Teknoloji Çağında İnternet ve Sosyal Medya Kaynaklı Yeni Nesil Korkulara İlişkin Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Teknoloji çağında, internet ve sosyal medya platformları, kişilerarası iletişimden bireylerin gündelik hayatına, benliklerine ve rutinlerine kadar pek çok alanda köklü değişiklikler yaratmıştır. Bu çalışma, teknoloji çağında bireylerin internet ve sosyal medyayla olan ilişkilerini ve bu platformların bireylerde yarattığı yeni nesil korkular ile olumsuz etkileri incelemektedir. Sosyal medya kullanımının bireylerde “FoMO” (Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusu), sosyal medya bağımlılığı, kıskançlık, yetersizlik ve dışlanmışlık hissi gibi psikososyal etkiler yarattığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, sosyal medyanın karanlık yüzü (DoSM) olarak adlandırılan siber zorbalık, mahremiyet ihlalleri, Stres-Gerginlik-Sonuç (Stressor-Strain-Outcomes) ilişkisiyle dezenformasyon ve bir stres tetikleyici olarak işlev görmesi bireylerde yeni nesil korkular ve kaygıların artmasına neden olmaktadır. Türkiye açısından da önemli bir konu olan sorunlu internet kullanımını analiz eden çalışma, sosyal medya ile kurulan ilişkinin hem psikolojik hem de fiziksel sonuçlarına değinmektedir. Sonuç olarak, sosyal medya bireyler için iletişim ve bilgiye erişim kolaylığı sağlasa da, aşırı kullanımı psikososyal ve fiziksel sorunlara yol açabilmektedir. Çalışma, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve yeni nesil korkuların bireylerin yaşam kalitesine etkisini ele almakta ve dijital dünyada bilinçli kullanım stratejilerinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

• Teknoloji
• İletişim
• İnternet
• Sosyal Medya
• Yeni Nesil Korkular

Exploring Emerging Digital-Age Fears Linked to the Internet and Social Media

Abstract

In the digital age, the internet and social media platforms have significantly transformed many aspects of life, including communication, daily routines, self-perception, and lifestyles. This study examines how individuals engage with these platforms, highlighting the fears and negative consequences associated with their use. Social media use has been linked to psychosocial effects such as FoMO (Fear of Missing Out), addiction, jealousy, feelings of inadequacy, and social exclusion. Additionally, the darker side of social media—referred to as DoSM (Dark Side of Social Media)—includes issues like cyberbullying, privacy violations, misinformation, and its role as a stressor, as described in the Stressor-Strain-Outcomes model. These factors contribute to rising contemporary fears and anxieties. The study also focuses on problematic internet use, a major issue in Türkiye, and addresses the psychological and physical consequences of social media engagement. In conclusion, while social media offers benefits such as facilitating communication and access to information, excessive use can lead to significant psychosocial and physical problems. This study highlights how social media addiction and the emerging anxieties of the digital age impact individuals’ quality of life, emphasizing the importance of conscious and balanced digital usage strategies.

Keywords

• Technology
• Communication
• Internet
• Social Media
• New Generation Fears

References

1. Aagard, J. (2015). Mobile devices, interaction, and distraction: a qualitative exploration of absent presence. AI & Society: Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Communication, 31(3), 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-015-0638-z
2. Aghwotu, P., & Owajeme, J. (2010). Technostress: causes, symptoms and coping strategies among librarians in university libraries. Educational Research, 1(12), 713-720.
3. Alabri, A. (2022). Fear of missing out (FOMO): the effects of the need to belong, perceived centrality, and fear of social exclusion. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2022(1), 4824256. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4824256
4. Andreassen, C., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M., Kuss, D., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(8), 959-964. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/adb0000160
5. Aydoğan, F., & Kırık, A. (2012). Alternatif medya olarak yeni medya. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (18), 58-69.
6. Aksoy, Z. (2012). Uluslararası göç ve kültürlerarası iletişim. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(20), 292-303.
7. Anders, G. (2018). İnsanın eskimişliği üzerine. (Çev. H. Ertürk). İthaki Yayınları.
8. Asur, S., & Huberman, B. (2010). Predicting the future with social media. IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/WI-IAT.2010.63

