Türkiye’deki büyükbaş ve küçükbaş çiftlik hayvanlarının kesimhane kan atıklarının biyogaz potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi: Enerji üretimi ve CO₂ emisyon azaltımına etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de 2023 yılı verileri baz alınarak kesimhanelerde oluşan kan atıklarının biyogaz üretim potansiyelini, enerji değerini ve çevresel faydalarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Hesaplamalar, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) verileri ve literatürden elde edilen teknik parametreler kullanılarak, alanda kabul görmüş temel yaklaşımlara dayalı olarak yapılmıştır. 2023 yılı verilerine göre, Türkiye’de yıllık yaklaşık 83375 ton toplanabilir kan atığı potansiyeli olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Bu potansiyelin değerlendirilmesiyle yıllık yaklaşık 6.9 milyon m³ metan üretilebileceği, bunun da 31.1 GWh elektrik enerjisine eşdeğer olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu dönüşümün, kömür bazlı elektrik üretiminin yerini alması senaryosuyla, yıllık yaklaşık 85486 ton CO₂ eşdeğeri emisyon azaltımı sağlayabileceği öngörülmüştür. Kan atığının yüksek protein içeriği ve düşük C/N oranı, tek başına anaerobik sindirimde amonyak inhibisyonuna yol açtığından, bu potansiyelin ancak büyükbaş hayvan gübresi gibi karbon zengini atıklarla birlikte ko-fermantasyon yoluyla gerçekleştirilebileceği vurgulanmıştır. Bu çalışma, kan atıklarının Türkiye’nin yenilenebilir enerji portföyüne ve döngüsel ekonomi hedeflerine entegrasyonu için stratejik bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyogaz
• Kesimhane atığı
• Kan atığı
• Anaerobik sindirim
• Ko-fermantasyon
• Amonyak inhibisyonu

Assessment of the biogas potential of cattle and sheep farm animal slaughterhouse blood waste in Türkiye: Impact on energy production and CO₂ emission reduction

Abstract

This study aims to reveal the biogas production potential, energy value, and environmental benefits of slaughterhouse blood waste generated in Turkey, based on 2023 data. Calculations were based on a previously developed methodology, using data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) and technical parameters derived from the literature. According to 2023 data, it was calculated that there is an annual potential of approximately 83375 tons of collectible blood waste in Turkey. It was determined that the valorization of this potential could yield approximately 6.9 million m³ of methane annually, equivalent to 31.1 GWh of electrical energy. It is projected that this conversion, by replacing coal-based electricity generation, could provide an annual emission reduction of approximately 85486 tons of CO₂ equivalent. Due to the high protein content and low C/N ratio of blood waste, which leads to ammonia inhibition in mono-anaerobic digestion, it is emphasized that this potential can only be realized through co-digestion with carbon-rich wastes such as animal manure. This study provides a strategic framework for the integration of blood waste into Turkey’s renewable energy portfolio and circular economy goals.

Keywords

• Biogas
• Slaughterhouse waste
• Blood waste
• Anaerobic digestion
• Co-digestion
• Ammonia inhibition

Kaynakça

1. T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı, Orta Vadeli Program 2025-2027, 2024.
2. R. Alvarez and G. Lidén, Semi-continuous co-digestion of solid slaughterhouse waste, manure, and fruit and vegetable waste. Renewable energy, 33, 4, 726-734, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2007.05.001.
3. K. Bułkowska and M. Zielińska, Recovery of biogas and other valuable bioproducts from livestock blood waste: a review. Energies, 17, 23, 5873, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235873.
4. R. G. S. Chiroque, H. P. Cornelio-Santiago, L. Espinoza-Espinoza, L. A. Moreno-Quispe, L. R. Pantoja-Tirado and L. M. Nieva-Villegas, A review of slaughterhouse blood and its compounds, processing and application in the formulation of novel non-meat products. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 11, 2, 534-548, 2023. https://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.11.2.06.
5. Et ve Süt Kurumu, 2023 Yılı Sektör Raporu, 2024.
6. M. Cuetos, X. Gómez, M. Otero and A. Morán, Anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste (SHW): influence of heat and pressure pre-treatment in biogas yield. Waste Management, 30, 10, 1780-1789, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.034.
7. M. Edström, Å. Nordberg and L. Thyselius, Anaerobic treatment of animal byproducts from slaughterhouses at laboratory and pilot scale. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 109, 1, 127-138, 2003. https://doi.o rg/10.1385/ABAB:109:1-3:127.
8. J. Palatsi, M. Viñas, M. Guivernau, B. Fernandez and X. Flotats, Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste: main process limitations and microbial community interactions. Bioresource Technology, 102, 3, 2219-2227, 2011. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.biortech.2010.09.121.

