Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri

Çağrı Kandemir; Turğay Taşkın; Nedim Koşum; Cemal Ün

doi:10.29185/hayuretim.511108

EN TR

Importance of Flea Infestations and Ways of Strunggle in Small Ruminant Husbandry

Öz

In this review article, The morphology and biology of the pine, which is an important external parasite, as well as its importance and control methods in small animal husbandry, were given. The basis of this study is; scientific research articles, reviews, and presentations on fleas. Fleas fed by blood sucking from birds and mammals are about 1.5-4 mm long, wingless small arthropods. Fleas, which have a history of nearly 60 million years and even in prehistoric mammals, have been seen common parasites even in birds living in many parts of the world. Until now, about 2700 species and subspecies have been identified. 94% of the known flea species were found in mammals, and the remaining 6% were found in birds. The adult fleas live up to 1 year. The average leap distance in fleas also varies depending on the species and reaches the highest value in poultry fleas (Ceratophyllus styx). The basis of jumping behavior is a membranous structure with a rubber-like protein (resilin) at the hind legs of the fleas. Fleas, allergic eczema and anemia due to some skin diseases caused by bites of fleas, are quite uncomfortable conditions for both the owner and the animals. Female fleas have the ability to absorb 13.6 μl (0.0136 ml) of blood per day. This amount corresponds to about 15 times the fleas live weight. Fleas also have the ability to carry some zoonotic diseases. These external parasites also played an important role in the spread of plague disease (Black Death) in history. As a result, effective strunggle with adult flea populations in small ruminant husbandry should be done at the right time and with the right methods. For this purpose, the most effective approach in the struggle against fleas, together with the use of more than one method of Integrated Strunggle Methods and this method should be provided by experts in the enterprises.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Flea,sheep-goatfarms,flea-borne diseases,strunggle methods

Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri

Öz

Önemli bir dış parazit olan pirenin morfolojisi ve biyolojisinin yanı sıra küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğindeki önemi ve mücadele yöntemleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Pire konusunda yapılmış araştırma makaleleri, derleme ve bildiriler çalışmanın esasını oluşturmaktadır. Kuş ve memelilerden kan emerek beslenen pireler, yaklaşık 1.5-4 mm uzunluğunda, kanatsız küçük eklembacaklılardandır. Yaklaşık 60 milyon yıllık bir geçmişi olan ve tarih öncesi memelilerde bile bulunan pireler, dünyanın birçok bölgesinde yaşayan kuşlarda bile görülmüştür. Günümüze kadar yaklaşık 2700 pire türü ve alt türü tanımlanmıştır. Bilinen pire türlerinin % 94'ü memelilerde, geriye kalanın % 6'sı da kuşlarda bulunmaktadır. Erginleri 1 yıl kadar yaşar. Pirelerde ortalama sıçrama mesafesi, türlere bağlı olarak da değişim gösterip kanatlı pirelerinde (Ceratophyllus styx) en yüksek değere ulaşmaktadır. Sıçrama davranışının esasını, pirelerin arka ayaklarında olup lastik benzeri bir protein (resilin) yapılmış olan zarımsı bir yapı oluşturmaktadır. Pireler, alerjik egzama ve kansızlık gibi ısırmadan kaynaklanan bazı deri hastalıklarından dolayı gerek işletme sahibini gerekse hayvanları oldukça rahatsız eder. C. Felis felis bulunan dişi pirelerin, günde 13.6 μl (0.0136 ml) kan emebilme özelliği vardır. Bu miktar, pire canlı ağırlığının yaklaşık 15 katıkadardır. Pireler, bazı zoonoz hastalıkları taşıma özelliğine de sahiptirler. Bu dış parazitler, tarihte de veba hastalığının (Kara Ölüm) yayılmasında önemli bir rol oynamışlardır. Sonuç olarak özellikle küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde ergin pirelerle etkin bir mücadele doğru zamanda ve doğru yöntemlerle yapılmalıdır. Bu amaçla pire mücadelesinde en etkili yaklaşım, birden fazla yöntemin birlikte kullanımı olan “Entegre Mücadele Yöntemi” olup bu yöntemin uzman kişiler tarafından işletmelerde mutlaka uygulanması sağlanmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

koyun-keçi işletmeleri,pireyle taşınan hastalıklar,mücadele yöntemleri,Pire,mücadele yöntemleri

