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Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses

Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 14 Haziran 2026
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Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses

Öz

Bee pollen (BP) is a natural product widely recognized for its rich nutritional composition and diverse biological activities. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of bee-collected pollen was performed by integrating palyno-morphological, elemental, and volatile compound analyses. Pollen samples were collected from the Olur district (Erzurum, Türkiye) and analyzed using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine their morphological features. The results revealed distinct pollen morphotypes belonging to different plant taxa, characterized by variations in shape, aperture type, and exine ornamentation, which are critical for botanical identification. Elemental composition was determined using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), revealing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) as the most abundant elements, followed by iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). Trace elements such as copper (Cu), boron (B), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) were detected at low concentrations. These findings indicate that BP represents a valuable source of essential minerals with potential nutritional significance. The volatile profile of BP was analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS). A complex mixture of volatile compounds was identified, dominated by aldehydes and terpenes. The major compounds included pelargonaldehyde, α-pinene, capronaldehyde, and enanthaldehyde, highlighting the influence of botanical origin on aroma composition. The diversity and variability of volatile compounds further confirm the complex chemical nature of BP. Overall, the integration of microscopic, elemental, and volatile analyses provides a multidimensional understanding of BP composition.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bee pollen, Palynology, Light microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Mineral composition, Volatile compounds

Etik Beyan

This study did not involve any human participants or animals. Therefore, ethics committee approval was not required.

Kaynakça

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Kaynak Göster

APA
Demir Kanbur, E. (2026). Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, 9(1), 130-140. https://doi.org/10.35206/jan.1919154
AMA
1.Demir Kanbur E. Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature. 2026;9(1):130-140. doi:10.35206/jan.1919154
Chicago
Demir Kanbur, Esra. 2026. “Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 9 (1): 130-40. https://doi.org/10.35206/jan.1919154.
EndNote
Demir Kanbur E (01 Haziran 2026) Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 9 1 130–140.
IEEE
[1]E. Demir Kanbur, “Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses”, Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, c. 9, sy 1, ss. 130–140, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.35206/jan.1919154.
ISNAD
Demir Kanbur, Esra. “Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 9/1 (01 Haziran 2026): 130-140. https://doi.org/10.35206/jan.1919154.
JAMA
1.Demir Kanbur E. Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature. 2026;9:130–140.
MLA
Demir Kanbur, Esra. “Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, c. 9, sy 1, Haziran 2026, ss. 130-4, doi:10.35206/jan.1919154.
Vancouver
1.Esra Demir Kanbur. Comprehensive Characterization of a Bee Pollen Sample from Erzurum (Türkiye) Using Integrated Palyno-Morphological, Elemental and Volatile Analyses. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature. 01 Haziran 2026;9(1):130-4. doi:10.35206/jan.1919154