Metaverse-Based Virtual Campus Tour for Higher Education: Insights from Development to User Experience Validation
Abstract
In archipelagic countries with thousands of islands separated by wide regional spans, geographic barriers often prevent prospective students from experiencing campus life before making enrollment decisions. This limitation constrains institutions' capacity to expand outreach and enhance their visibility in the higher education landscape. Metaverse platforms present significant opportunities to transform campus tours. However, most virtual tours are still constrained by static visualizations and single-user experiences. This study aims to systematically develop and evaluate a Metaverse-based virtual campus tour, addressing the limitations of existing platforms and examining its usability and user loyalty. The system was created systematically through a four-phase Discover, Blueprint, Develop, and Validate framework. This process consolidated requirements, translated them into design artifacts, and implemented them within a scalable layered architecture, ensuring usability and loyalty. Evaluation results showed that users perceived the system as both usable and recommendable. While usability varied according to familiarity and role-specific expectations, loyalty remained consistently strong across groups. These findings confirm that the system delivers meaningful value, demonstrates strong adoption potential, and offers a replicable development model for applying Metaverse technologies in higher education.
Keywords
higher education digital transformation metaverse usability evaluation user loyalty of metaverse virtual campus tour
Ethical Statement
The study complied with scientific research and publication ethics. Ethical approval was not required under the policies of Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin, Indonesia, as it involved only voluntary and anonymous survey responses. Informed consent was obtained electronically, and participants were assured of confidentiality and the right to withdraw at any time.
Supporting Institution
This research did not receive any outside funding or support. The authors report no involvement in the research by the sponsor that could have influenced the outcome of this work.ation, Science, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia
Thanks
The authors would like to thank the Informatics Engineering Study Program, Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin, Indonesia, for their continuous support in providing facilities and technical resources during the development of this project. Special appreciation is also extended to Muhammad Rizki Murtadha and Ahmad Syafii, who contributed significantly to the system development stages. The authors also acknowledge all participants involved in the evaluation process for their valuable feedback and insights. Finally, appreciation is extended to the Directorate of Science and Technology Talent Development, Directorate General of Science and Technology, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia, for its mentoring program that contributed to the refinement of this research.
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- Huang, Z., & Mou, J. (2021). Gender differences in user perception of usability and performance of online travel agency websites. Technology in Society, 66, 101671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101671
- Nasir, M., Ikram, N., & Jalil, Z. (2022). Usability inspection: Novice crowd inspectors versus expert. Journal of Systems and Software, 183, 111122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2021.111122
- Taylor, T. E. (2024). Users and technology: A closer look at how technology engagement affects users. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 15, 100473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100473
- Man, S. S., Wang, J., Chan, A. H. S., & Liu, L. (2025). Ageing in the digital age: What drives virtual reality technology adoption among older adults? Ergonomics, 0(0), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2025.2473685
- Schaumburg, M., Imtiaz, A., Zhou, R., Bernard, M., Wolbers, T., & Segen, V. (2025). Immersive virtual reality for older adults: Challenges and solutions in basic research and clinical applications. Ageing Research Reviews, 109, 102771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2025.102771
- Peng, W., & Robinson-Tay, K. (2025). Assessing the characteristics and outcomes of perceived usefulness and ease of use for autonomous vehicle adoption. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 111, 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2025.03.014
- Agag, G., Ali Durrani, B., Hassan Abdelmoety, Z., Mostafa Daher, M., & Eid, R. (2024). Understanding the link between net promoter score and e-WOM behaviour on social media: The role of national culture. Journal of Business Research, 170, 114303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114303
- Mecredy, P., Wright, M. J., & Feetham, P. (2018). Are promoters valuable customers? An application of the net promoter scale to predict future customer spend. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 26(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.12.001
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- Fadhel, M., Duhaim, A., Albahri, A. s, Al-Qaysi, Z., Aktham, M., Chyad, M., Abd Alaziz, W., Albahri, O. s, Alamoodi, A., Alzubaidi, L., Gupta, A., & Gu, Y. (2024). Navigating the metaverse: Unraveling the impact of artificial intelligence—A comprehensive review and gap analysis. Artificial Intelligence Review, 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-10881-5
- Xiao, X., Roy, R., Omidyeganeh, M., & Furnari, F. (2025). Industrial Metaverse design methodologies: A comprehensive literature review. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0951192X.2025.2544545
