Diz eklemi sakatlık riski analizinde kızılötesi termografi ve yıldız denge testi yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması

Mürşit Aksoy; Turgay Özgür

doi:10.70053/esas.1928794

EN TR

Comparison of infrared thermography and star excursion balance test methods in knee joint injury risk analysis

Abstract

Predicting sports injury risk is critical for developing preventive strategies. This study aimed to compare the risk classifications of two common non-invasive methods, Infrared Thermography (IRT) and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), in knee joint injury risk analysis. The study included 28 physically active male sports science students with no recent injury history. Neuromuscular risks were assessed using a 3-directional SEBT, while physiological thermal asymmetries were evaluated using IRT within anatomically defined regions of interest following a maximal exercise protocol. The results revealed no statistically significant relationship between the IRT asymmetry risk group (>0,4°C) and the SEBT functional risk criteria, including composite scores and anterior asymmetries (p>.05). However, a significant negative correlation was found between SEBT anterior reach asymmetry and the minimum and average knee temperatures (p<.05). In conclusion, these two methods do not explain each other in terms of risk categorization. While IRT evaluates physiological stress and tissue circulation, SEBT measures biomechanical and neuromuscular performance. Therefore, these tests are not alternatives to one another but complementary tools that should be used together in a multidisciplinary approach for comprehensive athlete health management.

Keywords

Athlete health management, dynamic balance, lower extremity asymmetry, neuromuscular control, thermal imaging

Ethical Statement

This work is derived from the first author's doctoral thesis. This research was conducted with the approval of the Kocaeli University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee, dated 26.04.2017 and numbered KÜ GOKAEK 2017/6.6.

Diz eklemi sakatlık riski analizinde kızılötesi termografi ve yıldız denge testi yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması

Abstract

Spor sakatlık riskini öngörmek, koruyucu yaklaşımlar geliştirmek için kritiktir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, diz eklemi sakatlık riski analizinde yaygın olarak kullanılan iki non-invaziv yöntemin; Kızılötesi Termografi (IRT) ve Yıldız Denge Testi (SEBT) risk tasniflerinin uyumunu karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırmaya son bir yılda sakatlık geçirmemiş 28 aktif erkek spor bilimleri öğrencisi katılmıştır. Katılımcıların nöromusküler riskleri 3 yönlü SEBT ile, fizyolojik sıcaklık asimetrileri ise maksimal egzersiz sonrası anatomik referanslarla belirlenen alanlarda IRT ile değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, IRT asimetri riski (>0,4°C) ile SEBT fonksiyonel risk kriterleri (kompozit skor ve anterior asimetri) arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır (p>.05). Bununla birlikte, SEBT anterior uzanım asimetrisi ile diz bölgesi en düşük ve ortalama sıcaklıkları arasında anlamlı negatif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir (p<.05). Sonuç olarak, bu iki yöntem elde edilen risk kategorileri bakımından birbirini açıklayamamaktadır. IRT dokudaki fizyolojik stresi ve dolaşımı değerlendirirken, SEBT biyomekanik ve nöromusküler performansı ölçmektedir. Bu testler birbirinin alternatifi değil, sporcu sağlığı yönetiminde birbirini tamamlayan farklı araçlar olarak multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla birlikte kullanılmalıdır.

Keywords

Alt ekstremite asimetrisi, dinamik denge, nöromusküler kontrol, sporcu sağlığı yönetimi, termal görüntüleme

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, birinci yazarın Doktora tezinden üretilmiştir. Bu araştırma, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulunun 26.04.2017 tarih ve KÜ GOKAEK 2017/6.6 karar numaralı onayı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.