Kaynakça

Adjemian J., Parks S., McElroy K., Campbell J., Eremeeva M.E., Nicholson W.L., McQuiston J., Jeffery J. 2008. Murine typhus in Austin, Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis, 16, 412-417.
Araujo F.R., Silva M.P., Lopes A.A., Ribeiro O.C., Pires P.P., Carvalho C.M., Balbuena C.B., Villas A.A., Ramos J.K. 1998. Severe cat flea infestation of dairy calves in Brazil. Vet Parasitol, 80, 83-86.
Azarm, A., Dalimi, A., Mohebali, M., Mohammadiha, A., Zarei, Z. 2016. Morphological and molecular characterization of Ctenocephalides spp isolated from dogs in north of Iran. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 4(4): 713-717.
Bennet-Clark HC, Lucey EC. 1967. The jump of the flea: a study of the energetics and a model of the mechanism. J Exp Biol. Aug;47(1):59-67.
Berlinguer, G. 1964. Aphaniptera d'Italia: studio monografico. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore, Roma, 3 18.
Berriatua, E., French, N.P., Wall, R., Morgan, K.L. 1999. Within-flock transmission of sheep scab in naive sheep housed with single infested sheep. Veterinary Parasitology. 83(3-4):277-289.
Bitam L., Dittmar K., Parola P., Whiting M.F., Raoult D. 2010. Fleas and flea-borne diseases international. J Infect Dis, 14, e667-e676.
Blagburn B.L., Dryden M.W. 2009. Biology, treatment and control of flea and tick infestations. Vet Clin N Am, 39 (6), 1173-1200.
Brianti E., Gaglio G., Napoli E., Giannetto S., Dantas-Torres F., Bain O. & Otranto D. 2012 New insights into the ecology and biology of Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Grassi, 1889) causing canine subcutaneous filariosis. Parasitol, 6, 530-536.
Burgu, A., Tınar R, Doğanay A, Toparlak M, 1985. Ankara’da Sokak Kedilerinin Ekto ve Endo Parazitleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. A. Ü. Vet Fak Derg, 32(2): 288-300.

