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Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis

Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3 3 Eylül 2026
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Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis

Öz

In this study, the magnetic design parameters of brushless DC (BLDC) motors for electric vehicle applications remanent flux density (Br), magnet coverage ratio (α), and air-gap length (g) are optimized using an analytical framework with the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), within a search space defined by manufacturing and material feasibility limits reported in the literature. For each objective function (total harmonic distortion (THD), electromagnetic torque, and back electromotive force (back-EMF)), 100 independent runs are performed and evaluated using mean, variance, and standard deviation, supported by the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. The THD objective possesses a genuine interior optimum, where PSO converges more stably (variance 1.0420×10⁻⁵) while WOA shows stronger exploration (variance 3.2643×10⁻⁵); the Wilcoxon test (p = 1.86×10⁻⁹) confirms a statistically significant difference in favour of WOA. For torque and back-EMF, which are monotonic functions of the air-gap flux density, both algorithms converge to the same boundary-constrained optimum. From a practical perspective, the optimized parameters improve efficiency by about 2.5% and reduce NdFeB magnet usage by approximately 18% (~101 g), corresponding to an estimated saving of about $25 per motor.

Anahtar Kelimeler

BLDC motor, Electric vehicle, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA)

Kaynakça

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  3. Barbieri, L. and Muzzupappa, M. (2022). Performance-Driven Engineering Design Approaches Based on Generative Design and Topology Optimization Tools: A Comparative Study. Applied Sciences, 12, 4, 2106.
  4. Bin, L. et al. (2023). A novel approach to design of a power factor correction and total harmonic distortion reduction-based BLDC motor drive. Front. Energy Res., 10.
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  7. Çavdar, T. and Öztürk, E. (2022). Termoplastik Hibrit Kompozitlerde Hammadde Karışım Oranı Optimizasyonu için Gri Kurt Algoritmasının Kullanılması. KFBD, 12, 2, 749–762.
  8. Gedikli, E. and Tuğcu, E. (2024). Meta-Sezgisel Yöntemlere Dayalı Kör Kaynak Sinyal Ayırma. KFBD, 14, 3, 1456–1470.
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  10. Han, H. et al. (2023). Robust Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization With Feedback Compensation Strategy. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 1–13.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Mollahasanoğlu, H. (2026). Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(3), 1222-1244. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1840417
AMA
1.Mollahasanoğlu H. Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis. KFBD. 2026;16(3):1222-1244. doi:10.31466/kfbd.1840417
Chicago
Mollahasanoğlu, Hakkı. 2026. “Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis”. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16 (3): 1222-44. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1840417.
EndNote
Mollahasanoğlu H (01 Eylül 2026) Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16 3 1222–1244.
IEEE
[1]H. Mollahasanoğlu, “Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis”, KFBD, c. 16, sy 3, ss. 1222–1244, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.31466/kfbd.1840417.
ISNAD
Mollahasanoğlu, Hakkı. “Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis”. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16/3 (01 Eylül 2026): 1222-1244. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1840417.
JAMA
1.Mollahasanoğlu H. Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis. KFBD. 2026;16:1222–1244.
MLA
Mollahasanoğlu, Hakkı. “Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis”. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 16, sy 3, Eylül 2026, ss. 1222-44, doi:10.31466/kfbd.1840417.
Vancouver
1.Hakkı Mollahasanoğlu. Analytical Optimization of BLDC Motor Magnetic Parameters for Electric Vehicles Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm: PSO Comparison and Cost Analysis. KFBD. 01 Eylül 2026;16(3):1222-44. doi:10.31466/kfbd.1840417