References

Aicale, R., Tarantino, D., & Maffulli, N. (2018). Overuse injuries in sport: A comprehensive overview. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 13(1), Makale 309. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-018-1017-5.
Akimov, E. B., & Son’kin, V. D. (2011). Skin temperature and lactate threshold during muscle work in athletes. Human Physiology, 37(5), 621. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119711050033.
Aksoy, M., Ozgur, T., Odabas Ozgur, B., Demirci, D., Gürel, G., & Özen, Şahin. (2021). Incidence of Sport Injury in Contact and Non-Contact Sports. Progress in Nutrition, 23(2), e2021071. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v23i2.10752.
Aldanyowi, S. N., & AlOraini, L. I. (2024). Personalizing injury management and recovery: A cross-sectional investigation of musculoskeletal injuries and quality of life in athletes. Orthopedic Research and Reviews, 16, 137–151. https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S460748.
Alzahrani, A., Aljohany, M., & Alsirhani, H. (2026). Real-time wearable biomechanics framework for sports injury prevention and rehabilitation optimization. Scientific Reports, 16(1), 4436. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34551-w.
Ammer, K. (2008). The Glamorgan Protocol for recording and evaluation of thermal images of the human body. Thermology international, 18(4), 125-144.
Ardern, C. L., Taylor, N. F., Feller, J. A., & Webster, K. E. (2014). Fifty-five per cent return to competitive sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including aspects of physical functioning and contextual factors. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(21), 1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093398.
Bahr, R., & Holme, I. (2003). Risk factors for sports injuries—a methodological approach. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(5), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.5.384.
Butler, R. J., Lehr, M. E., Fink, M. L., Kiesel, K. B., & Plisky, P. J. (2013). Dynamic Balance Performance and Noncontact Lower Extremity Injury in College Football Players: An Initial Study. Sports Health, 5(5), 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738113498703.
Butler, R. J., Southers, C., Gorman, P. P., Kiesel, K. B., & Plisky, P. J. (2012). Differences in Soccer Players’ Dynamic Balance Across Levels of Competition. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(6), 616-620. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.5.14.