9. Á. Rodríguez-Abalde, B. Fernández, G. Silvestre and X. Flotats, Effects of thermal pre-treatments on solid slaughterhouse waste methane potential. Waste Management, 31, 7, 1488-1493, 2011. https://doi.o rg/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.02.014.
10. A. Hejnfelt and I. Angelidaki, Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse by-products. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33, 8, 1046-1054, 2009. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.biombioe.2009.03.004.
11. P. K. Yuen and C. M. D. Lau, Using Buswell’s equation to count quantity of biomethane in organochlorine compounds. International Journal of Chemistry, 15, 2, 34-49, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v15n2p34.
12. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. TUIK - Data Portal. Turkish Statistical Institute. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/, Accessed 1 April 2025.
13. R. A. van der Horst, T. W. H. Rijnhout, F. Noorman, B. L. S. Borger van der Burg, O. J. F. van Waes, M. H. J. Verhofstad and R. Hoencamp, Whole blood transfusion in the treatment of acute hemorrhage, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 95, 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1097/ TA.0000000000004000.
14. T. H. Nazifa, N. M. C. Saady, C. Bazan, S. Zendehboudi, A. Aftab and T. M. Albayati, Anaerobic digestion of blood from slaughtered livestock: a review, Energies, 14, 18, 2021. https://doi.org/10.339 0/en14185666.
15. K. Jayathilakan, K. Sultana, K. Radhakrishna and A. S. Bawa, Utilization of byproducts and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish processing industries: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49, 3, 278-293, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0290-7.
16. C. S. F. Bah, A. E.-D. A. Bekhit, A. Carne, M. A. McConnell, Slaughterhouse blood: an emerging source of bioactive compounds. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12, 3, 314-331, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12013.
17. V. P. J. Gannon, F. Humenik, M. Rice, J. L. Cicmanec, J. E. Smith Jr, R. Carr, Control of zoonotic pathogens in animal wastes. Waterborne zoonoses: Identification, causes, and control. IWA Publishing, London, 409-425, 2004.
18. D. Y. Limeneh, T. Tesfaye, M. Ayele, N. M. Husien, E. Ferede, A. Haile, W. Mengie, A. Abuhay, G. G. Gelebo, M. Gibril, F. Kong, A comprehensive review on utilization of slaughterhouse by-product: current status and prospect. Sustainability, 14, 11, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116469.
19. K. Bułkowska, M. Zielińska, Recovery of biogas and other valuable bioproducts from livestock blood waste: a review. Energies, 17, 23, 2024. https://doi.or g/10.3390/en17235873.
20. A. Otero, M. Mendoza, R. Carreras, B. Fernández, Biogas production from slaughterhouse waste: effect of blood content and fat saponification. Waste Management, 133, 119-126, 2021. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.wasman.2021.07.035.
21. M. R. Atelge, D. Krisa, G. Kumar, C. Eskicioglu, D. D. Nguyen, S. W. Chang, A. E. Atabani, A. H. Al-Muhtaseb, S. Unalan, Biogas production from organic waste: recent progress and perspectives. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 11, 3, 1019-1040, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-00546-0.
22. G. K. Selormey, B. Barnes, E. A. Awafo, F. Kemausuor, L. Darkwah, Development of mathematical model for predicting methane-to-carbon dioxide proportion in anaerobic biodegradability of cattle blood and rumen content. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 16, 100250, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100250.
23. Y. Zhang, C. J. Banks, Co-digestion of the mechanically recovered organic fraction of municipal solid waste with slaughterhouse wastes. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 68, 129-137, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2012.07.017.
24. D. Hidalgo, J. M. Martín-Marroquín, Biochemical methane potential of livestock and agri-food waste streams in the Castilla y León Region (Spain). Food Research International, 73, 226-233, 2015. https://do i.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.12.044.
