do not motivate: The case of Chinese EFL learners and the influence of culture on motivation. TESOL Quarterly, 39(4), 609-633. Doi: 10.2307/3588524
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Choosing a mixed methods design. In J. W. Creswell & V. L. P. Clark (Eds.), Designing and conducting mixed methods research (pp. 58-88). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Csizér, K., & Lukács, G. (2010). The comparative analysis of motivation, attitudes and selves: The case of English and German in Hungary. System, 38(1), 1–13. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2009.12.001
Cummins, J. (2007). Rethinking monolingual instructional strategies in multilingual classrooms. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 221-240, ERIC Number: EJ829536
De Angelis, G. (2007). Third or additional language acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Dewaele, J. M. (2007). The effect of multilingualism, socio-biographical, and situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(4), 391-409. Doi: 10.1177/13670069070110040301
Dewaele, J. M., & Ip, T. (2013). The link between foreign language classroom anxiety, second language tolerance of ambiguity and self-rated English proficiency among Chinese learners. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 3(1), 47–66.
Dewaele, J. M., Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2008). The effects of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety among adult multilinguals: A review and empirical investigation. Language
Learning, 58(4), 911-960. Doi:10.1111/j.1467–9922.2008.00482.x
Dewaele, J. M., & Wei, L. (2013). Is multilingualism linked to a higher tolerance of ambiguity?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(1), 231-240. Doi: 10.1017/S1366728912000570
Dörnyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning. Language Learning, 40(1), 45-78. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00954.x
Dörnyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second and foreign language learning. Language Teaching, 31(3), 117-135. Doi: 10.1017/S026144480001315X
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dörnyei, Z. (2009). The L2 motivational self system. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 9–42). Bristol, England: Multilingual Matters.
Dörnyei, Z., & Al-Hoorie, A. H. (2017). The motivational foundation of learning languages other than Global English: Theoretical issues and research directions. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 455-468. Doi: 10.1111/modl.12408
Duff, P. A. (2017). Commentary: Motivation for learning languages other than English in an English‐dominant world. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 597-607. Doi: 10.1111/modl.12416
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The roles of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
Gorham, J. & Christophel, D. M. (1992). Students' perceptions of teacher behaviors as motivating and demotivating factors in college classes. Communication Quarterly, 40(3), 239-252. Doi: 10.1080/01463379209369839
Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L. Petska, K. S., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 224-235.
Henry, A. (2010). Contexts of possibility in simultaneous language learning: Using the L2 Motivational Self System to assess the impact of global English. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 31(2), 149-162. Doi: 10.1080/01434630903471439
Henry, A. (2011). Examining the impact of L2 English on L3 selves: A case study. International Journal of Multilingualism, 8(3), 235-255. Doi: 10.1080/01434630903471439
Henry, A. (2017). L2 motivation and multilingual identities. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 548-565. Doi: 10.1111/modl.12412
Hoffmann, C. (2000). The spread of English and the growth of multilingualism with English in Europe. In J. Cenoz & U. Jessner (Eds.), English in Europe: The acquisition of a third language (pp: 1-21). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Horwitz, E. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126. Doi: 0.1017/S0267190501000071
House, J. (2003). English as a lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism?. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(4), 556–578. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00242.x
Jaspaert, K., & Lemmens, G. (1990). Linguistic evaluation of Dutch as a third language. In M. Byram & J. Leman (Eds.), Bicultural and trilingual education: The Foyer model in Brussels (pp: 30–56). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Jessner, U. (2008). Teaching third languages: Findings, trends and challenges. Language Teaching, 41(1), 15–56. Doi: 10.1017/S0261444807004739
Kemp, C. (2007). Strategic processing in grammar learning: Do multilinguals use more strategies?. International Journal of Multilingualism, 4(4), 241-261. Doi: 10.2167/ijm099.0
König, W. (2005). Language production in Turkish–German–English trilinguals. International Journal of Multilingualism, 2(2), 135-148. Doi: 10.1080/14790710508668381
Lai, H.T.Y. (2013). The motivation of learners of English as a foreign language. International Education Studies, 6(10), 90-101. Doi: 10.5539/ies.v6n10p90
Lamb, M. (2004). Integrative motivation in a globalizing world. System, 32(1), 3-19. Doi: 10.1016/system.2003.04.002
Lasagabaster, D. (2013). Attitudes and motivation in bilingual education. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Lasagabaster, D., & Doiz, A. (2015). A longitudinal study on the impact of CLIL on affective factors. Applied Linguistics, 38(5), 688-712. Doi: 10.1093/applin/amv059
Leung, C. (2016). English as an additional language –a genealogy of language-in-education policies and reflections on research trajectories. Language and Education, 30(2), 158-174. Doi: 10.1080/09500782.2015.1103260
Li, Q. (2014). Differences in the motivation of Chinese learners of English in a foreign and second language context. System, 42, 451-461. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2014.01.011
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2016). Designing qualitative research (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
May, S. (2014). Introducing the “multilingual turn.” In S. May (Ed.), The multilingual turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL and bilingual education (pp. 1–6). New York: Routledge.
Noels, K. A. (2001). Learning Spanish as a second language: Learners’ orientations and perceptions of their teachers’ communication style. Language Learning, 51(1), 107–144. Doi: 10.1111/0023-8333.00149
Noels, K. A. (2009). The internalisation of language learning into the self and social identity. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 295–313). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Noels, K. A., Pelletier, L. G., Clément, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (2000). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self‐determination theory. Language learning, 50(1), 57-85. Doi: 0.1111/0023-8333.00111
Plonsky, L., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). How big is “big”? Interpreting effect sizes in L2 research. Language Learning, 64(4), 878-912. Doi: 10.1111/lang.12079
Ryan, S. (2006). Language learning motivation within the context of globalisation: An L2 self within an imagined global community. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies: An International Journal, 3(1), 23-45. Doi:10.1207/s15427595cils0301_2
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Sağın-Şimşek, Ç. (2014). Receptive multilingualism in Turkish-Turkmen academic counseling sessions. Applied Linguistics Review, 5(1), 195-210. Doi: 10.1515/applirev-2014-0009
Sakai, H., & Kikuchi, K. (2009). An analysis of demotivators in the EFL classroom. System, 37(1), 57-69. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2008.09.00
Santos, A., Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2015). Communicative anxiety in English as a third language. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1-14. Doi: 10.1080/13670050.2015.1105780
Schmidt, R., Boraie, D., & Kassabgy, O. (1996). Foreign language motivation: Internal structure and external connections. In R. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning motivation: Pathways to the new century (Technical Report #11) (pp. 9–70). Honolulu: University of Hawaii,
Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Schmidt, R., & Watanabe, Y. (2001). Motivation, strategy use, and pedagogical preferences in foreign language learning. In Z. Dörnyei and R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition (pp. 313–359). Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Schüppert, A., & Gooskens, C. (2011). Investigating the role of language attitudes for perception abilities using reaction time. Dialectologia: Revista Electrònica, Special Issue II, 119-140.
Skutnabb-Kangas, T., Maffi, L., & Harmon, D. (2003). Sharing a world of difference: the earth's linguistic, cultural and biological diversity. UNESCO.
Sugita-McEown, M., Noels, K. A., & Saumure, K. D. (2014). Students' self-determined and integrative orientations and teachers' motivational support in a Japanese as a foreign language context. System, 45, 227-241. Doi: 10.1016/j.system.2014.06.001
Swain, M. (2000). French immersion research in Canada: Recent contributions to SLA and applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 199-212. Doi: 10.1017/S0267190500200123
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