Cadiergues MC, Caubet C, Franc M, 2001. Comparison of the Activity of Selamectin, Imidacloprid and Fipronil for The Treatment of Dogs Infested Experimentally With Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis felis. Vet Rec, 149(23): 704-706.
Chesney C.J. 1995. Species of flea found on cats and dogs in south west England: further evidence of their polyxenous state and implications for flea control. Vet Rec, 136, 356-358.
Christodoulopoulos, G, Theodoropoulos, G. 2003. Infestation of dairy goats with the human flea, Pulex irritans, in central Greece. Vet Rec 152:371–372.
Cruz-Vazquez C., Gamez E.C., Fernandez M.P., Parra M.R. 2001. Seasonal occurrence of Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) infected dogs and cats in urban area Cuernavaca Mexico. J Med Entomol, 38, 111-11.
Dantas-Torres F., Otranto D. 2014. Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box. Parasites & Vectors, 14, 7-22.
Dean SR, Meola RW, Meola SM, Sittertz-Bhatkar H, Schenker R. 1998. Mode of action of lufenuron on larval cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol. 35:720–724.
Dipeolu, O.O. 1975. Survey of blood parasite in domestic animals in northern Nigeria. Historical review (1923 – 1966). Trop Anim Hlth Prod 2: 49 – 52, 1975. 7.
Dobler, G, Pfeffer M. 2011. Fleas as parasites of the family canidae. Parasit Vectors. 4: 139. 2.
Dryden M.W., Gaafar, S. 1991. Blood consumption by the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol, 28 (3), 394-400.
Dryden M.W., Rust, M.K. 1994. The cat flea: biology, ecology and control. Vet Parasitol, 52, 1-19.
Dryden M.W. 1989. Host association on-host longevity and egg production of Ctenocephalides felis felis. Vet Parasitol, 34, 117-122.
Dryden MW, Broce AB, Moore WE 1993. Severe flea infestation of dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1448–1452.
Durden L.A., Judy T.N., Martin J.E., Spedding L.S. 2005. Fleas parasitizing domestic dogs in Georgia, USA: species composition and seasonal abundance. Vet Parasitol, 130, 157-162.
Durden LA, Hinkle NC. 2009. Fleas (Siphonaptera). In: Mullen GR, Durden LA. Medical and veterinary entomology. 2nd ed. San Diego, USA: Academic Press; 115-136.
Eckert J., Rommel M, Kutzer E. 2000. Erreger von Parasitosen: Systematik, Taxonomie und allgemeine Merkmale. In: Rommel M, Eckert J, Kutzer E, Korting W, Schnieder T (eds) Veterinarmedizinische Parasitologie, 5th Edn. Parey Verlag, Berlin, pp 2-39.
Eisele, M., Heukelbach, J., Van Marck, E., Mehlhorn, H., Meckes, O., Franck, S., and Feldmeier, H. 2003. Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil: I. Natural history of tungiasis in man. Parasitology Research, 90(2), 87–99. doi:10.1007/s00436-002-0817-y.
Elbel, R.E. 1991. Order Siphonaptera. In: Immature insects, Vol. 2 (F. W. Stehr, ed.). pp. 674-689.
El-Gazzar L.M., Milio J., Koehler P.G. & Patterson R.S. 1986. Insecticide resistance in the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Econ Entomol, 79, 132-134.
Ertuğrul, M., Savaş, T., Dellal, G., Taşkın, T., Koyuncu, M., Cengiz, F., Dağ, B., Koncagül, S., Pehlivan, E. 2010. Türkiye Küçükbaş Hayvancılığının İyileştirilmesi. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler, 11-15 Ocak s: 667-685, Ankara.
ESCCAP, 2018. Control of Ectoparasites 3 in Dogs and Cats. ESCCAP Guideline 03 Sixth Edition – March, United Kingdom.
Ethiopian Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program (ESGPIP) 2010. Control of external parasite of sheep and goat. Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP). Tech. bull. 41:2-11.
Fagbemi, B.O. 1982. Effect of Ctenocephalides felis and Strongylus infestation on the performance of West African Dwarf goats and sheep. Vet Qtly 4: 92 – 95, 1982.
Farhang-Azad, A., 1970. The flea fauna of Iran. IX. Distribution and hosts. Bull Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales., 63: 107-26. PMID: 5468315.
Farhang-Azad, A. and V.N.F. Parasitol, 1973. The flea fauna of the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus Licht.) in Iran. Folia Parasitol., 20: 343-351. PMID: 4273103.
Feldmeier H., Keysers A. 2013. Tungiasis - A Janus-faced parasitic skin disease. Travel Med Infect Dis, 11 (6), 357-365.
