Yeni Sınırlar, Yeni Kimlikler: Sosyo-Ekonomik Göçmenlerin Olumlu Kimlik Algıları Üzerinde İnsana Yakışır İş, Yaşamın Anlamı, Sınırsız ve Çok Yönlü Kariyerin Etkisi

Öz

İstanbul, Türkiye'nin en dinamik ve kozmopolit şehirlerinden biri olarak, ülkenin farklı coğrafi bölgelerinden yoğun göç almaktadır. Ancak bu büyük kente uyum sağlama süreci, sosyo-ekonomik göçmenler için çeşitli zorlukları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle bu araştırmada, sosyo-ekonomik göçmenlerin olumlu kimlik algılarının insana yakışır iş, yaşamın anlamı, sınırsız ve çok yönlü kariyer tarafından yordanma durumunun belirlenmesi amacıyla yordayıcı korelasyonel model kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın evrenini Türkiye’nin en büyük ili olan İstanbul dışında doğup bu şehre sosyo-ekonomik sebeplerle geç etmiş yetişkin bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu amaçsal örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan kişilerin %60.9’u (f=282) ve %39.1’i (f=181) kadın ve %84.4’ü (f=391) özel sektörde çalışırken %15.6’sı (f=72) kamu kurumunda çalışmaktadır. Araştırmada veri analizi olarak korelasyon ve hiyerarşik regresyon kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler analiz edildiğinde insana yakışır iş alt boyutlarından fiziksel ve ilişkisel güvenli çalışma koşulları, sağlık hizmetlerine erişim ve kurumsal değerlerle ailevi ve sosyal değerlerin uyumunun, sınırsız ve çok yönlü kariyerin ve son olarak yaşamın anlamı alt boyutlarından anlamın varlığı ve anlam arayışının olumlu kimlik algısının yordayıcısı olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular alan yazından hareketle tartışılmış ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• : Sosyo-ekonomik göçmen
• kimlik
• insana yakışır iş
• yaşamın anlamı
• kariyer

New Frontiers, New Identities: The Impact of Decent Work, Meaning in Life, and Unlimited and Multifaceted Careers on Positive Identity Perceptions of Socio-Economic Migrants

Öz

Istanbul, as one of Türkiye's most dynamic and cosmopolitan cities, receives significant migration from different geographical regions of the country. However, the process of adapting to this large city brings various challenges for socio-economic migrants. Based on this, this research uses a predictive correlational model to determine the extent to which socio-economic migrants' positive identity perceptions are predicted by decent work, meaning of life, and unlimited and multifaceted careers. The population of this study consists of adult individuals born outside Istanbul, Turkey's largest city, who migrated to this city due to socio-economic reasons. The study group was selected using the criterion sampling method, a type of purposive sampling. Of the participants, 60.9% (f=282) and 39.1% (f=181) are women, and 84.4% (f=391) work in the private sector while 15.6% (f=72) work in public institutions. Correlation and hierarchical regression were used as data analysis methods in the research. When the data obtained in the research were analyzed, it was determined that the sub-dimensions of decent work, namely physically and relationally safe working conditions, access to health services, and the alignment of institutional values with family and social values, as well as unlimited and multifaceted careers and finally, the presence and search for meaning from the sub-dimensions of meaning in life, were predictors of positive identity perception. The findings were discussed based on the literature and recommendations were made.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Socio-economic migrant
• identity
• decent work
• meaning of life
• career

Kaynakça

1. Allan, B. A., Autin, K. L. ve Duffy, R. D. (2021). Self-determination and meaningful work: Exploring socioeconomic constraints. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(4), 420–431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00071
2. Anker, R., Chernyshev, I., Egger, P., Mehran, F. ve Andrıtter, A. J. (2003). Measuring decent work with statistical ındicators. International Labour Review, 142(2), 1-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2003.tb00257.x
3. Arslan, G. ve Allen, K.-A. (2021). Exploring the association between coronavirus stress, meaning in life, psychological flexibility, and subjective well-being. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(4), 803-814. https://doi.org/1.1080/13548506.2021.1876892.
4. Arthur, M. B. ve Rousseau, D. M. (1996). The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era. Oxford University Press
5. Briscoe, J. P. ve Hall, D. T. (2006). The interplay of boundaryless and protean careers: Combinations and implications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 4-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jvb.2005.09.002
6. Beaumont, S. L. ve Scammell, J. (2012). Patterns of spirituality and meaning in life related to ıdentity. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 12(4), 345-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2012.716380
7. Blustein, D. L., Duffy, R., Ferreira, J. A., Cohen-Scali, V., Cinamon, R. G. ve Allan, B. A. (2020). Unemployment in the time of COVID-19: A research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103436
8. Brewer, M. B. ve Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this “we”? levels of collective identity and self representation. Journal of Personality and Social Psycoholgy, 71, 83- 93.

