The Evolution of Urban Metabolism: Urban Metabolic Governance

Abstract

This study proposes a new metabolic urban model based on the fact that the city has its own ecosystem. The aim of this study is to reveal a new metabolic approach due to urban change. Feedback is important for more effective results in managing urban dynamics and processes in a heavily anthropic setting. In this model, urban actors and dynamics are considered as an important source of feedback in urban planning and decision processes. With the addition of the governance dimension to the urban metabolic model, a new management model was created including the needs and expectations of local groups. In this article, a new urban metabolic model has been developed for conceptual modeling for urban sustainability.

Keywords

• City,Urban Metabolism,Governance,Recycling

Kentsel Metabolizma Kavramının Evrimi: Kentsel Metabolik Yönetişim

Öz

Bu çalışma, kentin kendine özgü bir ekosisteme sahip olmasından yola çıkarak yeni bir metabolik kentsel model önermektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, kentsel değişime bağlı olarak yeni bir metabolik yaklaşım ortaya koymaktır. Ağır antropik bir ortamda, kentsel dinamikleri ve süreçleri yönetmede daha etkili sonuçlar için geri bildirimler önemlidir. Bu modelde kentsel aktörler ve dinamikler kentsel planlama ve karar süreçlerinde önemli bir geri bildirim kaynağı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Kentsel metobolik modele, yönetişim boyutunun eklenmesiyle, yerel grupların ihtiyaç ve beklentilerini içeren yeni bir yönetim modeli oluşturulmuştur. Bu makalede kentsel sürdürülebilirlik için kavramsal modelleme yöntemiyle yeni bir kentsel metabolik model geliştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kent,Kent Metabolizması,Yönetişim,Geri Dönüşüm

Kaynakça

1. Alberti, Marina (1999). Modeling The Urban Ecosystem: A Conceptual Framework, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 26(4), pp. 605-630.
2. Bagliani, M., A. Galli, V. Niccolucci and N. Marchettini (2008). Ecological footprint analysis applied to a subnational area: The case of the Province of Siena, Journal of Environmental Management, 86(2), pp. 354-364.
3. Bahers, Jean-Baptiste, Barles, Sabine and Durand, Mathieu (2018). Urban Metabolism of Intermediate Cities The Material Flow Analysis, Hinterlands and the Logistics-Hub Function of Rennes and Le Mans (France), Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(3), pp. 686-698.
4. Barles, Sabine (2009). Urban Metabolism of Paris and its Region, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13, pp. 898-913.
5. Barrera, P., Carreón, R. and Hugo J. de Boer (2018). A Multi-Level Framework for Metabolism in Urban Energy Systems From an Ecological Perspective, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, pp. 230–238.
6. Bergbäck, B., Johansson, K. and Mohlander, U. (2001). Urban Metal Flows-A Case Study of Stockholm, Water, Air and Soil Pollution Focus, 1(3-4), pp. 3–24.
7. Boyden, S., Millar, S., Newcombe, K., O’Neill-Canberra, B. (1981). The Ecology of a City and its People: the Case of Hong Kong, Canberra: Australian National University Press.
8. Broto, C, Allen A and Rapoport, E. (2012). Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Urban Metabolism, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16(6), pp. 851–861.