Feldmeier H., Witt L., Schwalfenberg S., Linardi P.M., Ribeiro R.A., Capaz R.A., Van Marck E., Meckes O., Mehlhorn H., Mencke N. & Heukelbach J. 2007. Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil. VI. Natural history of the infestation in laboratory-raised Wistar rats. Parasitol Res, 102 (1), 1-13.
Franc M., Bouhsira E., Beugnet F. 2013. Direct transmission of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) between cats exhibiting social behaviour. Parasite, 20, 49.
Garcia M.J., Calvette C., Estrada R., Castillo J.A., Perbanez M.A. Lucientes J. 2007. Fleas parasitizing domestic dogs in Spain. Vet Parasitol, 151, 312-319.
Gil H., Escudero R., Pons I., Rodríguez-Vargas M., García-Esteban C., Rodríguez-Moreno I., García-Amil C., Lobo B., Valcárcel F., Pérez A., Jiménez S., Jado I., Juste R., Segura F. & Anda P. 2013. Distribution of Bartonella henselae variants in patients, reservoir hosts and vectors in Spain. PLoS One, 8 (7), e68248.
Gillespie J.J., Ammerman N.C., Beier-Sexton M., Sobral B.S. & Azad A.F. 2009 Louse- and flea-borne rickettsioses: biological and genomic analyses. Vet Res, 40, 12. 10. 1051/vetres:2008050.
Goater, T.M., C. P. Goater and G. W. Esch., 2013. Parasitism: The Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press., Cambridge, U.K., 497 p.
Gross, T.L., P.J. Ihrke, E.J. Walder and V.K. Affolter, 2005. Skin Disease of the Dog and the Cat: Clinical and Histopathologic Diagnosis. Blackwell Publishing Company, UK, pp: 11-555.
Gubler D.J. 2009 Vector-borne diseases. Rev Sci Tech, 28, 583-588. Guiguen C. & Beaucournu J.C. 1979. Présence de Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera) au Burundi, region à risque pesteux. Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 72, 481-486.
Halos, L, Beugnet F, Cardoso L, Farkas R, Franc M, Guillot J, Pfister K, Wall R 2014. Flea control failure? Myths and realities. Trends Parasitol 30:228–233.
Hastriter, M.W., Bossard, R.L. 2018. Lewis flea (Siphonaptera) world species List. (spreadsheet). Available from: http://esanetworks.org/group/fleanews/page/flea-species-of-the-world-spreadsheet-updated-3-february-2018 (accessed 14 March 2018).
Hinkle NC, PG Koehler, WH Kern. 1991. Hematophagous strategies of the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Fla. Entomol. 74: 377-385.
Horta M.C., Labruna M.B., Pinter A., Linardi P.M. & Schumaker T.T. 2007. Rickettsia infection in five areas of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 102 (7), 793-780.
https://www.canr.msu.edu/ipm/uploads/files/Fleas.pdf. Erişim: 27.12.2018.
http://files.dvm360.com/alfresco_images/DVM360//2013/10/26/bca92d35-689c-4bc2-b3ab-88c64f244e67/article-816635.pdf. Erişim: 24.12.2018.
https://tr.petbucket.com/blog/55307/flea-allergy-dermatitis-a-raw-deal.html
Kaal, JF, Baker K, Torgerson PR 2006. Epidemiology of flea infestation in ruminants in Libya. Vet Parasitol 141:313–318.
Keskin A., Hastriter M.W., Beaucournu J.C. 2018. Fleas (Siphonaptera) of Turkey: species composition, geographical distribution and host associations. Zootaxa. 4420 (2):211-228.
Khayatnouri, M.H., Garedaghi, Y. 2012. Efficacy of Ivermectin Pour-on Administration Against Natural Ancylostoma caninum Infestation in Native Dogs of East-Azerbaijan Province, Iran Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 11(4):526-530.
Kilonzo, BS, Khama LRS 1989. The effects of goats’ (Capra hircus) age and sex on flea infestation in Tanzania. Bulletin Anim Health Prod Afr 37:61–66.
Kluge, N.J. 2002. The Homology of Mouthparts in Fleas (Insecta, Aphaniptera). Entomological Review. 82(8): 808-816.
Krämer F., Mencke N. 2001. Flea biology and control. The biology of the cat flea, control and prevention with imidaclopid. Comparison with small animals. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
Krasnov B.R., 2008. Functional and Evolutionary Ecology of Fleas, a Model for Ecological Parasitology. Cambridge University Press, New York. 593 pp.
Kumar K, Jamil-Ur-Rahman S, Sharma SK, Gill KS, Katyal R, Kaur R, Thomas TG, Barna K, 1997. Entomological and Rodent Survellance in Plague Suspected Areas During September 1994 and there after. Jpn. J Med Sci Biol, 50(3): 97- 111.
Kusiluka, L.J.M., D.M. Kambarage, R.W. Mathewman, C.J. Daborn and L.J.S. Harrison, 1995. Prevalence of ectoparasites of goats in Tanzania. J. Appl. Res., 7: 69-74. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.1995.9706052