9. Briscoe, J. P., Henagan, S. C., Burton, J. P. ve Murphy, W. M. (2012). Coping with an insecure employment environment: The differing roles of protean and boundaryless career orientations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 308–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.12.008
10. Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T. ve DeMuth, R. L. F. (2006). Protean and boundaryless careers: An empirical exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 30-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.09.003
11. Buyukgoze-Kavas, A. ve Autin, K. L. (2019). Decent work in Turkey: Context, conceptualization, and assessment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.01.006
12. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2023). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (34. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
13. Can, A. (2018). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi (5. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
14. Crocetti, E., Albarello, F., Meeus, W. ve Rubini, M. (2023). Identities: A developmental social-psychological perspective. European Review of Social Psychology, 34(1), 161–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2022.2104987
15. Crocetti, E., Beyers, W. ve Çok, F. (2016). Shedding light on the dark side of identity: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 104–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.01.002
16. Çağış, Z. G., Öztekin, G. G., Aziz, I. A., Chirico, F., Rizzo, A. ve Yıldırım, M. (2023). Meaning in life and loneliness as mediators between COVID-19 anxiety and life satisfaction in the post-pandemic among the general population in Turkey: A serial mediation model. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(10), 2214-2225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13100156
17. DeFillippi, R. J. ve Arthur, M. B. (1994). The boundaryless career: A competency-based perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(4), 307-324. https://www.jstor.org /stable/2488429
18. de Hoog, N. ve Pat-El, R. (2024). Social identity and health-related behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 347, 116629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116629
19. Demirdağ, S. ve Kalafat, S. (2015). Yaşamın anlamı ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.17679/iuefd.16250801
20. Di Ruggiero, E., Cohen, J. E., Cole, D. C. ve Forman, L. (2015). Competing conceptualizations of decent work at the intersection of health, social and economic discourses. Social Science & Medicine, 133, 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.026
21. Duffy, R. D., Allan, B. A., England, J. W., Blustein, D. L., Autin, K. L., Douglass, R. P., Ferreira, J. ve Santos, E. J. R. (2017). The development and initial validation of the Decent Work Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(2), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000191.
22. Durbin, J. ve Watson, G. S. (1951). Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression: I. Biometrika, 38(1/2), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.2307/2332391
23. Ersanlı, K. ve Şanlı, E. (2015). Self-Perceived Identity Scale: A scale development study. American International Journal of Social Science, 4(6), 184-194.
24. Eby, L. T., Butts, M. ve Lockwood, A. (2003). Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 689-708. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.214
25. Eraydın, A. (2008). The impact of globalization on different social groups: Competitiveness, social cohesion and spatial segregation in Istanbul. Cities, 25(4), 194-207.
26. Erman, T. (1998). Becoming 'urban' or remaining 'rural': The views of Turkish rural-to-urban migrants on the 'integration' question. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 30(4), 541-561.
27. Fidan, S. (2011). Küreselleşme sürecinde Türkiye’de gençliğin kimlik algısı (üniversite gençliği üzerine bir araştırma). (Doktora Tezi), Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya.
28. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Sage Publications
29. Frankl, V. E. (2009). İnsanın anlam arayışı. Okuyan Us Yayıncılık.
30. George, L. S. ve Park, C. L. (2016). Meaning in life as comprehension, purpose, and mattering: Toward integration and new research questions. Review of General Psychology, 20(3), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000077
31. Ghai, D. (2003). Decent work: Concept and indicators. International Labour Review, 142, 113–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2003.tb00256.x
32. Greenhaus, J. H. ve Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. The Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159186
33. Gül, Y. (2015). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel kimlik algılarının demografik değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
34. Güler, A. (2003). Dünya ile bütünleşmede evrensel kimlik sorunu. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(5), 1-7.
35. Haggard, L.M. ve Williams, D.R. (1991). Self-Identity benefits of leisure Activities. In B.L. , Driver , P.J. Brown ve G.L. Peterson (Eds.), Benefits of leisure (pp. 103-120). State College, PA: Venture Press.
36. Hall, A. J., Goodwin, V. A., Allchurch, L., Capon, L., Farrell, V., Olufubmilayo, O. ve Griffin, R. (2024). Feeling valued at work: a qualitative exploration of allied health profession support workers. BMC Health Services Research, 24, 1511. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11879-z
37. Häusser, J. A., Abdel Hadi, S., Reichelt, C. ve Mojzisch, A. (2022). The reciprocal relationship between social identification and social support over time: A four-wave longitudinal study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(4), 1465–1483. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12553
38. Heine, S. J., Proulx, T. ve Vohs, K. D. (2006). The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 88-110. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_1
