Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Possible Protein Sources for the Future

Year 2018, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 197 - 204, 05.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.449865

Abstract

In parallel with the world population growth, the decrease in food
sources, caused by global climate change, unplanned urbanization, unplanned
industrialization and reduction of agricultural land etc., creates a high
potentially risk about poor nutrition and hunger.
This case has
caused scientists to make researches about new food sources and alternative
nutrients. Numerous processes and materials such as algae, edible insects,
microbial proteins, microbial oils, in
vitro
meat, non-dairy and vegan milk and cheese, bio-fermentation
technology have been proposed as alternatives by scientists.
Besides being healthy
of these foods, characteristics such as price, taste, shelf life will be
decisive for their acceptance thereof by consumers. However, cultural,
religious and social factors may be limiting on the alternative foods.
Despite all, future generations will probably eat very different foods
for nutrition that we consume today.
In this study, it is aimed to give information about possible future
alternative food sources and technologies, mainly on protein sources.

References

  • [1] State of Food Insecurity in the World 2014 (SOFI 2014) Report. (2014). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4030e.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [2] UNFAO. (2017). How to Feed The World in 2050? http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf.[Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [3] Laane, C., Willis, B.J. (1993). Biotechnology in Food Production. In: Encyclopedia of Food Sciences: Food Technology and Nutrition, edited by R. Macrae and R.K. Robinson, Academic Press, New York, 392–395p.
  • [4] FAO. (2003-2004). Health and Environmental Impacts of Transgenic Crops. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5160E/y5160e10.htm. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [5] Kunkel, M.E., Barbara H.D.L. (2004). Genetically Modified Foods. In Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z. Edited by Delores C.S.J. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference, USA, 66-68p,245p.
  • [6] Bakshi, A. (2003). Potential adverse health effects of genetically modified crops. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 6(3), 211-25.
  • [7] Bettelheim, A. (1999). Drug resistant bacteria: Can scientists find a way to control ‘superbugs’? Congressional Quarterly Researcher, 9(21), 473-496.
  • [8] Anupama Ravindra, P. (2000). Value-added food: Single cell protein. Biotechnology Advances, 18(6), 459-479.
  • [9] Benjaminson, M.A., Gilchriest, J.A., Lorenz, M. (2002). In vitro edible muscle protein production system (MPPS): stage 1, fish. Acta Astronautica, 51, 879-89.
  • [10] Anonymous. (2017). What’s vegan cheese? https://realvegancheese.org/. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [11] Animal-Free Milk. (2017). http://www.muufri.com/. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [12] Van Huis, A.J., Van Itterbeeck, H., Klunder, E., Mertens, A., Halloran, G., Muir Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper, UNFAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [13] Darcy-Vrillon, B. (1993). Nutritional aspects of the developing use of marine macroalgae for the human food industry. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 44, 23-35.
  • [14] Klok, A.J., Lamers, P.P., Martens, D.E., Draaisma, R.B., Wijffels, R.H. (2014). Edible oils from microalgae: insights in TAG accumulation. Trends in Biotechnology, 32(10), 521-528.
  • [15] MacArtain, P., Gill, C.I.R., Mariel Brooks, M., Campbell, R., Rowland, I.R. (2007). Nutritional value of edible seaweeds. Nutrition Reviews, 65(12), 535–543.
  • [16] Arras, P.H. (2017). Zellulose–das neue „Brot für die Welt“ oder die mitweltethisch korrekte Ernährung der Weltbevölkerung durch kerung durch Biofermentertechnologie. German http://www.akt-mitweltethik.de/images/aktuelles/2014/cpf_veggie-world.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [17] Miller, B.M., W. Litsky, W. (1976). Single Cell Protein in Industrial Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
  • [18] Kharatyan S.G. (1978). Microbes as food for humans. Annual Reviews in Microbiology, 32(1), 301-327.
  • [19] Nasseri, A.T., Rasoul-Amini, S., Morowvat, M.H., Ghasemi, Y. (2011). Single Cell Protein: Production and process. American Journal of Food Technology, 6, 103-116.
  • [20] Ravindra, P. (2000). Value-added food: Single cell protein. Biotechnology Advances, 18(6), 459-479.
  • [21] Fakas, S., Papanikolaou, S., Batsos, A., Panayotoua, M.G., Mallouchos, A., Aggelis, G. (2009). Evaluating renewable carbon sources as substrates for single cell oil production by Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(4), 573-580.
  • [22] Ratledge, C. (2002). Regulation of lipid accumulation in oleaginous micro-organisms. Biochemical Society Transactions, 30(6), 1047-1049.
  • [23] Thevenieau, F., Nicaud, J.M. (2013). Microorganisms as sources of oils. Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids, 20(6), D603.
  • [24] Ratledge, C. (2013). Microbial oils: an introductory overview of current status and future prospects. OCL, 20(6), D602.
  • [25] Paliyath, G., Pometto, A., Levin, R.E. (2006). Food Biotechnology. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, USA.
  • [26] Bellinger, E.G., Sigee, D.C. (2015). Freshwater Algae: Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators, Wiley Blackwell Publication, UK.
  • [27] Ibers, J.M.M.A. (2017). An overview on seaweed uses in the UK: Past, present and future. http://www.nrn-lcee.ac.uk/documents/Adams2016seaweedresources_P16-P21only.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2017).
  • [28] Fleurence, J. (1999). Seaweed proteins: biochemical, nutritional aspects and potential uses. Trends Food Science Technology, 10, 25-38.
  • [29] Marsham, S., Scott, G.W., Tobin, M.L. (2007). Comparison of nutritive chemistry of a range of temperate seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 100, 1331-1336.
  • [30] Sanchez-Machado, D.I., Lopez-Hernandez, J., Paseiro-Losada, P., Lopez-Cervantes, J. (2004). Fatty acids,total lipid, protein and ash contents of processed edible seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 85, 439-444.