Caner, Z. G., & Kırandı, Ö. (2024). Spor yaralanmalarından korunma yaklaşımları. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 10(3), 172–183.
Celada, O. L., García-Cota, J., Herrero-González, H., Martínez-Rodríguez, R., Galán-del-Rio, F., Rodríguez-Iñigo, E., Fernández-Jaén, T., Fortoul-García, M., Guillén-García, P., & López-Alcorocho, J. M. (2021). Estudio de las lesiones de la selección masculina absoluta española de fútbol (2008-2015). Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 21(82). https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2021.82.012.
Chudecka, M., & Lubkowska, A. (2010). Temperature changes of selected body’s surfaces of handball players in the course of training estimated by thermovision, and the study of the impact of physiological and morphological factors on the skin temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology, 35(8), 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.08.001.
Cuğ, M. (2017). Stance foot alignment and hand positioning alter star excursion balance test scores in those with chronic ankle instability: What are we really assessing?. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 33(4), 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2017.1302028.
Del Estal, A., Brito, C.-J., Galindo, V.-E., Lopez Diaz de Durana, A., Franchini, E., & Sillero-Quintana, M. (2017). Thermal asymmetries in striking combat sports athletes measured by infrared thermography. Science & Sports, 32(2), e61-e67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2016.09.005.
Duarte, T. S., Ferreira-Júnior, J. B., Oliveira, J. C. G., Costa, C. M. A., Coelho, D. B., Marins, J. C. B., & Bara-Filho, M. G. (2025). Is skin temperature associated with training load during preparatory period of a professional volleyball team? Journal of Thermal Biology, 127, 104038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.104038.
Earl, J. E., & Hertel, J. (2001). Lower-Extremity Muscle Activation during the Star Excursion Balance Tests. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 10(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.10.2.93.
Ekstrand, J., Hägglund, M., & Waldén, M. (2011). Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: The UEFA injury study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(7), 553–558. Fernandes, A. de A., Amorim, P. R. dos S., Brito, C. J., Moura, A. G. de, Moreira, D. G., Costa, C. M. A., Sillero
Quintana, M., & Marins, J. C. B. (2014). Measuring skin temperature before, during and after exercise: A comparison of thermocouples and infrared thermography. Physiological Measurement, 35(2), 189. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/35/2/189.
Fernández-Cuevas, I., Bouzas Marins, J. C., Arnáiz Lastras, J., Gómez Carmona, P. M., Piñonosa Cano, S., García-Concepción, M. Á., & Sillero-Quintana, M. (2015). Classification of factors influencing the use of infrared thermography in humans: A review. Infrared Physics & Technology, 71, 28-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2015.02.007.
Fröhlich, M., Ludwig, O., Kraus, S., & Felder, H. (2014). Changes in Skin Surface Temperature during Muscular Endurance indicated Strain – An Explorative Study. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 2(3), 23-27.
Garagiola, U., & Giani, E. (1990). Use of Telethermography in the Management of Sports Injuries. Sports Medicine, 10(4), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199010040-00005.
Garrison, J. C., Arnold, A., Macko, M. J., & Conway, J. E. (2013). Baseball players diagnosed with ulnar collateral ligament tears demonstrate decreased balance compared to healthy controls. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 43(10), 752-758. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2013.4680.
Gómez-Carmona, P., Fernández-Cuevas, I., Sillero-Quintana, M., Arnaiz-Lastras, J., & Navandar, A. (2020). Infrared Thermography Protocol on Reducing the Incidence of Soccer Injuries. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 29(8), 1222-1227. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0056.
Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., & Plisky, P. (2012). Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: A literature and systematic review. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(3), 339-357. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.08.
Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., Denegar, C. R., & Buckley, W. E. (2004). The Effects of Fatigue and Chronic Ankle Instability on Dynamic Postural Control. Journal of Athletic Training (National Athletic Trainers’ Association), 39(4), 321-329.
Hébert-Losier, K. (2017). Clinical Implications of Hand Position and Lower Limb Length Measurement Method on Y-Balance Test Scores and Interpretations. Journal of Athletic Training, 52(10), 910–917. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.8.02.
Hertel, J., Miller, S. J., & Denegar, C. R. (2000). Intratester and Intertester Reliability during the Star Excursion Balance Tests. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 9(2), 104.
Hildebrandt, C., Raschner, C., & Ammer, K. (2010). An Overview of Recent Application of Medical Infrared Thermography in Sports Medicine in Austria. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 10(5), 4700-4715. https://doi.org/10.3390/s100504700.
Hildebrandt, C., Zeilberger, K., Ring, E. F. J., & Raschner, C. (2012). The application of medical infrared thermography in sports medicine. İçinde An international perspective on topics in sports medicine and sports injury. InTech.
Hootman, J. M., Dick, R., & Agel, J. (2007). Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: Summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(2), 311–319.
Hubbard, T. J., Kramer, L. C., Denegar, C. R., & Hertel, J. (2007a). Contributing Factors to Chronic Ankle Instability. Foot & Ankle International, 28(3), 343-354. https://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2007.0343.
Hubbard, T. J., Kramer, L. C., Denegar, C. R., & Hertel, J. (2007b). Correlations Among Multiple Measures of Functional and Mechanical Instability in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(3), 361-366.
Ioannou, S. (2020). Functional Infrared Thermal Imaging: A Contemporary Tool in Soft Tissue Screening. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 9303. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66397-9.
Kinzey, S. J., & Armstrong, C. W. (1998). The reliability of the star-excursion test in assessing dynamic balance. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 27(5), 356-360. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1998.27.5.356.