39. Heintzelman, S. J., Mohideen, F., Oishi, S. ve King, L. A. (2020). Lay beliefs about meaning in life: Examinations across targets, time, and countries. Journal of Research in Personality, 88, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104003
40. Hirschi, A., Jaensch, V.K. ve Herrmann, A. (2016). Protean career orientation, vocational identity, and self-efficacy: an empirical clarification of their relationship. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(2), 208-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1242481
41. Hitlin, S. (2003). Values as the core of personal identity: Drawing links between two theories of self. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(2), 118-137. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519843
42. Holland, J. L., Johnston, J. A. ve Asama, N. F. (1993). The vocational identity scale: A diagnostic and treatment tool. Journal of Career Assessment, 1, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106907279300100102
43. Hong, R., Romans, J. S. C., Koch, J. M. ve Ramakrishnan, N. (2022). Impact of Cultural Individualism and Collectivism on Protean and Boundaryless Career Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Career Development, 49(1), 218-231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845320922608
44. Hortaçsu, N. (2007). Toplumsal Kimlik ve Gruplararası İlişkiler. İmge Kitabevi.
45. International Labor Organization. (1999). Report of the director-general: Decent work. In Proceedings of the International Labour Conference, 87th Session. International Labor Organization.
46. Işığıçok, Ö. (2005). 21. Yüzyılda istihdam ve insana yakışır iş. Ezgi Kitabevi.
47. İçduygu, A. ve Sirkeci, İ. (1999). Cumhuriyet dönemi Türkiye'sinde göç hareketleri. İçinde O. Baydar (Ed.), 75 yılda köylerden şehirlere (ss. 249–268). Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
48. Jahoda, M. (1981). Work, employment, and unemployment. Values, theories, and approaches in social research. American Psychologist, 36(2), 184–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.184
49. Jim, H. S., Richardson, S. A., Golden-Kreutz, D. M. ve Andersen, B. L. (2006). Strategies used in coping with a cancer diagnosis predict meaning in life for survivors. Health Psychology, 25, 753–761. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.6.753
50. Kale, E. ve Özer, S. (2012). İşgörenlerin çok yönlü ve sınırsız kariyer tutumları: Hizmet sektöründe bir araştırma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(2), 173-196.
51. Kale, E. ve Özer, S. (2020). The relatıonshıp among protean career, boundaryless career, career satısfactıon, perceıved employabılıty and turnover ıntentıon. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 11(41), 956- 1003.
52. Karataş, Z. ve Tagay, Ö. (2021). The relationships between resilience of the adults affected by the covid pandemic in Turkey and Covid-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110592. https://doi.org/1.1016/j.paid.202.110592
53. Kartol, A., Söner, O. ve Griffiths, M.D. (2023). The relationship between psychological distress, meaning in life anda life satisfaction in the COVİD-19 pandemic. Anales De Psicologia/ Annals Of Psychology, 39(2), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.518001
54. Kaya, A., Türk, N., Batmaz, H. ve Griffiths, M. (2023). Online gaming addiction and basic psychological needs among adolescents: The mediating roles of meaning in life and responsibility. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 10, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00994-9
55. Krug, H., Haslam, S.A., Otto, K. ve Steffens, N.K. (2021). Identity leadership, social ıdentity continuity, and well-being at work during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.684475
56. Kurt, A. (2012). Din sosyolojisi. Sentez Yayınları.
57. Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., Neter, J. ve Li, W. (2005). Applied linear statistical models (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin
58. Lee, S.J. (2020). Influence of protean career attitude and boundaryless career attitude on job satisfaction and career commitment in daycare teachers. Korean Journal of Childcare and Education, 16(4), 51-71. https://doi.org/10.14698/jkcce.2020.16.04.051
59. Lin, L. (2021). Longitudinal associations of meaning in life and psychosocial adjustment to the COVID‐19 outbreak in China. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(2), 525-534. https://doi.org/1.1111/bjhp.12492.
60. Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Soenens, B. ve Beyers, W. (2006). Unpacking commitment and exploration: Preliminary validation of an integrative model of late adolescent identity formation. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 361–378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.03.008
61. Marmot, M. ve Wilkinson, R. G. (Eds.). (2006). Social determinants of health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press
62. Martela, F. ve Steger, M. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623
63. Nam, J. S. ve Kim, S. Y. (2019). Decent work in South Korea: Context, conceptualization, and assessment. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 115, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.05.006
64. Negru-Subtirica, O., Pop, E. I., Luyckx, K., Dezutter, J. ve Steger, M. F. (2016). The meaningful identity: A longitudinal look at the interplay between identity and meaning in life in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 52(11), 1926–1936. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000176
65. Özkan, Ö. (2020). Eğitim araştırmalarında problemin çözümü için kimlere/nereye gideceğim?. (2. Baskı). Ed. Selahattin, T. Eğitimde Araştırma Yöntemleri kitabı içinde (ss. 79-96). Nobel Yayıncılık.
66. Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
67. Pereira, S. (2019). Empirical research on decent work: a literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Work Organizational Psycholpgy, 4, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.53
68. Peek, L. (2005). Becoming Muslim: The development of a religious ıdentity. Sociology of Religion. 66(3), 215-242. https://doi.org/10.2307/4153097