- Abilkaiyrkyzy, A., Elhagry, A., Laamarti, F., & Elsaddik, A. (2023). Metaverse Key Requirements and Platforms Survey. IEEE Access, PP, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3325844
- Nickerson, J. V., Seidel, S., Yepes, G., & Berente, N. (2022). Design Principles for Coordination in the Metaverse. Academy of Management Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.15178abstract
- Ramadan, Z. (2023). Marketing in the metaverse era: Toward an integrative channel approach. Virtual Reality, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-023-00783-2
- Roy, R., Rao, G. A., Pal, D., Anuradha, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2025). Metaverse-based education for sustainable development and improving the performance: Discussing the future research agenda. Sustainable Futures, 10, 101091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101091
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- Uribe, V., Figueroa, P., & Gomez, V. (2024). The influence of metaverse environment design on the quality of experience in virtual reality classes: A comparative study. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1451859
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Computer Aided Design in Visual Communication, Virtual and Mixed Reality, Graphics, Augmented Reality and Games (Other), Artificial Reality, Visual Communication Design (Other), Design (Other), Innovation Management, Strategy, Management and Organisational Behaviour (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | August 22, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | October 12, 2025 |
| Early Pub Date | December 16, 2025 |
| Publication Date | January 7, 2026 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Issue: 6 |
Aim & Scope
Journal of Metaverse is a scientific, double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access international journal that publishes original, theoretical and/or practical articles. It aims to publish a wide range of articles in different disciplines about the metaverse and its research.
Journal of Metaverse intends to facilitate effective communication between scientists. It will reflect the significant advances that are currently ongoing in computer science. The multidisciplinary character of this field will be typified by providing readers with a broad range of articles. The articles will be original review articles, research papers written by individual researchers and research groups that appeal to the wider international community of academics and other professionals.
The journal aims to keep related researchers updated on the developments in a wide range of topics, reporting experiments, techniques, and ideas that advance the understanding of various areas of the metaverse.
- Presents the latest developments in the metaverse,
- Emphasizes emerging and multidisciplinary fields and international trends in research and development about the metaverse,
- Covers special topics in line with the progression of worldwide scientists,
- Journal of Metaverse accepts articles in English.
Journal of Metaverse started its publication life in 2021. Open access has adopted a double-blind and pre-review system.
It was published twice a year, in January and June (The first issue) and July and December (The second issue), until the end of 2025. Starting in 2026, it uses a continuous publishing model, so accepted articles are published online as soon as the publication process is complete. Under the continuous publishing model, only an issue number is used, and no volume number is assigned.
Journal of Metaverse aims to publish original research papers in all major branches of the Metaverse. Articles that are not directly related to the Metaverse but are related to topics listed below can also be in our journal's scope. However, these publications should involve the development of new technology rather than the use of existing methods. Although a submission may be related to the topics listed, the Editorial Board of Journal of Metaverse reserves the right to desk-reject manuscripts if they are deemed unlikely to attract the interest of the journal’s readership, if they are considered to offer insufficient contribution to the field, if there is already a high volume of publications on the same subject, if so many similar studies are currently under review, or if there is an excessive number of submissions from the same country or geographic region. This policy aims to maintain a balanced geographic distribution and provide opportunities for researchers from diverse regions and research areas.
We invite submissions on a wide range of research topics, including, but not limited to:
- Digital Twin
- Digital Asset
- Blockchain
- Web 3
- Digital Currency
- Non-Fungible Token (NFT)
- Marketplace /Digital Commerce
- Metaverse Infrastructure
- Gaming and Entertainment
- Digital Humans
- Virtual Reality
- Augmented Reality
- XR
- Artificial Intelligence (ChatBots, Generative AI, and LLM-related papers)
- Emerging Technologies and Applications for Metaverse
- Decentralized Architectures for Metaverse
- Al-driven Ecosystem in Metaverse
- Cryptocurrency, Token Solutions for Metaverse
- Data security and privacy mechanisms for Metaverse
- Fraud-Detection in Metaverse
- Cyber Security for Metaverse
- Operations and Maintenance in Metaverse
- Smart Contracts for Metaverse
- Data Analytics to Identify Malicious Behaviors in Metaverse
- Decentralized and Collaborative AI for Metaverse
- Interoperability for Metaverse
- Generative AI, ChatBots, and LLMs
- Immersive Hologram Technology
Author Guidelines
Dear Authors,
Before submitting your manuscripts, please carefully review the Aim and Scope of our journal. Submissions that fall outside the journal's scope will be subject to immediate desk rejection.
