Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica

Gülçin Özcan Ateş; Funda Elmacı; Rumeysa Asude Gökalp

doi:10.35206/jan.1872398

EN

Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica

Abstract

Propolis and plant-derived oils are currently being investigated as alternative sources against increasing antibiotic resistance. For this purpose, in this study, the antifungal activity of propolis ethanol extract and lemon oil, orange oil (obtained from 2 different producers), garlic oil, black grape seed oil, grape seed oil, pomegranate seed oil, black cumin oil, rosemary and thyme oils was evaluated against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 yeasts isolated from the human oral cavity. Antifungal activity was determined by the agar well diffusion method, and the results were statistically evaluated. Among the oils tested, rosemary and oregano oil exhibited the highest antifungal activity, forming inhibition zones ranging from 15.53 ± 3.28 to 39.25 ± 2.02 mm against the tested yeasts. No activity was detected in the other oils tested. Propolis was found to be as effective as amphotericin B antifungal (with inhibition zones between 16.31 ± 0.16 and 25.44 ± 1.34 mm), with inhibition zones ranging from 20.85 ± 0.95 to 25.95 ± 1.22 mm. In 1:1 mixtures of oils with propolis, antifungal activity increased compared to the oils used individually but decreased compared to propolis alone. Indeed, in mixtures of rosemary and oregano oils with propolis, inhibition zones ranged from 16.88 ± 2.75 to 34.06 ± 1.57 mm, with inhibition zones reduced compared to those observed with the oils used individually. Therefore, a potential antagonistic interaction was determined between the tested oils and propolis (P<0.001). In conclusion, while it might be assumed that combinations of natural substances strategically increase activity, this is not always the case. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of combining natural substances on biological activity.

Keywords

Apis mellifera , propolis ethanol extract , plant oil , antifungal activity

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Kimya Mühendisliği (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Gülçin Özcan Ateş ^*
0000-0002-8467-2378
Türkiye

Funda Elmacı
0009-0009-0090-7108
Türkiye

Rumeysa Asude Gökalp
0009-0003-3568-940X
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

13 Nisan 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

26 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

9 Nisan 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35206/jan.1872398

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA75DL76RM

APA

Özcan Ateş, G., Elmacı, F., & Gökalp, R. A. (2026). Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, 9(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.35206/jan.1872398

AMA

1.Özcan Ateş G, Elmacı F, Gökalp RA. Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature. 2026;9(1):12-21. doi:10.35206/jan.1872398

Chicago

Özcan Ateş, Gülçin, Funda Elmacı, ve Rumeysa Asude Gökalp. 2026. “Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 9 (1): 12-21. https://doi.org/10.35206/jan.1872398.

EndNote

Özcan Ateş G, Elmacı F, Gökalp RA (01 Nisan 2026) Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 9 1 12–21.

IEEE

[1]G. Özcan Ateş, F. Elmacı, ve R. A. Gökalp, “Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica”, Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, c. 9, sy 1, ss. 12–21, Nis. 2026, doi: 10.35206/jan.1872398.

ISNAD

Özcan Ateş, Gülçin - Elmacı, Funda - Gökalp, Rumeysa Asude. “Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 9/1 (01 Nisan 2026): 12-21. https://doi.org/10.35206/jan.1872398.

JAMA

1.Özcan Ateş G, Elmacı F, Gökalp RA. Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature. 2026;9:12–21.

MLA

Özcan Ateş, Gülçin, vd. “Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, c. 9, sy 1, Nisan 2026, ss. 12-21, doi:10.35206/jan.1872398.

Vancouver

1.Gülçin Özcan Ateş, Funda Elmacı, Rumeysa Asude Gökalp. Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature. 01 Nisan 2026;9(1):12-21. doi:10.35206/jan.1872398

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Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of Propolis and Plant Oils Alone and Combined Against Candida albicans and Pichia manshurica

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