69. Peiperl, M.A. ve Baruch, Y. (1997). Back to square zero: The post-corporate career. Organizational Dynamics, 25(4), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(97)90033-4
70. Prati, F., Crisp, R. J., Pratto, F. ve Rubini, M. (2016). Encouraging majority support for immigrant access to health services: Multiple categorization and social identity complexity as antecedents of health equality. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(4), 426-438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216629814
71. Redondo, R., Sparrow, P. ve Hernández-Lechuga, G. (2019). The effect of protean careers on talent retention: examining the relationship between protean career orientation, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and intention to quit for talented workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(9), 2046–2069. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1579247
72. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
73. Sameer, Y., Eid, Y. ve Veenhoven, R. (2022). Perceived meaning of life and satisfaction with life: A study synthesis using an online finding archive. Frontier Psychology, 13, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957235
74. Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L. ve Szapocznik, J. (2021). Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research. American Psychologist, 76(3), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019330
75. Searle, R. H. ve McWha-Hermann, I. (2021). “Money’s too tight (to mention)”: A review and psychological synthesis of living wage research. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 30(3), 428-443. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2020.1838604
76. Söner, O. (2023). Lise son sınıf öğrencilerinin üniversiteye kariyer geçişlerine yönelik bir model önerisi. Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
77. Söner, O., Dündar, F., Koşar, M., Şarlayan, G., Ece, F. ve Kangal, Y. (2024). Eğitim yöneticilerinin kariyer başarılarının sırrı: Sınırsız ve çok yönlü kariyer yoluyla demografik değişkenlerin gücünün keşfi. Journal of Management Theory and Practices Research, 5(1), 1-14.
78. Stavrova O. ve Luhmann M. (2016). Are conservatives happier than Liberals? Not always and not everywhere. Journal of Research Personality, 63, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.04.011
79. Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S. ve Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
80. Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B. ve Oishi, S. (2008). Being good by doing good: Daily eudaimonic activity and well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(1), 22-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.03.004
81. Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A. ve Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76, 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 6494.2007.00484.x
82. Sugimura, K. (2020). Adolescent identity development in Japan. Child Development Perspectives, 14(2), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12359
83. Sullivan, S. E. ve Baruch, Y. (2009). Advances in career theory and research: A critical review and agenda for future exploration. Journal of Management, 35(6), 1542-1571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309350082
84. Sutin, A.R., Luchetti, M., Aschwanden, D., Stephan, Y., Sesker, A.A. ve Terracciano, A. (2023). Sense of meaning and purpose in life and risk of incident dementia: New data and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 105, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104847
85. Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
86. Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204
87. Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221465103955
88. United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UN General Assembly, 217 A (III). http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html
89. Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Hardy, S. A., Kim, S. Y., Lee, R. M., Armenta, B. E., Whitbourne, S. K., Zamboanga, B. L., Brown, E. J., Williams, M. K. ve Agocha, V. B. (2013). Good choices, poor choices: Relationship between the quality of identity commitments and psychosocial functioning. Emerging Adulthood, 1(3), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813484004
90. Waters, L., Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T. ve Wang, L. (2014). Protean career attitudes during unemployment and reemployment: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84, 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.03.003
91. Weinreich, P. (2005). Identity exploration: Theory into practice. In P. Weinreich & W. Saunderson (Eds.), Analysing identity: Cross-cultural, societal and clinical contexts (pp. 77-112). Routledge.
92. Wright, S. C. (2009). The next generation of collective action research. Journal of Social Issues, 65(4), 859–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01628.x
93. Wong, P. T. P. (2014). Viktor Frankl’s meaning-seeking model and positive psychology. In A. Batthyany ve P. Russo-Netzer (Eds.), Meaning in positive and existential psychology (pp. 149-184). Springer Science+Business Media.
94. Yıldırım, M., Kızılgeçit, M., Seçer, İ., Karabulut, F., Angın, Y., Dağcı, A., Vural, M.E., Bayram, N.N. ve Çinici, M. (2021). Meaning in life, religious coping, and loneliness during the coronavirus health crisis in Turkey. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(4), 2371-2385. https://doi.org/1.1007/s10943-020-01173-7
95. Yu, E. A. ve Chang, E. C. (2021). Relational meaning in life as a predictor of interpersonal well-being: A prospective analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110377. https://doi.org/1.1016/j.paid.202.110377
96. Zikic, J., Bonache, J. ve Cerdin, J. L. (2010). Crossing national boundaries: A typology of qualified immigrants' career orientations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(5), 667–686. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.705