Although our journal is indexed under the Scopus and WoS categories of Artificial Intelligence and Social Sciences (miscellaneous), we have additional specific scope requirements that all authors must follow. You can find these details at: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jmv/aim-and-scope
Paper Types:
1) Research Articles
2) Review Articles*
* Journal of Metaverse prioritizes publishing research articles. The proportion of research articles in an issue cannot be less than 80%. In other words, reviews, etc., articles cannot exceed 20%. Articles that do not comply with these rates may be returned to the author at the editor's discretion. Journal of Metaverse accepts review articles for peer review only in the cases listed below:
1) Articles sent upon invitation,
2) Articles submitted by a researcher of high reputation and influence at the international level (In determining scientists who meet this criterion, their publications in high-impact journals included in indexes such as WoS and Scopus, and the international impact of relevant publications is taken into account).
Limits and Constraints for Authors
- An article that has been previously rejected for any reason is not taken into consideration and is rejected directly.
- An author can publish a maximum of one article in the Journal of Metaverse within two years, regardless of the author's order in the article. Therefore, even if your first article is in peer review, your second article will not be accepted into the evaluation process. However, if the first article is rejected after the peer review process, you can submit your second(new) article.
- It is not possible for more than one article by an author to be peer-reviewed at the same time. The justification for this article and the previous article is to ensure author diversity and to provide opportunities for different authors.
- The maximum number of authors in an article should be 3. In cases where more authors are required, a cover letter stating the reasons should be prepared for the editor and uploaded to the system at the time of submission.
- Journal of Metaverse is an international journal. It strictly follows the geographical distribution of the authors of the articles published in the journal. In case of intense demand for article publication from a certain country or geography, the publisher or editor has the right to reject these papers or consider them for future issues to ensure geographical diversity.
- In such cases, if the authors do not comply with the rules or upload the article to the system without stating the reasons, the editor/editorial board may reject the article without taking it into the evaluation process and giving a reason.
Articles will be DIRECTLY REJECTED WHEN the paper does not satisfy any of the following:
- The article's relationship with the scope of the journal is NOT sufficient.
- The purpose of the study and the research question are NOT given in the context, nor is NOT clear. The research question should be given in sufficient detail to understand it clearly
- Methods - There should be a methods section that describes the approach clearly.
- Contribution to the field - The paper should have a contribution to the field and clearly describe it.
- Ethics - If there is any sign of plagiarism or a repeated/well-known study in the literature.
- The findings/results are discussed sufficiently in a scientific cause-and-effect relationship for the purpose.
Manuscript Preparation
The manuscript should be written in clear, concise, and grammatically correct English. You should ask colleagues to read over your paper before submission to ensure it is of a high standard and conforms to a high level of scientific writing.
The maximum length is typically 15 pages for Papers and 20 pages for Surveys.
- Journal of Metaverse is a TEMPLATE-FREE journal on submission.
- As shared below, the accepted manuscript should be written in single-spaced, two-column, standard JMV format.
Download the Microsoft Word Template by clicking or using the link https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/24596
Download the JMv Latex Format Files by clicking or using the link https://drive.google.com/file/d/1astTbfcymnQjK7nExp-2Fx7_2pEZy_tr/view?usp=sharing
Other Required Files:
- Author Publishing Agreement: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/28848
- Permission Verification Form: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/28850
- Author Response Form (The file is to be uploaded to the system to respond to the requests of the reviewers or editor during the article evaluation process): https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/31782
- Please read the Ethical Approval, Administrative Permissions, and Data Verification ( https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jmv/page/14614 ) page carefully, and if required, upload the relevant documents to the system as supporting files during submission.
Attention to Authors
It is the responsibility of the author to obtain permissions, including paying any fees, for your figures, diagrams, schemes, tables, and text. The author must also provide the appropriate acknowledgement text in the caption in the format prescribed by the copyright owner.
For example: Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: [JOURNAL NAME] (reference citation), copyright (year of publication).
Submission Steps on Dergipark
- Register the system: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/register/
- Log in to the system: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/login
- Follow the submission steps: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/journal/3720/submission/step/manuscript/new
Order of Manuscript
The manuscript should be presented in the following order:
Title Page
This should contain the contribution's title and the authors' names and addresses. The author's full postal address, e-mail address, ORCIDs, affiliations, telephone, and facsimile number, who will receive correspondence and check the proofs, should be included. Please read the Authorship policy of JMv.
Running Head
The running head or short title is the shortened version of your manuscript title. Not only does this help to identify your manuscript during the evaluation process, but it also acts as the manuscript title on the journal homepage, providing information at a glance for people who are reading the journal.