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310.
Lauersen, J. B., Bertelsen, D. M., & Andersen, L. B. (2014). The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(11), 871–877.
Li, L., Wei, Y., & Xiang, S. (2025). Infrared thermal image monitoring based on artificial intelligence application in the prevention of sports injuries in aerobics: Computational thermal modeling. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 57, 103126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2024.103126.
Macdonald, A., Petrova, N., Ainarkar, S., Allen, J., Plassmann, P., Whittam, A., Bevans, J., Ring, F., Kluwe, B., Simpson, R., Rogers, L., Machin, G., & Edmonds, M. (2016). Thermal symmetry of healthy feet: A precursor to a thermal study of diabetic feet prior to skin breakdown. Physiological Measurement, 38(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/38/1/33.
Majano, C., Garcia-Unanue, J., Fernández-Cuevas, I., Escamilla-Galindo, V., Alonso-Callejo, A., Sanchez-Sanchez, J., Gallardo, L., & Felipe, J. L. (2023). Association between physical demands, skin temperature and wellbeing status in elite football players. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 13780. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40396-y.
McMillian, D. J., Moore, J. H., Hatler, B. S., & Taylor, D. C. (2006). Dynamic vs. static-stretching warm up: The effect on power and agility performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(3), 492-499. https://doi.org/10.1519/18205.1.
Meeuwisse, W. H., Tyreman, H., Hagel, B., & Emery, C. (2007). A dynamic model of etiology in sport injury: the recursive nature of risk and causation. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(3), 215–219. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3180592a48.
Menezes, P., Rhea, M. R., Herdy, C., & Simão, R. (2018). Effects of Strength Training Program and Infrared Thermography in Soccer Athletes Injuries. Sports, 6(4), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040148.
Mündel, T. (2020). Thermoregulatory sweating and evaporative heat loss during exercise: Is the whole greater than the sum of its parts?. The Journal of Physiology, 598(13), 2535–2536. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP279944.
Niu, H. H., Lui, P. W., Hu, J. S., Ting, C. K., Yin, Y. C., Lo, Y. L., Liu, L., & Lee, T. Y. (2001). Thermal symmetry of skin temperature: Normative data of normal subjects in Taiwan. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi = Chinese Medical Journal; Free China Ed, 64(8), 459-468.
O’Sullivan, K., Murray, E., & Sainsbury, D. (2009). The effect of warm-up, static stretching and dynamic stretching on hamstring flexibility in previously injured subjects. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-10-37.
Perpetuini, D., Formenti, D., Cardone, D., Filippini, C., & Merla, A. (2021). Regions of interest selection and thermal imaging data analysis in sports and exercise science: A narrative review. Physiological Measurement, 42(8), 08TR01. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ac0fbd.
Picot, B., Terrier, R., Forestier, N., Fourchet, F., & McKeon, P. O. (2021). The Star Excursion Balance Test: An Update Review and Practical Guidelines. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 26(6), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2020-0106.
Plisky, P. J., Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Kiesel, K. B., Underwood, F. B., & Elkins, B. (2009). The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy : NAJSPT, 4(2), 92-99.
Plisky, P. J., Rauh, M. J., Kaminski, T. W., & Underwood, F. B. (2006). Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 36(12), 911-919. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.2244.
Priego-Quesada, J. I. (Ed.). (2016). Application of Infrared Thermography in Sports Science (1st ed. 2017 edition). Springer.
Priego-Quesada, J. I. (Ed.). (2025). Application of Infrared Thermography in Sports Science. Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-93311-0.
Priego-Quesada, J. I., Carpes, F. P., Bini, R. R., Salvador Palmer, R., Pérez-Soriano, P., & Cibrián Ortiz de Anda, R. M. (2015). Relationship between skin temperature and muscle activation during incremental cycle exercise. Journal of Thermal Biology, 48, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.12.005.
Quintana, M., Carmona, P., & Fernández Cuevas, I. (2017). Infrared Thermography as a Means of Monitoring and Preventing Sports Injuries (ss. 165-198). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2072-6.ch008.
Quintana, M., Fernández Cuevas, I., Arnaiz-Lastras, J., & Marins, J. (2015). TERMOINEF Group protocol for thermographic assessment in humans. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1749.2969.
Shakhih, M. F. M., Ridzuan, N., Wahab, A. A., Zainuddin, N. F., Delestri, L. F. U., Rosslan, A. S., & Kadir, M. R. A. (2021). Non-obstructive monitoring of muscle fatigue for low intensity dynamic exercise with infrared thermography technique. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 59(7), 1447-1459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-021-02387-x.
Stiffler, M. R., Bell, D. R., Sanfilippo, J. L., Hetzel, S. J., Pickett, K. A., & Heiderscheit, B. C. (2017). Star Excursion Balance Test Anterior Asymmetry Is Associated With Injury Status in Division I Collegiate Athletes. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 47(5), 339-346. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2017.6974.
Tsilimigkras, T., Kakkos, I., Matsopoulos, G., & Bogdanis, G. (2024). Enhancing sports injury risk assessment in soccer through machine learning and training load analysis. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 23(3), 537-550. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2024.537.
Turnbull, M. R., Gallo, T. F., Carter, H. E., Drew, M., Toohey, L. A., & Waddington, G. (2024). Estimating the cost of sports injuries: A scoping review. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 27(5), 307-313.
Vardasca, R., Ring, E. F. J., Plassmann, P., & Jones, C. (2012). Termal symmetry of the upper and lower extremities in healthy subjects. Thermology International, 22(2), 53-60.
Young, W. B., & Behm, D. G. (2002). Should Static Stretching Be Used During a Warm-Up for Strength and Power Activities? Strength & Conditioning Journal, 24(6), 33.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Exercise Physiology, Physical Activity and Health

