3D beton yazdırmada taze hâl mekaniğinin erken yaş hasar mekanizmaları üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi

Öz

Ekstrüzyon tabanlı 3B beton yazdırmada taze hâl stabilitesini modellemek amacıyla voksel tabanlı bir sonlu eleman çerçevesi kullanılmıştır. Model, Young modülü ve kohezyon için zamana bağlı malzeme yasalarını içermekte ve vokselleri gerçek yerleştirme sırasına göre etkinleştirerek, yerçekimi etkisi altındaki katmanlı inşa sürecini gerçeğe yakın şekilde yeniden üretmektedir. Literatürde deneysel olarak karakterize edilmiş baskıya uygun harçlar, reolojik evrimin şekil değiştirme davranışı, hasar mekanizmaları ve erişilebilir baskı yüksekliği üzerindeki etkisini incelemek için kullanılmıştır. Simülasyonlar, erken yaşta hızlı sertleşme ve yüksek kohezyon gelişimi gösteren karışımların daha yüksek yük taşıma kapasitesine ulaştığını, ancak kritik duruma gelindiğinde elastik tipte ani bir burkulma ile göçtüğünü ortaya koymuştur. Buna karşılık, reolojik özellikleri daha yavaş gelişen karışımlar daha düzgün bir deformasyon süreci ve artmış süneklik sergilemiş, ancak daha düşük baskı yüksekliğine ulaşabilmiştir. Eşdeğer gerilme–plastik şekil değiştirme tepkisi, bu iki rejim arasındaki farkları açıkça yansıtmış; keskin gerilme zirveleri rijitlik hâkimiyetindeki kırılgan davranışa, geniş plato bölgeleri ise viskoplastik uyuma karşılık gelmiştir. Bulgular, en uygun baskı yapılabilirliğinin yalnızca erken yaş dayanımının artırılmasına değil, aynı zamanda malzeme evriminin katman yerleştirme zamanlamasıyla uyumlu hâle getirilmesine bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Voksel tabanlı aktivasyon stratejisi, literatür kaynaklı reoloji kullanılarak kararsızlık başlangıcını, gerilme yığılmalarını ve çökme morfolojisini öngörmede etkili bulunmuş; baskı öncesi değerlendirme ve veri odaklı karışım ile proses tasarımı için doğrulanmış ve açık kaynaklı bir yaklaşım sunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 3D Beton Yazdırma
• Nümerik Modelleme
• Eklemeli İmalat
• Malzeme Parametreleri
• Taze-Hâl Mekaniği

Investigating the effects of fresh-state mechanics on early-age failure mechanisms in 3D concrete printing

Öz

A voxel-based finite element framework was employed to simulate fresh-state stability in extrusion-based 3D concrete printing. The model incorporated time-dependent material laws for Young’s modulus and cohesion and activated voxels according to the actual deposition sequence, enabling realistic layer-by-layer build-up under gravity. Experimentally characterized printable mortars reported in the literature were used to investigate how rheological evolution influences deformation behavior, failure mechanisms, and achievable build height. The simulations showed that mixtures exhibiting rapid early-age stiffening and strong cohesion development provided higher load-bearing capacity but failed abruptly through elastic-type buckling once a critical state was reached. Mixtures with more gradual rheological evolution displayed smoother deformation and enhanced ductility, accompanied by lower build height. The equivalent stress–plastic strain response captured these contrasting regimes, linking sharp peaks to stiffness-dominated, brittle behavior and extended plateaus to viscoplastic accommodation. The findings highlight that optimal printability depends not solely on maximizing early strength but on synchronizing material evolution with deposition timing. The voxel-based activation strategy proved effective for predicting instability onset, stress localization, and collapse morphology using literature-derived rheology, offering a validated and open-source approach for pre-printing assessment and data-informed mixture and process design.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 3D Concrete Printing
• Numerical Modeling
• Additive Manufacturing
• Material Parameters
• Fresh-state Mechanics

Kaynakça

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