Abstract
All manuscripts must include a brief but informative Abstract. It should not exceed 300 words and should describe the scope, hypothesis, or rationale for the work and the main findings. The abstract should allow the reader to quickly have a clear idea about the rationale for the work, the experiments conducted, and the results of those experiments before reading the rest of the manuscript. Both common and scientific names should be included; the authorities are not given if they appear in the title. References to the literature and mathematical symbols/equations should not be included.
Keywords
Keywords (3-5) should be provided below the Abstract to assist with indexing the article.
Introduction
The Introduction should briefly indicate the objectives of the study and provide enough background information to clarify why the study was undertaken and what hypotheses were tested.
Materials and Methods
This section should be concise but provide sufficient detail of the material used and equipment, and the procedure followed to allow the work to be repeated by others.
Results
Results should be presented in a logical sequence in the text, tables, and figures. Repetitive presentation of the same data in tables and figures should be avoided. The results should not contain material appropriate to the Discussion. All tables, graphs, statistical analyses, and sample calculations should be presented in this section.
Discussion
The results should be discussed concerning any hypotheses advanced in the Introduction. Comment on results and indicate possible sources of error. Place the study in the context of other work reported in the literature. Only in exceptional cases should the “Results and Discussion” sections be combined. Refer to graphs, tables, and figures by number. This helps tie the data into the text in a very effective manner. Authors should also take future research and limitations into account in the Discussion section.
Conclusion
The main conclusions of the experimental work should be presented. The contribution of the work to the scientific community and its economic implications should be emphasized.
Limitations of the Study
This section outlines the constraints or weaknesses that may have affected the study's results or generalizability.
Future Research Directions
This section suggests potential areas for further investigation based on the study’s findings and limitations.
Acknowledgement
The source of financial support must be acknowledged. Authors must declare any financial support or relationships that may pose a conflict of interest in the covering letter submitted with the manuscript. Technical assistance may also be acknowledged.
Funding Information
The authors should acknowledge the funders of this manuscript and provide all necessary funding information.
Author Contributions
Authors are required to include a statement of responsibility in the manuscript that specifies the contribution of every author. The level of detail varies; some disciplines produce manuscripts that comprise discrete efforts readily articulated in detail, whereas other fields operate as group efforts at all stages.
Conflict of Interest
A conflict of interest exists when judgment regarding the research is influenced by factors such as financial gain or personal relationships. All authors are required to disclose any financial, personal, or other associations that may influence or be perceived to influence their work.
Data Availability
All manuscripts must contain a 'Data Availability' statement. This statement should specify where the data and material supporting the study’s findings can be accessed, including hyperlinks to publicly archived datasets when applicable. The term "data" refers to the essential dataset required to interpret, replicate, and expand upon the study’s results. We acknowledge that sharing research data publicly may not always be feasible, particularly in cases where individual privacy is a concern. In such situations, the manuscript should still include a data availability statement, outlining any access restrictions or conditions.
Ethical Statement
Manuscripts detailing studies involving human participants, human data, or human tissue must:
- Provide a statement on ethics approval and participant consent, even if approval was waived.
- Specify the name of the approving ethics committee and, if applicable, include the committee’s reference number.
For studies involving animals, an ethics approval statement must be included.
If the manuscript does not involve human or animal data, participants, or tissue, please indicate this by stating “Not applicable” in this section.
Declaration of AI Usage
Authors must provide a statement regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the preparation of their manuscript. If AI tools (such as ChatGPT, language models, or automated data analysis tools) were used in any part of the research process, such as writing, editing, data analysis, image generation, or coding, this must be explicitly disclosed in the manuscript. The declaration should specify which AI tools were used and how they contributed to the work.
However, AI-generated content does not qualify for authorship, as AI tools cannot take responsibility for the manuscript’s integrity. Authors remain fully accountable for the accuracy, originality, and ethical considerations of their work.
If no AI tools were used in the research or writing process, authors should include a statement confirming that "No AI tools were used in the creation of this manuscript."
References
The Authors are responsible for ensuring that the information in each reference is complete and accurate. Only published and “in press” references should appear in the reference list. Do not use internet sources in your lists. References should follow APA style and be numbered in brackets [ ]. They should appear in the order in which they are cited in the article. Given that the Metaverse and related topics are current and rapidly evolving, ensure that your references are up-to-date and cite high-impact sources, such as journals indexed in Scopus or Web of Science, or books published by reputable academic institutions, non-governmental organizations, or high-quality publishers.