25. R. Alvarez, V. H. Riera, G. Lidén, Batch co-digestion of manure, solid slaughterhouse waste, and fruit & vegetable waste. Revista Boliviana de Química, 23, 1, 62-70, 2006.
26. H. Şenol, H. Zenk, Determination of the biogas potential in cities with hazelnut production and examination of potential energy savings in Turkey. Fuel, 270, 117577, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fu el.2020.117577.
27. Greenhouse Gas Protokol, Global Warming Potential Values. https://ghgprotocol.org. Accessed 1 April 2025.
28. R. Atelge, Türkiye'de sığır gübresinden biyoyakıt olarak biyogaz üretiminin potansiyeli ve 2030 ve 2053 yıllarında karbon emisyonlarının azaltılmasına öngörülen etkisi. International Journal of Innovative Engineering Applications, 5, 1, 56-64, 2021. https://d i.org/10.46460/ijiea.923792.
29. T.C. Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, https://enerji.gov.tr. Accessed 1 July 2025.
30. R. Rajagopal, D. I. Massé, G. Singh, A critical review on inhibition of anaerobic digestion process by excess ammonia. Bioresource technology, 143, 632-641, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.030.
31. O. Yenigün, B. Demirel, Ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: a review. Process biochemistry, 48, 5-6, 901-911, 2013. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.procbio.2013.04.012.
32. S. Agostini, L. Bucci, D. Doni, P. Costantini, A. Gupte, B. Müller, F. Sibilla, M. Basaglia, S. Casella, P. G. Kougias, Bioaugmentation strategies based on bacterial and methanogenic cultures to relieve stress in anaerobic digestion of protein-rich substrates. Renewable Energy, 225, 120270, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ren ene.2024.120270.
33. M. Atelge, D. Krisa, G. Kumar, C. Eskicioglu, D. D. Nguyen, S. W. Chang, A. Atabani, A. H. Al-Muhtaseb, S. Unalan, Biogas production from organic waste: recent progress and perspectives. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 11, 3, 1019-1040, 2020. https://doi.or g/10.1007/s12649-018-00546-0.
34. G. Ma, P. Ndegwa, J. H. Harrison, Y. Chen, Methane yields during anaerobic co-digestion of animal manure with other feedstocks: A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138224, 2020. https://doi.or g/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138224.
35. S. Tırınk, Hayvansal atıkların biyogaz üretim potansiyelinin hesaplanması: Iğdır ili örneği. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 12, 1, 152-163, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1026987.
36. S. Ünvar, Türkiye’de Hayvansal Gübre Kaynaklı Biyogazdan Üretilebilecek Elektrik Enerjisinin Bölgesel Analizi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28, 1, 131-139, 2023. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1123110.
37. S. Sözer, Türkiye’deki Kesimhane atıklarından ve çiftlik hayvanları gübrelerinden elde edilebilecek biyogaz potansiyelinin tespiti üzerine bir araştırma. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 7, 4, 5-6, 2024. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineerin g.1463671.
38. H. Yağlı, Y. Koç, Hayvan gübresinden biyogaz üretim potansiyelinin belirlenmesi: Adana ili örnek hesaplama. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 3, 35-48, 2019. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.637603.
39. S. Y. A. Siddiki, M. Uddin, M. Mofijur, I. Fattah, H. C. Ong, S. S. Lam, P. S. Kumar, S. Ahmed, Theoretical calculation of biogas production and greenhouse gas emission reduction potential of livestock, poultry and slaughterhouse waste in Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9, 3, 105204, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105204.
40. B. Afotey, G. T. Sarpong, Estimation of biogas production potential and greenhouse gas emissions reduction for sustainable energy management using intelligent computing technique. Measurement: Sensors, 25, 100650, 2023. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.measen.2022.100650.