9. Baccarella, C. V., Wagner, T. F., Kietzmann, J. H., & McCarthy, I. P. (2018). Social media? It's serious! understanding the dark side of social media. European Management Journal, 36(4), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.07.002
10. Bahar, R., & Villi, B. (2023). Hedonik tüketim ile gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu (FoMO) arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Z kuşağı tüketiciler üzerine bir araştırma. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 13(1), 588-607.
11. Banjanin, N., Banjanin, N., Dimitrijevic, I., & Pantic, I. (2015). Relation between internet use and depression: focus on physiological mood oscillations, social networking, and online addictive behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 308-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.013
12. Bashir, H., & Bhat, S. (2016). Effects of social media on mental health: A review. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(3), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.25215/0403.134
13. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (2017). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Brett Laursen & Rita Zukauskiene (Eds.), Interpersonal development (pp. 57-89). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351153683
14. Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, facebook use, and facebook related stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083
15. Bhatt, N., & Kothari, T. (2015). Technostress and coping mechanism. NUJBMS, 9(3), 85-93.
16. Billieux, J., Philippot, P., Schmid, C., Maurage, P., De Mol, J., & Van der Linden, M. (2015). Is dysfunctional use of the mobile phone a behavioural addiction? confronting symptom-based versus process-based approaches. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(5), 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1910
17. Blachnio, A., & Przepiórka, A. (2018). Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, narcissism, and life satisfaction: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 259, 514-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.012
18. Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C., & Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039
19. Brooks, S., & Califf, C. (2017). Social media-induced technostress: its impact on the job performance of IT professionals and the moderating role of job characteristics. Computer Networks, 114, 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2016.08.020
20. Chang, A.-M., Aeschbach, D., Duffy, J., & Czeisler, C. (2014). Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 112(4), 1232-1237. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1418490112
21. Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. (1995). Computer self-efficacy: development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, 19(2), 189-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/249688
22. Cotter, K., & Reisdorf, B. C. (2020). Algorithmic knowledge gaps: a new dimension of (digital) inequality. International Journal of Communication, 14, 745-765. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11966
23. Çağlar, B. (2019). Yeni medya iletişimi nasıl dönüştürdü: pasif mesaj alıcısından aktif, üreten, değiştiren, yorumlayan ve eyleme geçen aktif mesaj üreticisine. M. Cinman & E. Dinçerden (Ed.), İletişim bilimleri çalışmaları I içinde. (ss. 49-64). Akademisyen Yayınevi.
24. Çetinkaya, A., Kırık, A. M., & Gündüz, U. (2021). Fear of missing out and problematic social media use: a research among university students in Turkey. AJIT-e: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 12(47), 12-31. https://doi.org/10.5824/ajite.2021.04.001.x
25. Demirci, K., Mercan, N., & Oyur, E. (2013). Alvin Toffler'a göre bilgi çağının yeni paradigması: kaos teorisi. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetim Dergisi, 1(18), 115-127.
26. Destegüloğlu, B., & Yılmaz, O. (2025). Technology in fictional children's books. Millî Eğitim Dergisi, 54(245), 423-448. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.1496591
27. Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing-a study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40, 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012
28. Duckworth, A., & Seligman, M. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16(12), 939-944. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x
29. Elias, N. (2000). Uygarlık süreci: sosyo-oluşumsal ve psiko-oluşumsal incelemeler I. (Çev. E. Ateşman). İletişim Yayınları.
30. Erdoğan, İ. (2022). Karanlık sosyal medya ve sosyal medyanın karanlık yüzü: kavramlar, araştırmalar, stratejiler. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 40, 411-429. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1048522
31. Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). Social media and body image concerns: current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.005
32. Fariña, F., Arce, R., Sobral, J., & Carames, R. (1991). Predictors of anxiety towards computers. Computers in Human Behavior, 7(4), 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(91)90014-R
33. Fenn, J., & Raskino, M. (2012). Gartner's hype cycle special report for 2012. Gartner Research. https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/2108215
34. Fioravanti, G., Casale, S., Benucci, S. B., Prostamo, A., Falone, A., Ricca, V., & Rotella, F. (2021). Fear of missing out and social networking sites use and abuse: a meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 122, 106839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106839
35. Fisher, W., & Wesolkowski, S. (1999). Tempering technostress. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 18(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1109/44.752243
