2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremleri sonrasında Malatya’daki yığma binaların sismik performansı: Saha incelemesi ve nümerik analizler

Öz

Türkiye, aktif deprem kuşağında yer almakta olup tarih boyunca yıkıcı depremler yaşamıştır. 6 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık (Mw 7.7) ve Elbistan (Mw 7.6) depremleri, özellikle bölgede yaygın olan mühendislik hizmeti almamış yığma yapılarda büyük hasara yol açmıştır. Bu çalışma, Malatya ilindeki yığma yapı stokunda gözlenen hasar türlerini incelemekte ve saha gözlemlerine dayanarak bu hasarların olası nedenlerini tartışmaktadır. Nitel bulguları desteklemek amacıyla, temsilî az katlı yığma yapı prototiplerinin deprem davranışını karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendiren sayısal analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Doğrusal-elastik yanıt spektrumu analizleri ve modal esaslı yaklaşım kullanılarak iki ana parametre dikkate alınmıştır: taşıyıcı duvar malzemesi türü (dolu kil tuğla, boşluklu kil tuğla ve gazbeton) ve kat sayısı (1–3). Saha gözlemleri, yapı stokunun önemli bir bölümünün yeterli mühendislik hizmeti olmadan inşa edildiğine işaret etmekte; ayrıca katlar arasında farklı yığma birimlerinin kullanılması gibi düzensiz uygulamaların kritik zafiyetlere yol açabildiğini göstermektedir. Sayısal sonuçlar da rijitlik ve deplasman taleplerinin hem yığma birimi türüne hem de yapı yüksekliğine güçlü biçimde bağlı olduğunu ortaya koymakta ve özellikle daha hafif yığma sistemlerde kat sayısı arttıkça daha olumsuz talep eğilimlerinin gelişebileceğine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kahramanmaraş depremleri
• yığma yapılar
• modal analiz
• saha çalışması

Seismic performance of masonry buildings in Malatya after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes: Field investigation and numerical analyses

Abstract

Turkey is located in an active seismic zone and has repeatedly suffered destructive earthquakes. The 6 February 2023 Pazarcık (Mw 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw 7.6) events caused extensive damage, particularly affecting non-engineered masonry buildings in the region. This study investigates the observed damage patterns in Malatya’s masonry building stock and discusses their underlying causes based on field observations. To support these qualitative findings, numerical analyses are performed to compare the seismic response of representative low-rise masonry prototypes. Modal-based linear-elastic response-spectrum analyses are conducted by considering two main parameters: load-bearing wall material type (solid clay brick, hollow clay brick, and autoclaved aerated concrete) and number of storeys (1–3). The dynamic characteristics and global seismic demand indicators are evaluated comparatively for each scenario. Field evidence indicates that a large portion of the building stock was constructed without adequate engineering services, and that irregular practices—such as using different masonry units across storeys—can lead to critical vulnerabilities. Numerical results further show that stiffness and displacement demand are strongly governed by both masonry unit type and building height, highlighting potentially unfavorable response trends in lighter, more flexible masonry systems as storey number increases.

Keywords

• Kahramanmaraş earthquakes
• masonry structures
• modal analysis
• field investigation

Kaynakça

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