  • [31] Norziah, M.H., Ching, C.Y. (2000). Nutritional composition of edible seaweed Gracilaria changgi. Food Chemistry, 68, 69-76.
  • [32] Brownlee, I.A., Allen, A., Pearson, J.P., Dettmar, P.W., Havler, M.E., Atherton, M.R., Onsoyen, E. (2005). Alginate as a source of dietary fiber. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 45(6), 497-510.
  • [33] Goni, I., Gudiel-Urbano, M., Bravo, L., Saura-Calixto, F. (2001). Dietary modulation of bacterial fermentative capacityby edible seaweeds in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 2663-2668.
  • [34] Sandberg, A., Andersson, H., Boscoeus, I., Carlsson, N.G., Hasselbad, K., Harrod, M. (1994). Alginate, small bowel sterol excretion and absorption of nutrients in ileostomy subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 751-756.
  • [35] Becker, E.W. (2007). Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnology Advances, 25(2), 207-210.
  • [36] Waugh, R. (2012). EU to spend 3 million Euros to promote eating insects 'as alternative source of protein. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2093813/Four-legs-good-legs-better-EU-offers-3-million-Euros-research-using-insects-foods-burgers.html. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [37] Rumpold, B.A., Schlüter, O.K. (2013). Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 17, 1-11.
  • [38] Yen, A.L. (2010). Edible insects and other invertebrates in Australia: Future prospects. In Forest insects as food: Humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia- Pacific resources and their potential for development, Edited by P. B. Durst, D. V. Johnson, R.N. Leslie, and K. Shono. Bangkok, Thailand, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 65–84p.
  • [39] Gahukar, R.T. (2011). Entomophagy and human food security. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 31(3), 129-144.
  • [40] Siegrist, M. (2007). Consumer Attitudes to Food Innovation and Technology. In: Understanding Consumers of Food Products, Edited by L. Frewer and H. van Trijp, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press, 236–253p.
  • [41] Lensvelt, E.J., Steenbekkers, L.P.A. (2014). Exploring consumer acceptance of entomophagy: A survey and experiment in Australia and the Netherlands. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 53(5), 543-561.
  • [42] Yen, A.L. (2009). Edible insects: Traditional knowledge or Western phobia? Entomological Research, 39, 289-298.
  • [43] Looy, H., Wood, J.R. (2010). Attitudes toward invertebrates: Are education “bugbanquets” effective? The Journal of Environmental Education, 37(2), 37-48.
  • [44] Looy, H., Dunkel, F.V., Wood, R.W. (2013). How then shall we eat? Insect eating attitudes and sustainable foodways. Agriculture and Human Values, DOI:10.1007/s10460-013-9450-x.
  • [45] Haagsman, H.P., Hellingwerf, K.J., Roelen, B.A.J. (2009). Production of animal proteins by cell systems. Desk study on cultured meat. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht.
  • [46] Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M. (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, Food and Agriculture Organization.
  • [47] Tuomisto, H.L., Teixeira De Mattos, M.J. (2011). Environmental impacts of cultured meat production. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(14), 6117-6123.
  • [48] Bhat, Z.F., Bhat, H. (2011). Animal-free meat biofabrication. American Journal of Food Technology, 6, 441-459.
  • [49] Datar, I., Betti, M. (2010). Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 11(1), 13-22.
  • [50] Edelman, P.D., McFarland, D.C., Mironov, V.A., Matheny, J.G. (2005). In vitro-cultured meat production. Tissue Engineering, 11(5–6), 659-662.
  • [51] Langelaan, M.L., Boonen, K.J., Polak, R.B., Baaijens, F.P., Post, M.J., van der Schaft, D.W. (2010). Meet the new meat: tissue engineered skeletal muscle. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21(2), 59-66.
  • [52] Bhat ZF, Bhat H. (2011).Tissue engineered meat-future meat. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 2(1), 1-10.
  • [53] Bhat Z.F., Kumar, S., Fayaz, H. (2015). In vitro meat production: Challenges and benefits over conventional meat production. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14(2), 241-248.
  • [54] Chiles, R.M. (2013). Intertwined ambiguities: Meat, in vitro meat, and the ideological construction of the marketplace. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 12(6), 472-482.
  • [55] Holmes, P.D., Dacey A. (2008). Vegetarian meat: could technology save animals and satisfy meat eaters? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 21, 579-596.
  • [56] Süfer, Ö., Karakaya, S. (2011). Gıda endüstrisi ve nanoteknoloji: durum tespiti ve gelecek. Akademik Gıda, 9(6), 81-88.
  • [57] Chen, H., Weiss, J., Shahidi, F. (2006). Nanotechnology in nutraceuticals and functional foods. Food Technology, 60(3), 30-32.
  • [58] Baeumner, A. (2004). Nanosensors identify pathogens in food. Food Technology, 58(8), 51-56.
  • [59] Giles, E.L., Kuznesof, S., Clark, B., Hubbard, C., Frewer, L.J. (2015). Consumer acceptance of and willingness to pay for food nanotechnology: a systematic review. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 17(12), 1-26.
  • [60] https://realvegancheese.org/. [Erişim Tarihi: 17 Temmuz 2017].
  • [61] https://wiki.realvegancheese.org/index.php/Introductory_textbook. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [62] http://www.futurefood.org/soymilk/index_en.php. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [63] http://www.muufri.com/. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [64] Peter, A. Cellulose - the new bread for the world". vailable: http://www.akt-mitweltethik.de/images/welternahrung/ZelluloseBiofermenterEnglishDinA4.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [65] Bhattacharjee, J.K. (1970). Microorganisms as potential sources of food. Advances in Applied Microbiology Journal, 13, 139-159.
  • [66] Glew, R.S., Vanderjagt, D.J., Chuang, L.T., Huang, Y.S., Millson, M., Glew, R.H. (2005). Nutrient content of four edible wild plants from West Africa. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 60(4), 187-193.
  • [67] Redzic, S., Barudanovic, S., Pilipovic, S. (2010). Wild mushrooms and lichens used as human food for survival in war conditions: Podrinje-Zepa region (Bosnia and Herzegovina, W. Balkan). Human Ecology Review, 17(2), 175.

