Review

Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review

Volume: 22 Number: 2 October 16, 2026
TR EN

Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Design thinking (DT) serves as a fundamental pedagogical framework structuring learning processes in K-12 education, primarily aiming to equip students with 21st-century competencies and foster human-centered solutions to real-world challenges. This systematic literature review synthesizes 37 qualifying journal articles indexed in the Web of Science database and published between 2016 and 2026 to examine the scope of DT, the educational approaches used, the intended learning objectives and the documented learning outcomes as independent analytical dimensions, and future research directions. The studies are predominantly characterized by mixed-methods and qualitative designs, focus primarily on the middle school level, and center on STEM/STEAM disciplines. DT is frequently integrated with complementary frameworks such as the Engineering Design Process. The most frequently targeted learning objectives concern cognitive skills, 21st-century competencies, and STEM/STEAM skills; analyzed independently, the most prominent reported learning outcomes concern cognitive skills, 21st-century competencies, and affective development. To fully realize DT’s substantial potential for improving educational outcomes, future research must address its systematic curricular integration, examine longitudinal impacts, and strengthen teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge. Promising avenues for prospective inquiry remain particularly open within the categories of “Research Design and Methodology” and “Pedagogy and Teaching.”

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This study complied with research and publication ethics. Since it is a systematic literature review of published studies, ethics committee approval and permission to participate were not required.

References

  1. Aflatoony, L., Wakkary, R., & Neustaedter, C. (2018). Becoming a design thinker: Assessing the learning process of students in a secondary level design thinking course. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 37(3), 438–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12139
  2. Arifin, S., & Siew, N. M. (2023). Integration of socioscientific approach and design thinking: An entrepreneurial creative thinking module for STEM education. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 22(5), 767–780. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/23.22.767
  3. Brown, T. (2008). Design thinking. Harvard Business Review, 86(6), 84.
  4. Chang, Y.-S. (2025). Engagement, academic emotions, and artificial intelligence application creativity in the metaverse: A study of facial expressions. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 41(3), Article e70030. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70030
  5. Chen, P., Wang, R., & Ma, Y. (2025). Promoting junior high school students’ creativity in maker education: The design thinking approach. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 56, Article 101764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101764
  6. Çavuş, E., İdil, Ş., & Dönmez, İ. (2026). Effects of a design-based research approach on fourth-grade students’ critical thinking, problem-solving skills, computational thinking, and creativity self-efficacy. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 36(1), 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-025-09989-8
  7. Çiftçi, A., & Topçu, M. (2023). Supporting 7th-grade students’ model-based explanations about energy transformations through design thinking. Education and Science, 48(215), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2023.11605
  8. Dam, R. F., & Siang, T. Y. (2021, December). What is design thinking and why is it so popular? Interaction Design Foundation. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/what-is-design-thinking-and-why-is-it-so-popular

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Learning Theories, Basic Training (Other), STEM Education

Journal Section

Review

Publication Date

October 16, 2026

Submission Date

August 14, 2026

Acceptance Date

October 1, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 22 Number: 2

APA
Koç, Ş., & Çakır, H. (2026). Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.2018269
AMA
1.Koç Ş, Çakır H. Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review. EKU. 2026;22(2). doi:10.17244/eku.2018269
Chicago
Koç, Şükran, and Hasan Çakır. 2026. “Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review”. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education 22 (2). https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.2018269.
EndNote
Koç Ş, Çakır H (October 1, 2026) Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education 22 2
IEEE
[1]Ş. Koç and H. Çakır, “Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review”, EKU, vol. 22, no. 2, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.17244/eku.2018269.
ISNAD
Koç, Şükran - Çakır, Hasan. “Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review”. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education 22/2 (October 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.2018269.
JAMA
1.Koç Ş, Çakır H. Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review. EKU. 2026;22. doi:10.17244/eku.2018269.
MLA
Koç, Şükran, and Hasan Çakır. “Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review”. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, vol. 22, no. 2, Oct. 2026, doi:10.17244/eku.2018269.
Vancouver
1.Şükran Koç, Hasan Çakır. Examining Educational Approaches and Learning Outcomes of Design Thinking in K-12: A Systematic Literature Review. EKU. 2026 Oct. 1;22(2). doi:10.17244/eku.2018269

Journal of Theory & Practice in Education (JTPE) · Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama (EKU) · e-ISSN 1304-9496 · Published by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University · All content is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.