36. Forest, A. L., & Wood, J. V. (2012). When social networking is not working: individuals with low self-esteem recognize but do not reap the benefits of self-disclosure on facebook. Psychological Science, 23(3), 295-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611429709
37. Fox, J., & Moreland, J. (2015). The dark side of social networking sites: an exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
38. Fridchay, O., & Reizer, A. (2022). Fear of missing out (FOMO): implications for employees and job performance. The Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2022.2034727
39. Gil, F., Chamarro, A., & Oberst, U. (2015). PO-14: addiction to online social networks: a question of "fear of missing out"?. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(S1), 51-52.
40. Gökalp, S. (2021). Sosyal medyanın karanlık yüzü: Sosyal ağları kullanmanın riskleri nelerdir? Evrim Ağacı. https://evrimagaci.org/sosyal-medyanin-karanlik-yuzu-sosyal-aglari-kullanmanin-riskleri-nelerdir-13194
41. Gökdağ, B. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin dijital okuryazarlık düzeyleri ile dijital veri güvenliği farkındalık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. e-Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 82-100. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.950635
42. Gupta, M., & Sharma, A. (2021). Fear of missing out: a brief overview of origin, theoretical underpinnings and relationship with mental health. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 9(19), 4881-4889. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4881
43. Gustafsson, E., Thomée, S., Grimby-Ekman, A., & Hagberg, M. (2017). Texting on mobile phones and musculoskeletal disorders in young adults: a five-year cohort study. Applied Ergonomics, 58, 208-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.06.012
44. Güven, A. (2021). Multidisipliner bir kavram olarak "Fear of Missing Out" (FoMO): Literatür taraması. Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(48), 99-124.
45. Holte, A. J., & Ferraro, F. R. (2020). Anxious, bored, and (maybe) missing out: evaluation of anxiety attachment, boredom proneness, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Computers in Human Behavior, 112, 106465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106465
46. Jurek, P., Korjonen‐Kuusipuro, K., & Olech, M. (2021). When technology use causes stress: challenges for contemporary research. Human Technology, 17(3), 190-196. https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2021.17-3.1
47. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! the challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
48. Karakulakoğlu, S. (2012). Sosyal medyanın karanlık yüzü. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 2(4), 32-39.
49. Kejanlıoğlu, B. (1980). 1980’lerden 90’lara Türkiye’de radyo-televizyon yayıncılığı. Birikim, 110, 108-113.
50. Kıral, B. (2020). Nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (Journal of Social Sciences Institute (SUSBID), 15, 170-189.
51. Kierkegaard, S. (2006). Kaygı kavramı (Çev. T. Armaner). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
52. Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? get serious! understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005
53. Kircaburun, K., Alhabash, S., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Uses and gratifications of problematic social media use among university students: a simultaneous examination of the big five of personality traits, social media platforms, and social media use motives. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18, 525-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9940-6
54. Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. S., Chen, C. C., & Yen, C. F. (2008). Psychiatric comorbidity of internet addiction in college students: an interview study. CNS Spectrums, 13(2), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900016308
55. Kovan, A., & Ormancı, N. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medyadaki gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu ile sosyal medya bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişki: COVID-19 pandemi örneği. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 8(4), 1130-1149. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.97597
56. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: a social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017-1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017
57. Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., & Crawford, A. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 49-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00248
58. Kupferberg, A., & Hasler, G. (2023). The social cost of depression: investigating the impact of impaired social emotion regulation, social cognition, and interpersonal behavior on social functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100631
59. Lee, A. R., Son, S. M., & Kim, K. K. (2016). Information and communication technology overload and social networking service fatigue: A stress perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.011
60. Legg, T. (2023). Negative effects of technology: what to know. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/negative-effects-of-technology
61. Li, L., Griffiths, M. D., Mei, S., & Niu, Z. (2020). Fear of missing out and smartphone addiction mediates the relationship between positive and negative affect and sleep quality among chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 877. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00877
62. Lu, X., Watanabe, J., Liu, Q., Uji, M., Shono, M., & Kitamura, T. (2011). Internet and mobile phone text-messaging dependency: factor structure and correlation with dysphoric mood among japanese adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1702-1709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.009
63. Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: The dark side of internet freedom. New York: PublicAffairs. https://tropicaline.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/netdelusion.pdf
64. Oberst, U., Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., Brand, M., & Chamarro, A. (2017). Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.008
65. Öge, S. (2005). Düzen mi Düzensizlik (Kaos) mi? Örgütsel varlığın sürdürülebilirliği açısından bir değerlendirme. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13, 285-303.
66. Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. Y., Rosen, D., ... & Miller, E. (2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the US. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.010
67. Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
68. Riedl, R., Kindermann, H., Auinger, A., & Javor, A. (2012). Technostress from a neurobiological perspective: System breakdown increases the stress hormone cortisol in computer users. Wirtschaftsinformatik, 54, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11576-012-0314-6
69. Rosen, L., Sears, D., & Weil, M. (1987). Computerphobia. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 19(2), 167-179. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203781
70. Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Is Facebook creating “iDisorders”? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes, and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1243-1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.012
71. Sak, R., Sak, İ. T. Ş., Şendil, Ç. Ö., & Nas, E. (2021). Bir araştırma yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 4(1), 227-256. https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.843306
72. Shahzalal, M., Adnan, H., & Abdullah, F. (2023). University students’ perceived self-control and prosocial norms for beneficial social media use. Studies in Media and Communication, 11(6), 171-173. https://doi.org/10.11114/smc.v11i6.6103
73. Shao, G. (2009). Understanding the appeal of user‐generated media: a uses and gratification perspective. Internet Research, 19(1), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240910927795
74. Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P., & Honeycutt, J. M. (2019). The dark side of social media: psychological, managerial, and societal perspectives. Academic Press.
75. Shi, C., Yu, L., Wang, N., Cheng, B., & Cao, X. (2020). Effects of social media overload on academic performance: a stressor–strain–outcome perspective. Asian Journal of Communication, 30(2), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2020.1748073
76. Sözlü, S., & Şanlıer, N. (2017). Sirkadiyen ritim, sağlık ve beslenme ilişkisi. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 2(2), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2015-48902
77. Stephenson, A., McDonough, S. M., Murphy, M. H., Nugent, C. D., & Mair, J. L. (2017). Using computer, mobile, and wearable technology enhanced interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0561-4
78. Tandon, A., Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Kaur, P., & Mäntymäki, M. (2021). Dark consequences of social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO): social media stalking, comparisons, and fatigue. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 120931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120931
79. Tanhan, F., Özok, H. İ., & Tayiz, V. (2022). Gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu (FoMO): güncel bir derleme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(1), 74-85. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.942431
80. Tekin, H. H., Karabay, M., Ertunç, E., Çuhadar, A., & Vural, F. N. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal ortamlarda gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu (FoMO) ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı. Genel Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 547-560. https://doi.org/10.51123/jgehes.2024.148
81. Toffler, A. (1974). Şok: Gelecek korkusu. (Çev. S. Sargut) Altın Kitaplar.
82. Toffler, A. (1992). Yeni güçler yeni şoklar. (Çev. B. Çorakçı) Altın Kitaplar Basımevi.
83. Toffler, A. (2008). Üçüncü dalga. (Çev. S. Yeniçeri) Koridor Yayıncılık.
84. Tokmak, A., & Kara, İ. (2023). Tarihsel arka planıyla Lozan barış antlaşması ve ders kitaplarına yansıması. History Studies, 15(Cumhuriyetin 100. Yılı Özel Sayısı), 121-138. https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1337743
85. Tuncer, R. Z., & Levendeli, Ş. T. (2023). Bağ (ım) lı bireyden yorgun bireye: dijital iletişim çağında sosyal ağ yorgunluğu. Selçuk İletişim, 16(2), 479-507. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.1296833
86. Türk Dil Kurumu. (2019). Korku. www.tdk.gov.tr
87. Ural, Ş. (1999). Demokrasi kavramı, toplumsal değerler ve birey. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2-3), 451-460.
88. Wang, K., Shu, Q., & Tu, Q. (2008). Technostress under different organizational environments: an empirical investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 3002-3013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.007
89. Wang, T., & Deng, X. N. (2022). User characteristics, social media use, and fatigue during the coronavirus pandemic: a stressor–strain–outcome framework. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 7, 100218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100218
90. Wang, Y., & Teo, P.-C. (2023). Stressor-strain-outcome (SSO) model in the context of enterprise social media research. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(8), 257-264. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i8/17677
91. We Are Social. (2022). Digital 2022: Another year of bumper growth. we are social. https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/01/digital-2022-another-year-of-bumper-growth-2/
92. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.