9. Brunner, H. Paul (2007). Reshaping Urban Metabolism, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11, pp. 11-13.
10. Carréon, Jesús Rosales, and Worrell, Ernst (2018). Urban Energy Systems Within The Transition to Sustainable Development: A Research Agenda for Urban Metabolism, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, pp. 258–266.
11. Castán Broto, V., Allen, A. and Rapoport, E. (2012). Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Urban Metabolism, Journal of Industrial Ecology,16(6), pp. 851–861.
12. Codoban, Natalia and Kennedy, Christopher A. (2008). The Metabolism of Neighbourhoods, ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 134(1), pp. 21-31.
13. Collins, Andrea and Flynn, Andrew (2007). Engaging with the Ecological Footprint as a Decision-Making Tool: Process and Responses, Local Environment, 12(3) , pp. 295–312.
14. Duan, Ning (2004). Urban Material Metabolism and its Control, Research of Environmental Sciences, 17, pp. 75-77.
15. European Commission (2005) Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, Brussels, Belgium, European Commission. SEC(2005) 1683.
16. European Environment Agency (1996) Europe's Environment: The Dobris Assessment, London.
17. Fischer-Kowalski, Marina and Huttler, Walter (1997). Society's Metabolism: The İntellectual History of Materials Flow Analysis Part II, 1970–1998, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2(4), pp. 107–136.
18. Georgi, Birgit and Uhel, Ronan (2009) European Environment Agency Ensuring Quality of Life in Europe's Cities and Towns Tackling the Environmental Challenges Driven by European and Global Change. European Environment Agency Report, Copenhagen, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/quality-of-life-in-Europes-cities-and-towns (Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018)
19. Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C. and Ulgiati, S. (2016). A Review on Circular Economy: The Expected Transition to A Balanced İnterplay of Environmental and Economic Systems, Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, pp. 11-32.
20. Girardet, Herbert (1990) “The metabolism of cities. In: Cadman”, D., Payne, G. (Eds.), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future. Routledge, London, pp.170-180.
21. Grimm, N.B., Faeth, S.H., Golubiewski, N.E., Redman, C.L., Wu, J., Bai, X. and Briggs, J.M. (2008). Global Change and The Ecology Of Cities, Science, 3 (58), pp.756–760.
22. Haberl, Helmut (2001). The Energetic Metabolism of Societies: Part I: Accounting Concepts, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 5, pp. 11-33.
23. Han, W. , Geng, Y., Lu, Y., Wilson, J., Sun, L., Satoshi, O., Geldron, A. and Qian, Y. (2018). Urban Metabolism Of Megacities: A Comparative Analysis of Shanghai, Tokyo, London and Paris to İnform Low Carbon and Sustainable Development Pathways, Energy, 155, pp. 887-898.
24. Hoornweg, Daniel and Kennedy, Christopher. (2012). Mainstreaming Urban Metabolism, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16, pp. 780-782.
25. Huang, Shu‐Li and Chen, Chia‐Wen (2009). Urbanization and Socioeconomic Metabolism in Taipei, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13, pp. 75-93.
26. Kennedy, C., Cuddıhy, J. and Engel-Yan, J. (2007). The Changing Metabolism Of Cities, Journal Of Industrial Ecology, 11, pp. 43-59.
27. Kennedy, C., Pincetl, S. and Bunje, P. (2011). The Study of Urban Metabolism and its Applications to Urban Planning and Design, Environmental Pollution, 159, pp. 1965–1973.
28. Krausmann, F., Haberl, H., Schulz, N.B., Erb, K.H., Darge, E., Gaube, V. (2003). Land-Use Change And Socio-Economic Metabolism İn Austria, Part I: Driving Forces Of Land-Use Change 1950-1995, Land Use Policy, 20, pp. 1-20.
29. Lehtonen, Markku (2004). The Environmental Social İnterface of Sustainable Development: Capabilities, Social Capital, İnstitutions, Ecological Economics, 49 (29), pp. 199-214.
30. Li, Huan and Kwan, Mei-Po (2018). Advancing Analytical Methods for Urban Metabolism Studies, Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 132, pp. 239–245.
31. Li, Y.T., Zhang, Y., Li, S.S. and Yang, N.J. (2010), Ecological Network Model Analysis Of China’s Endosomatic and Exosomatic Societal Metabolism, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2, pp.1400-1406.
32. Liang, Sai and Zhang, Tianzhu (2011). Urban Metabolism in China: Achieving Dematerialization and Decarbonization in Suzhou, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 15, pp. 420-434.
33. Lozano, Rodrigo (2008). Envisioning Sustainability Three-Dimensionally, Journal of Cleaner Production, 16 (17), pp. 1838-1846.
34. Minx, J.C., Creutzig, F., Medinger, V., Ziegler, T., Owen, A. and Baiocchi, G. (2011) “Developing a Prgamatic Approach to Assess Urban Metabolism in Europe, A Report to the Environment Agency prepared by Technische Universität Berlin and Stockholm Environment, Institute, Climatecon Working Paper 01/2011, Technische Universität Berlin.
35. Moffatt, Ian (2000). Ecological Footprints and Sustainable Development, Ecological Economics, 32, pp. 359-362.
36. Newcombe, K., Kalma, J.D. and Aston, A.R. (1978). The Metabolism of A City: The Case of Hong Kong, AMBİ, 7, pp. 3-15.
37. Newman, Peter (1999). Sustainability and Cities: Extending The Metabolism Model, in Landscape and Urban Planning, 44, pp. 219–226. Niza, S., Rosado, L., and Ferrao, P. (2009). Urban Metabolism, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13(3), pp. 384-405.
38. Perrotti, Daniela and Stremke, Sven (2018). Can Urban Metabolism Models Advance Green İnfrastructure Planning? Insights From Ecosystem Services Research”, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, pp. 1–17.
39. Rosales, Carreón Jesús and Worrell, Ernst (2018). Urban Energy Systems Within The Transition to Sustainable Development. A Research Agenda for Urban Metabolism, Conservation and Recycling, 132, pp. 258–266
40. Schiller, Frank (2009). Linking Material and Energy Flow Analyses and Social Theory, Ecological Economics, 68, pp. 1676-1686.
41. Schulz, Niels B. (2007). The Direct Material İnputs into Singapore’s Development, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), pp. 117–131.
42. Silva, Elisabete and Ning Wu (2012). Surveying Models in Urban Land Studies, Journal of Planning Literature, 27(2), pp. 139-152.
43. Swilling, Mark and Annecke, Eve (2012). Just Transitions: Explorations of Sustainability in an Unfair World, Japan: United Nations University Press.
44. Tarr, A. Joel (2002) The Metabolism of The İndustrial City: The Case of Pittsburgh, Journal of Urban History, 28, pp. 511–545.
45. Warren-Rhodes, Kimberley and Koenig, Albert (2001). Escalating Trends in The Urban Metabolism of Hong Kong 1971-1997, AMBİO, 30, pp. 429-438.
46. Wolman, Abel (1965). The Metabolism of Cities, Scientific America, 213 (3), pp.179-190.
47. Zhang, Y., Yang, Z.F. and Yu, X.Y. (2009). Ecological network and emergy analysis of urban metabolic systems: model development, and a case study of four Chinese cities, Ecological Modelling, 220, pp. 1431-1442.
48. Zhang, Yan (2013).Urban Metabolism: A Review Of Research Methodologies, Environmental Pollution, 178, pp. 463-473.