Tables
Tables should be self-contained, and the data should not be duplicated in figures. Tables should be numbered consecutively. Each table should be presented on a separate page with a comprehensive but concise legend above the table. Tables should be double-spaced, and vertical lines should not be used to separate columns. Column headings should be brief, with units of measurement in parentheses. All abbreviations should be defined in footnotes. Use superscript letters (not numbers) for footnotes and keep footnotes to a minimum. *, **, *** should be reserved for P values.
Figures
Only necessary illustrations should be included. All illustrations (line drawings and photographs) are classified as figures. Figures should be cited in consecutive order in the text. Figures should be sized to fit within the column or the full text width. Line figures should be supplied as sharp, black and white or colour diagrams, drawn with a computer graphics package. Photographs should be sharp, and magnifications should be indicated on photographs using a scale bar. Graphics should be supplied as high-resolution (at least 300 DPI ) electronic files. Digital images supplied at low resolution cannot be used and will not be accepted. The legend should incorporate definitions of any symbols used, and all abbreviations and units of measurement should be explained so that the figure can be understood without reference to the text.
Abbreviations and Units
SI units, as outlined in the latest edition of Units, Symbols and Abbreviations: A Guide for Medical and Scientific Editors and Authors (Royal Society of Medicine Press, London), should be used wherever possible. Statistics and measurements should always be given in figures, except where the number begins the sentence. When the number does not refer to a unit measurement, it is spelled out, except where the number is greater than nine. Use only standard abbreviations. The word Figure should be shortened to Fig unless starting a sentence.
Online Submission
You can submit your prepared manuscript using our online submission system, which you can access using the link given below.
Submit your Article by clicking or using the link https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/3720/submission/step/manuscript/new
Licensing Agreement
CC BY license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Review Process
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jmv/page/14606
Post-Production Manuscript Revisions
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jmv/page/14603
Retractions
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jmv/page/14603
Policy - Generative AI usage key principles
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jmv/page/15748
Ethical Principles and Publication Policy
About - Publisher
About - About Journal
About - Aim & Scope
About - Statistics
About - Indexes
About - Archive
About - Journal Boards
About - Contact
Ethics - Publication Ethics
Ethics - Research Ethics
Ethics - Ethical Approval, Administrative Permissions, and Data Verification
Policy - Publication Frequency of Periodicals
Policy - Duties and Responsibilities
Policy - Author Guidelines
Policy - Peer Review Process
Policy - Open Access Policy
Policy - Special and Supplemental Issue Policy
Policy - Retractions and Corrections
Policy - Conflict of Interest
Policy - Plagiarism Policy
Policy - AI & Generative AI usage key principles
Policy - Indexing and Abstracting
Policy - Copyright Policy
Policy - Price Policy
Policy - Archiving Policy
Policy - Repository Policy
Policy - Authorship
Policy - Can editors publish in their own journal?
Price Policy
* There is no fees such as submission, page, coloured figures, article processing or open-access charges.
* All articles are freely available as early online and on the day of publication on the journal’s website.
* Journal of Metaverse articles are Open Access (OA) and fully compliant with funder OA mandates; they are free to read without a subscription.
* The reviewers, editors, and other board members work on a voluntary basis without any fee. If the publisher has an opportunity, it can give awards or make payments to the editors, reviewers, and other board members.
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LANGUAGE EDITING SERVICE FEE
* The responsibility for the grammar and language of the articles in the article belongs to the authors.
* Our journal, editors, or reviewers do not provide any paid services. If there is a need for language correction and proofreading, the author can have them done by independent organizations and individuals. Our journal has no responsibility for that process.
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FAST TRACK REVIEWING
Journal of Metaverse DOES NOT support fast-track review process. Sometimes, a rapid review or publication process is requested by authors who urgently need their manuscripts published for many reasons, including graduation and promotion dates. Journal of Metaverse DOES NOT support this type of urgent reviewing and publication process because it believes that it will cause serious problems and losses in terms of ethics and quality. Therefore, these types of services, paid or free, are NOT included and supported in the Journal of Metaverse.
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Indexes
Citation Indexes
Other Indexes
Journal Boards
Publisher
Editor in Chief
Editorial Board
Scientific Board
JMv Advisory Board
Journal of Metaverse
is indexed and abstracted by
Scopus, ESCI and DOAJ
Publisher
Izmir Academy Association
www.izmirakademi.org