Geleceğin Olası Protein Kaynakları

Year 2018, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 197 - 204, 05.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.449865

Abstract

Dünya nüfus artışına paralel olarak, küresel iklim
değişikliği, plansız kentleşme ve sanayileşme, tarımsal arazilerinin azalması
gibi nedenlerle gıda kaynaklarındaki azalma yakın gelecekte yetersiz beslenme
ve açlıkla ilgili yüksek potansiyel risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu durum, son
zamanlarda bilim insanlarının yeni besin kaynakları ve alternatif besin
maddeleri konusunda araştırmalar yapmasına neden olmuştur. Algler, yenilebilir
insektler, mikrobiyal proteinler, mikrobik yağlar, in vitro et, süt ürünü olmayan vegan peynir ve biyo-fermantasyon
teknolojisi gibi birçok proses ve materyal alternatif olarak önerilmiştir. Yenilikçi
gıdaların sağlıklı olmasının yanı sıra, fiyat, lezzet ve raf ömrü gibi
özellikleri tüketicilerin kabulünde belirleyici olacaktır. Bununla birlikte,
kültürel, dini ve sosyal faktörler de alternatif gıdaları sınırlayıcı olabilir.
Tüm bunlara rağmen, muhtemelen gelecek kuşaklar bugün tükettiğimiz besinlerden çok
farklı yiyecekler yiyor olacaklardır. Bu makalede, ağırlıklı olarak protein kaynakları
olmak üzere, geleceğin olası alternatif gıda kaynakları ve teknolojileri hakkında
bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.



