Araştırma Makalesi

Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores

Cilt: 18 20 Temmuz 2026
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Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores

Öz

This study presents a fully ultrasound-based and cost-effective approach for the automatic grading of aortic valve calcification, which plays a critical role in the assessment of aortic stenosis. To eliminate radiation exposure associated with computed tomography, the proposed method relies exclusively on echocardiographic images and was trained on a dedicated dataset constructed for this study. A Vision Transformer (ViT) model operating on ROI frames extracted from the aortic valve region was developed to classify four calcification levels: mild, moderate, severe, and critical. During testing, the model achieved 85% accuracy and a macro-averaged precision of 0.74, demonstrating a reliable decision mechanism with a low false-positive tendency. To further evaluate the architectural choice, ImageNet pre¬trained ResNet50 and EfficientNet-B3 models were trained and tested under identical conditions. Although CNN-based architectures produced competitive results, the ViT model demonstrated more balanced performance, particularly in intermediate and advanced grades, and achieved the highest macro-averaged metrics among the evaluated models. By providing a radiation-free, reproducible, and economically accessible solution, the proposed framework offers a clinically applicable decision-support system for the evaluation of aortic stenosis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBITAK

Proje Numarası

222S110

Etik Beyan

Ethics approval: The study was approved by the ethical review boards of Farabi Hospital (2022/190).

Teşekkür

This work has been fully supported by the TUBITAK Research Project 222S110.

Kaynakça

  1. R. L. J. Osnabrugge et al., "Aortic stenosis in the elderly: disease prevalence and number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis and modeling study," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 1002-1012, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.015
  2. L. Tastet et al., "Impact of aortic valve calcification and sex on hemodynamic progression and clinical outcomes in AS," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 69, no. 16, pp. 2096-2098, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.037
  3. T. A. Pawade, D. E. Newby, and M. R. Dweck, "Calcification in aortic stenosis: the skeleton key," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 561-577, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.066
  4. V. Falk et al., "2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease," European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 616-664, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezx324
  5. A. S. Agatston et al., "Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 827-832, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezx324
  6. L. Tang et al., "DLFFNet: A new dynamical local feature fusion network for automatic aortic valve calcification recognition using echocardiography," Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 243, p. 107882, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107882
  7. M. Çakır et al., "AVD-YOLOv5: a new lightweight network architecture for high-speed aortic valve detection from a new and large echocardiography dataset," Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 2511-2528, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-024-03090-3
  8. M. Cakir et al., "A New Aortic Valve Calcium Scoring Framework for Automatic Calcification Detection in Echocardiography," Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine, pp. 1-19, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-025-01576-6

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Görüntü İşleme, Örüntü Tanıma, Derin Öğrenme

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

20 Temmuz 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

27 Kasım 2025

Kabul Tarihi

24 Nisan 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 18

Kaynak Göster

APA
Çakır, M., Ekinci, M., Baykal Kablan, E., & Şahin, M. (2026). Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 18. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1830650
AMA
1.Çakır M, Ekinci M, Baykal Kablan E, Şahin M. Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores. NÖHÜ Müh. Bilim. Derg. 2026;18. doi:10.28948/ngumuh.1830650
Chicago
Çakır, Mervenur, Murat Ekinci, Elif Baykal Kablan, ve Mürsel Şahin. 2026. “Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores”. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 18 (Temmuz). https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1830650.
EndNote
Çakır M, Ekinci M, Baykal Kablan E, Şahin M (01 Temmuz 2026) Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 18
IEEE
[1]M. Çakır, M. Ekinci, E. Baykal Kablan, ve M. Şahin, “Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores”, NÖHÜ Müh. Bilim. Derg., c. 18, Tem. 2026, doi: 10.28948/ngumuh.1830650.
ISNAD
Çakır, Mervenur - Ekinci, Murat - Baykal Kablan, Elif - Şahin, Mürsel. “Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores”. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 18 (01 Temmuz 2026). https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1830650.
JAMA
1.Çakır M, Ekinci M, Baykal Kablan E, Şahin M. Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores. NÖHÜ Müh. Bilim. Derg. 2026;18. doi:10.28948/ngumuh.1830650.
MLA
Çakır, Mervenur, vd. “Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores”. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 18, Temmuz 2026, doi:10.28948/ngumuh.1830650.
Vancouver
1.Mervenur Çakır, Murat Ekinci, Elif Baykal Kablan, Mürsel Şahin. Vision transformer-based multi-class classification of aortic calcification scores. NÖHÜ Müh. Bilim. Derg. 01 Temmuz 2026;18. doi:10.28948/ngumuh.1830650