Kusiluka, L., Kambarage, D. 1996. Diseases of Small Ruminants: “Common of Sheep and Goats in Sub-Saharan Africa” A Handbook. Scotland.
Lawrence AL, Brown GK, Peters B, Spielman DS, Morin-adeline V, Slapeta J. 2014. High phylogenetic diversity of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) at two mitochondrial DNA markers. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 28:330-336.
Lehman, J.1993. Ectoparasite: Direct impact on host fitness. Vet. Parasitol. 9 (1): 8-12.
Lemke LA, Koehler PG, Patterson RS, 1989. Susceptibility of the Cat Flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to Pyrethroids. J Econ Entomol, 82(3): 839-841.
Lewis, R.E. 1993. Notes on the geographical distribution and host preferences in the order Siphonaptera. Part 8. New taxa described between 1984 and 1990, with a current classification of the order. Entomol Soc Am, 30, 239-256.
Linardi, P.M., Krasnov B.R. 2013. Patterns of diversity and abundance of fleas and mites in the Neotropics: host-related, parasite-related and environment-related factors. Med Vet Entomol, 27 (1), 49-58.
Loftis, AD, Reeves WK, Szumlas DE, Abbassy MM, Helmy IM, Moriarity JR, Dasch GA. 2006. Surveillance of Egyptian fleas for agents of public health significance: Anaplasma, Bartonella, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Yersinia pestis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75: 41-48.
Manfredini, L. 2005. Insetti e acari di importanza veterinaria e medica. Mazzantini, Venezia. Marrugal A., Callejón R., Rojas M.A. & Cutillas C. 2013. Morphological, biometrical, and molecular characterization of Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis isolated from dogs from different geographical regions. Parasitol Res, 112 (6), 2289-2298.
McCrindle, CM, Green ED, Bryson NR, 1999. A Primary Animal Health Care Approach and Control of Flea (Ctenocephalides felis) Infestation in Indigenous Goats Kept on Communal Grazing. J S. Afr Vet Assoc, 70(1): 21-24.
Medvedev, S.G. 1998. Classification of fleas (Order Siphonaptera) and its theoretical foundations. Entomol Rev, 78, 1080-1093.
Metzeger ME, Rust MK, Reierson DA, 1996. Activity of Insecticides Applied to Turfgrass to Control Adult Cat Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Econ Entomol, 89(4): 935-93.
Miller JE, Baker NF, Colburn EL Jr, 1977. Insecticidal Activity of Propoxur- and Carbaryl-Impregnated Flea Collars Against Ctenocephalides felis. Am J Vet Res, 38(7): 923-925.
Mimioğlu, MM, 1973. Veteriner ve Tıbbi Artropodoloji. A. Ü. Vet. Fak.Yay., AÜ Basımevi, Ankara. P. 161-177.
Nelson, W.A.,Keirans, J.E., Bell, J.F., Clifford, C.M., 1975. Review Article:Host-Ectoparasite Relationships. Journal of Medical Entomology, 12(2): 143–166.
Osbrink, W.L.A., M. K. Rust. 1984. Fecundity and longevity of the adult cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 21(6): 727-732.
Otake O, Maehara K, Imai S 1997. Massive infestation of fleas in dairy rearing calves. J Japan Vet Med Assoc 50:92–94.
Pennisi, M.G., Marsilio F., Hartmann K., Lloret A., Addie D., Belák C.S., Egberink H., Frymus T., Gruffydd-Jones T., Hosie M.J., Lutz H., Möstl K., Radford A.D., Thiry E., Truyen U. & Horzinek M.C. 2013. Bartonella species infection in cats ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surgery, 15 (7), 563-569.
Rahbari, S., Nabian, S., Nourolahi, F. 2008. Flea infestation in farm animals and its health implication. S.Iranian J. Parasitol., 3: 43-47. PMID: 284755614.
Reif, K.E. , Macaluso K.R. 2009. Ecology of Rickettsia felis: a review. J Med Entomol, 46 (4), 723-736.
Rinaldi, L., Spera G., Musella V., Carbone S., Veneziano V., Iori A. & Cringoli G.A. 2007. Survey of fleas on dogs in southern Italy. Vet Parasitol, 148, 375-378.
Rothschild, M. 1975. Recent advances in our knowledge of the order Siphonaptera. Annual Rev Entomol, 20, 241-259. Rust M.K. 2005. Advances in the control of Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) on cats and dogs. Trends Parasitol, 21, 232-236.
Rothschild, M., Ford, R. 1972. Breeding cycle of the flea Cediopsylla simplex is controlled by breeding cycle of host. Science, 178, 625—626.
Rothschild, M., Schlein, Y., Parker, K., Neville, C., Sternberg, S. 1973. The flying leap of the flea. Sci. Am. 146, 92-98.