 

References

  • [1] State of Food Insecurity in the World 2014 (SOFI 2014) Report. (2014). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4030e.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [2] UNFAO. (2017). How to Feed The World in 2050? http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf.[Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [3] Laane, C., Willis, B.J. (1993). Biotechnology in Food Production. In: Encyclopedia of Food Sciences: Food Technology and Nutrition, edited by R. Macrae and R.K. Robinson, Academic Press, New York, 392–395p.
  • [4] FAO. (2003-2004). Health and Environmental Impacts of Transgenic Crops. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5160E/y5160e10.htm. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [5] Kunkel, M.E., Barbara H.D.L. (2004). Genetically Modified Foods. In Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z. Edited by Delores C.S.J. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference, USA, 66-68p,245p.
  • [6] Bakshi, A. (2003). Potential adverse health effects of genetically modified crops. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 6(3), 211-25.
  • [7] Bettelheim, A. (1999). Drug resistant bacteria: Can scientists find a way to control ‘superbugs’? Congressional Quarterly Researcher, 9(21), 473-496.
  • [8] Anupama Ravindra, P. (2000). Value-added food: Single cell protein. Biotechnology Advances, 18(6), 459-479.
  • [9] Benjaminson, M.A., Gilchriest, J.A., Lorenz, M. (2002). In vitro edible muscle protein production system (MPPS): stage 1, fish. Acta Astronautica, 51, 879-89.
  • [10] Anonymous. (2017). What’s vegan cheese? https://realvegancheese.org/. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [11] Animal-Free Milk. (2017). http://www.muufri.com/. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [12] Van Huis, A.J., Van Itterbeeck, H., Klunder, E., Mertens, A., Halloran, G., Muir Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper, UNFAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [13] Darcy-Vrillon, B. (1993). Nutritional aspects of the developing use of marine macroalgae for the human food industry. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 44, 23-35.
  • [14] Klok, A.J., Lamers, P.P., Martens, D.E., Draaisma, R.B., Wijffels, R.H. (2014). Edible oils from microalgae: insights in TAG accumulation. Trends in Biotechnology, 32(10), 521-528.
  • [15] MacArtain, P., Gill, C.I.R., Mariel Brooks, M., Campbell, R., Rowland, I.R. (2007). Nutritional value of edible seaweeds. Nutrition Reviews, 65(12), 535–543.
  • [16] Arras, P.H. (2017). Zellulose–das neue „Brot für die Welt“ oder die mitweltethisch korrekte Ernährung der Weltbevölkerung durch kerung durch Biofermentertechnologie. German http://www.akt-mitweltethik.de/images/aktuelles/2014/cpf_veggie-world.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [17] Miller, B.M., W. Litsky, W. (1976). Single Cell Protein in Industrial Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
  • [18] Kharatyan S.G. (1978). Microbes as food for humans. Annual Reviews in Microbiology, 32(1), 301-327.
  • [19] Nasseri, A.T., Rasoul-Amini, S., Morowvat, M.H., Ghasemi, Y. (2011). Single Cell Protein: Production and process. American Journal of Food Technology, 6, 103-116.
  • [20] Ravindra, P. (2000). Value-added food: Single cell protein. Biotechnology Advances, 18(6), 459-479.
  • [21] Fakas, S., Papanikolaou, S., Batsos, A., Panayotoua, M.G., Mallouchos, A., Aggelis, G. (2009). Evaluating renewable carbon sources as substrates for single cell oil production by Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(4), 573-580.
  • [22] Ratledge, C. (2002). Regulation of lipid accumulation in oleaginous micro-organisms. Biochemical Society Transactions, 30(6), 1047-1049.
  • [23] Thevenieau, F., Nicaud, J.M. (2013). Microorganisms as sources of oils. Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids, 20(6), D603.
  • [24] Ratledge, C. (2013). Microbial oils: an introductory overview of current status and future prospects. OCL, 20(6), D602.
  • [25] Paliyath, G., Pometto, A., Levin, R.E. (2006). Food Biotechnology. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, USA.
  • [26] Bellinger, E.G., Sigee, D.C. (2015). Freshwater Algae: Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators, Wiley Blackwell Publication, UK.
  • [27] Ibers, J.M.M.A. (2017). An overview on seaweed uses in the UK: Past, present and future. http://www.nrn-lcee.ac.uk/documents/Adams2016seaweedresources_P16-P21only.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2017).
  • [28] Fleurence, J. (1999). Seaweed proteins: biochemical, nutritional aspects and potential uses. Trends Food Science Technology, 10, 25-38.
  • [29] Marsham, S., Scott, G.W., Tobin, M.L. (2007). Comparison of nutritive chemistry of a range of temperate seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 100, 1331-1336.
  • [30] Sanchez-Machado, D.I., Lopez-Hernandez, J., Paseiro-Losada, P., Lopez-Cervantes, J. (2004). Fatty acids,total lipid, protein and ash contents of processed edible seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 85, 439-444.
  • [31] Norziah, M.H., Ching, C.Y. (2000). Nutritional composition of edible seaweed Gracilaria changgi. Food Chemistry, 68, 69-76.
  • [32] Brownlee, I.A., Allen, A., Pearson, J.P., Dettmar, P.W., Havler, M.E., Atherton, M.R., Onsoyen, E. (2005). Alginate as a source of dietary fiber. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 45(6), 497-510.
  • [33] Goni, I., Gudiel-Urbano, M., Bravo, L., Saura-Calixto, F. (2001). Dietary modulation of bacterial fermentative capacityby edible seaweeds in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 2663-2668.
  • [34] Sandberg, A., Andersson, H., Boscoeus, I., Carlsson, N.G., Hasselbad, K., Harrod, M. (1994). Alginate, small bowel sterol excretion and absorption of nutrients in ileostomy subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 751-756.
  • [35] Becker, E.W. (2007). Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnology Advances, 25(2), 207-210.
  • [36] Waugh, R. (2012). EU to spend 3 million Euros to promote eating insects 'as alternative source of protein. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2093813/Four-legs-good-legs-better-EU-offers-3-million-Euros-research-using-insects-foods-burgers.html. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [37] Rumpold, B.A., Schlüter, O.K. (2013). Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 17, 1-11.
  • [38] Yen, A.L. (2010). Edible insects and other invertebrates in Australia: Future prospects. In Forest insects as food: Humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia- Pacific resources and their potential for development, Edited by P. B. Durst, D. V. Johnson, R.N. Leslie, and K. Shono. Bangkok, Thailand, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 65–84p.
  • [39] Gahukar, R.T. (2011). Entomophagy and human food security. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 31(3), 129-144.
  • [40] Siegrist, M. (2007). Consumer Attitudes to Food Innovation and Technology. In: Understanding Consumers of Food Products, Edited by L. Frewer and H. van Trijp, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press, 236–253p.
  • [41] Lensvelt, E.J., Steenbekkers, L.P.A. (2014). Exploring consumer acceptance of entomophagy: A survey and experiment in Australia and the Netherlands. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 53(5), 543-561.
  • [42] Yen, A.L. (2009). Edible insects: Traditional knowledge or Western phobia? Entomological Research, 39, 289-298.
  • [43] Looy, H., Wood, J.R. (2010). Attitudes toward invertebrates: Are education “bugbanquets” effective? The Journal of Environmental Education, 37(2), 37-48.
  • [44] Looy, H., Dunkel, F.V., Wood, R.W. (2013). How then shall we eat? Insect eating attitudes and sustainable foodways. Agriculture and Human Values, DOI:10.1007/s10460-013-9450-x.
  • [45] Haagsman, H.P., Hellingwerf, K.J., Roelen, B.A.J. (2009). Production of animal proteins by cell systems. Desk study on cultured meat. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht.
  • [46] Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M. (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, Food and Agriculture Organization.
  • [47] Tuomisto, H.L., Teixeira De Mattos, M.J. (2011). Environmental impacts of cultured meat production. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(14), 6117-6123.
  • [48] Bhat, Z.F., Bhat, H. (2011). Animal-free meat biofabrication. American Journal of Food Technology, 6, 441-459.
  • [49] Datar, I., Betti, M. (2010). Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 11(1), 13-22.
  • [50] Edelman, P.D., McFarland, D.C., Mironov, V.A., Matheny, J.G. (2005). In vitro-cultured meat production. Tissue Engineering, 11(5–6), 659-662.
  • [51] Langelaan, M.L., Boonen, K.J., Polak, R.B., Baaijens, F.P., Post, M.J., van der Schaft, D.W. (2010). Meet the new meat: tissue engineered skeletal muscle. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21(2), 59-66.
  • [52] Bhat ZF, Bhat H. (2011).Tissue engineered meat-future meat. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 2(1), 1-10.
  • [53] Bhat Z.F., Kumar, S., Fayaz, H. (2015). In vitro meat production: Challenges and benefits over conventional meat production. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14(2), 241-248.
  • [54] Chiles, R.M. (2013). Intertwined ambiguities: Meat, in vitro meat, and the ideological construction of the marketplace. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 12(6), 472-482.
  • [55] Holmes, P.D., Dacey A. (2008). Vegetarian meat: could technology save animals and satisfy meat eaters? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 21, 579-596.
  • [56] Süfer, Ö., Karakaya, S. (2011). Gıda endüstrisi ve nanoteknoloji: durum tespiti ve gelecek. Akademik Gıda, 9(6), 81-88.
  • [57] Chen, H., Weiss, J., Shahidi, F. (2006). Nanotechnology in nutraceuticals and functional foods. Food Technology, 60(3), 30-32.
  • [58] Baeumner, A. (2004). Nanosensors identify pathogens in food. Food Technology, 58(8), 51-56.
  • [59] Giles, E.L., Kuznesof, S., Clark, B., Hubbard, C., Frewer, L.J. (2015). Consumer acceptance of and willingness to pay for food nanotechnology: a systematic review. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 17(12), 1-26.
  • [60] https://realvegancheese.org/. [Erişim Tarihi: 17 Temmuz 2017].
  • [61] https://wiki.realvegancheese.org/index.php/Introductory_textbook. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [62] http://www.futurefood.org/soymilk/index_en.php. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [63] http://www.muufri.com/. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [64] Peter, A. Cellulose - the new bread for the world". vailable: http://www.akt-mitweltethik.de/images/welternahrung/ZelluloseBiofermenterEnglishDinA4.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2017].
  • [65] Bhattacharjee, J.K. (1970). Microorganisms as potential sources of food. Advances in Applied Microbiology Journal, 13, 139-159.
  • [66] Glew, R.S., Vanderjagt, D.J., Chuang, L.T., Huang, Y.S., Millson, M., Glew, R.H. (2005). Nutrient content of four edible wild plants from West Africa. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 60(4), 187-193.
  • [67] Redzic, S., Barudanovic, S., Pilipovic, S. (2010). Wild mushrooms and lichens used as human food for survival in war conditions: Podrinje-Zepa region (Bosnia and Herzegovina, W. Balkan). Human Ecology Review, 17(2), 175.
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review Papers
Authors