Rust, M., Dryden, M. 1997. The biology, ecology, and management of the cat flea. Annual Review of Entomology Vol. 42:451-473.
Scheidt V.J. 1988. Flea allergy dermatitis. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract, 18, 1023.
Sertse T, Wessone, A. 2007. A study on ectoparasite of sheep and goat in Eastern part of Amhara regions, North East Ethiopia. Small Rumin. Res. 69:62-67.
Shaw S.E., Kenny M.J., Tasker S., Birtles R.J. 2004. Pathogen carriage by the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche´) in the United Kingdom. Vet Microbiol, 8, 183-188.
Shiferaw, S. 2018. An Overview of Ectoparasites on Domestic Animals in Ethiopia. J Veter Sci Med January 2018 Volume 6 Issue 1.
Silaghi, C., Knaus M., Rapti D., Shukullari E., Pfister K., Rehbein S. 2012. Rickettsia felis and Bartonella spp. in fleas from cats in Albania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 12 (1), 76-77.
Silverman, J., Rust M.K. 1985. Extended longevity of the pre-emerged adult cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) and factors stimulating emergence from the pupal cocoon. Ann Entomol Soc Am, 78, 763-768.
Silverman, J, Rust MK, Reierson, DA 1981b. Influence of temperature and humidity on survival and development on the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol 18:78-83.
Soulsby, E.J.L. 1982. Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. 7th ed, London, Bailliere & Tindall. Sréter T., Szell Z., Varga I. 2003. Ectoparasite infestations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Hungary. Vet Parasitol, 115, 349-354.
Steinbrink, H. 1989. Flea Infestation Establishment in the East German District of Rastock. Angew Parasitol, 30(1): 47-50.
Traversa, D. 2013. Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 59.
Traub, R., 1985. Co-evolution of Fleas 0and Mammals. In: Co-Evolution of Parasitic. Kim, K.C. (Ed.). Arthropods and mammals. Wily, New York, pp: 93-98. DOI: 47125943.
Ugochukwu, EI, Apeh AO, 1985. Prevalence of Ectoparasites of Small Ruminants in Nsukka, Nigeria. Int J Zoonoses, 12(4): 313-317.
Unat, EK, Yücel A, Altaş K, Samastı M, 1995. Pireler ve Parazitlikleri. Unat’ın Tıp Parazitolojisi. Doyuran Matbaası, İstanbul, p. 157-164.
Vashchenok, V. S. 1988. Fleas: Vectors of Pathogens Causing Diseases in Humans and Animals. Leningrad, USSR: Nauka (in Russian).
Visser, M, Rehbein S, Wiedemann C. 2001. Species of flea (Siphonaptera) infesting pets and hedgehogs in Germany. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 48:197-202.
Wall, R., D. Shearer 2001. Veterinary Ectoparasites: Biology, Pathology and Control. 2nd ed., Blackwell Science. pp. 1-2, 27-31, 66, 76, 80-81, 149-150, 166-167, 172-177, 179-181.
Wei L, Wang X, Wang C, He H. 2010. A survey of ectoparasites from wild rodents and Anourosorex squamipes in Sichuan Province, Southwest China. J Ecol Nat Environ.2: 160-166.
Whiting, M.F., Whiting A.S., Hastriter M.W., Dittmar de la Cruz K. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations. Cladistics, 24, 1-30.
Yagoob, G. 2011. Flea Infestation in Farm Animals and its Zoonotic Importance in East-Azerbaijan Province. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 6 (4): 193-196.
Yacob, H. T. 2013. Ectoparasitism: threat to Ethiopian small ruminant population and tanning industry: a review. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health. 6(1):25–33. doi: 10.5897/jvmah2013.0253.
Yakhchali, M., Hosseine, A. 2006. Prevalence and ectoparasites fauna of sheep and goats flocks in Urmia suburb, Iran. Veterinarski Arhiv 76 (5), 431-442.
Yeruham, I, Rosen S, Braverman Y, 1996. Ctenocephalides felis Flea Infestation in Horses. Vet Parasitol, 62(3-4): 341-343.
Yeruham, I, Rosen S, Perl S, 1997. An Apparent Flea-Allergy Dermatitis in Kids and Lambs. Zentralbl Veterinarmed, 44(7):391-397.
Yeruham, l., S. Rosen, A. Hadani, Y. Braverman, 1999. Arthropod parasites of Nubian ibexes (Capra ibex nubiana) and gazelles (Gazella gazella) in Israel. Vet. Parasitol., 83: 167-173. PMID: 9360467.
Zakson-Aiken M., Gregory L.M., Shoop W.L. 1996. Reproductive strategies of the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae): parthenogenesis and autogeny? J Med Entomol, 33, 395-397.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

-

Bölüm

Derleme

Yazarlar

Çağrı Kandemir ^*
0000-0001-7378-6962
Türkiye

Turğay Taşkın
0000-0001-7378-6962

Nedim Koşum
0000-0001-7378-6962

Cemal Ün Bu kişi benim
0000-0002-4248-9671

Yayımlanma Tarihi

28 Haziran 2019

Gönderilme Tarihi

10 Ocak 2019

Kabul Tarihi

17 Haziran 2019

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2019 Cilt: 60 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.511108

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA67NW89AT

APA

Kandemir, Ç., Taşkın, T., Koşum, N., & Ün, C. (2019). Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri. Journal of Animal Production, 60(1), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.511108

AMA

1.Kandemir Ç, Taşkın T, Koşum N, Ün C. Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri. Journal of Animal Production. 2019;60(1):75-88. doi:10.29185/hayuretim.511108

Chicago

Kandemir, Çağrı, Turğay Taşkın, Nedim Koşum, ve Cemal Ün. 2019. “Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri”. Journal of Animal Production 60 (1): 75-88. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.511108.

EndNote

Kandemir Ç, Taşkın T, Koşum N, Ün C (01 Haziran 2019) Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri. Journal of Animal Production 60 1 75–88.

IEEE

[1]Ç. Kandemir, T. Taşkın, N. Koşum, ve C. Ün, “Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri”, Journal of Animal Production, c. 60, sy 1, ss. 75–88, Haz. 2019, doi: 10.29185/hayuretim.511108.

ISNAD

Kandemir, Çağrı - Taşkın, Turğay - Koşum, Nedim - Ün, Cemal. “Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri”. Journal of Animal Production 60/1 (01 Haziran 2019): 75-88. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.511108.

JAMA

1.Kandemir Ç, Taşkın T, Koşum N, Ün C. Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri. Journal of Animal Production. 2019;60:75–88.

MLA

Kandemir, Çağrı, vd. “Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri”. Journal of Animal Production, c. 60, sy 1, Haziran 2019, ss. 75-88, doi:10.29185/hayuretim.511108.

Vancouver

1.Çağrı Kandemir, Turğay Taşkın, Nedim Koşum, Cemal Ün. Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri. Journal of Animal Production. 01 Haziran 2019;60(1):75-88. doi:10.29185/hayuretim.511108

26405

Creative Commons License Journal of Animal Production is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

26407 26406 26408 26409 26410 26399 26411 26412 26413 26414 26415