Ayla Ünver Alçay 0000-0003-3254-155X

Aysun Sağlam This is me 0000-0002-4833-6107

Semiha Yalçın This is me 0000-0002-9344-0472

Kamil Bostan 0000-0001-7583-0066

Publication Date August 5, 2018
Submission Date July 28, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ünver Alçay, A., Sağlam, A., Yalçın, S., Bostan, K. (2018). Possible Protein Sources for the Future. Akademik Gıda, 16(2), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.449865
AMA Ünver Alçay A, Sağlam A, Yalçın S, Bostan K. Possible Protein Sources for the Future. Akademik Gıda. August 2018;16(2):197-204. doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.449865
Chicago Ünver Alçay, Ayla, Aysun Sağlam, Semiha Yalçın, and Kamil Bostan. “Possible Protein Sources for the Future”. Akademik Gıda 16, no. 2 (August 2018): 197-204. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.449865.
EndNote Ünver Alçay A, Sağlam A, Yalçın S, Bostan K (August 1, 2018) Possible Protein Sources for the Future. Akademik Gıda 16 2 197–204.
IEEE A. Ünver Alçay, A. Sağlam, S. Yalçın, and K. Bostan, “Possible Protein Sources for the Future”, Akademik Gıda, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 197–204, 2018, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.449865.
ISNAD Ünver Alçay, Ayla et al. “Possible Protein Sources for the Future”. Akademik Gıda 16/2 (August 2018), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.449865.
JAMA Ünver Alçay A, Sağlam A, Yalçın S, Bostan K. Possible Protein Sources for the Future. Akademik Gıda. 2018;16:197–204.
MLA Ünver Alçay, Ayla et al. “Possible Protein Sources for the Future”. Akademik Gıda, vol. 16, no. 2, 2018, pp. 197-04, doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.449865.
Vancouver Ünver Alçay A, Sağlam A, Yalçın S, Bostan K. Possible Protein Sources for the Future. Akademik Gıda. 2018;16(2):197-204.

25964   25965    25966      25968   25967


88x31.png

Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

Akademik Gıda (Academic Food Journal) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).