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mürşit Aksoy ^*
0000-0001-5936-7606
Türkiye

Turgay Özgür
0000-0001-5264-0462
Türkiye

Publication Date

August 19, 2026

Submission Date

April 12, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 29, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 8 Number: 2026

DOI

https://doi.org/10.70053/esas.1928794

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA47EM28SN

APA

Aksoy, M., & Özgür, T. (2026). Diz eklemi sakatlık riski analizinde kızılötesi termografi ve yıldız denge testi yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması. Education Science and Sports, 8(2026), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.70053/esas.1928794

AMA

1.Aksoy M, Özgür T. Diz eklemi sakatlık riski analizinde kızılötesi termografi ve yıldız denge testi yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması. ESAS. 2026;8(2026):1-18. doi:10.70053/esas.1928794

Chicago

Aksoy, Mürşit, and Turgay Özgür. 2026. “Diz Eklemi Sakatlık Riski Analizinde Kızılötesi Termografi Ve Yıldız Denge Testi Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması”. Education Science and Sports 8 (2026): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.70053/esas.1928794.

EndNote

Aksoy M, Özgür T (August 1, 2026) Diz eklemi sakatlık riski analizinde kızılötesi termografi ve yıldız denge testi yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması. Education Science and Sports 8 2026 1–18.

IEEE

[1]M. Aksoy and T. Özgür, “Diz eklemi sakatlık riski analizinde kızılötesi termografi ve yıldız denge testi yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması”, ESAS, vol. 8, no. 2026, pp. 1–18, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.70053/esas.1928794.

ISNAD

Aksoy, Mürşit - Özgür, Turgay. “Diz Eklemi Sakatlık Riski Analizinde Kızılötesi Termografi Ve Yıldız Denge Testi Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması”. Education Science and Sports 8/2026 (August 1, 2026): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.70053/esas.1928794.

JAMA

1.Aksoy M, Özgür T. Diz eklemi sakatlık riski analizinde kızılötesi termografi ve yıldız denge testi yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması. ESAS. 2026;8:1–18.

MLA

Aksoy, Mürşit, and Turgay Özgür. “Diz Eklemi Sakatlık Riski Analizinde Kızılötesi Termografi Ve Yıldız Denge Testi Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması”. Education Science and Sports, vol. 8, no. 2026, Aug. 2026, pp. 1-18, doi:10.70053/esas.1928794.

Vancouver

1.Mürşit Aksoy, Turgay Özgür. Diz eklemi sakatlık riski analizinde kızılötesi termografi ve yıldız denge testi yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması. ESAS. 2026 Aug. 1;8(2026):1-18. doi:10.70053/esas.1928794

Aim & Scope

Author Guidelines

1. Submission Process

It is recommended to submit your article via logging into https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/esas, Studies not sent via the system are not accepted.

A similarity report from intihal.net is required. When the full text file is uploaded in Step 3, it will be forwarded to intihal.net. . Preparation of the report may take time; you will be notified by e-mail when it is completed.

If multiple files are uploaded, all similarity reports will be forwarded to the editor.

Manuscripts should be uploaded in Microsoft Word format. Please use the templates under the Forms page when organising your work.

2. Article Structure

Articles must include the following sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References.

Titles are flush left, with the first letter capitalized.

For articles in Turkish: An extended English abstract (minimum 750 words) must be included after the References section. It must cover the Introduction, Methods, Results and Conclusions sections.

For articles in English: A Turkish abstract must be included on the first page of the article.

The abstract written in the publication language must not exceed 200 words. There is no word limit for the abstract in the other language.

Provide 3–7 keywords, separated by commas.

3. Formatting Rules

Font: Book Antiqua

Font Size:
Summary 9, Text 11
Title of the work: 14 pt
Section titles: 12 pt
Abstract: 9 pt
Main text: 11 pt

Page Margins: Top/Bottom 1.75 cm; Left/Right 2.0 cm

Paragraphs: No indentation; line spacing single (0 pt before/after). Leave one line space after headings and paragraphs.

Figures and Tables:

Titles: 11 pt; content 9 pt (7–9 pt if necessary).

APA 7 style must be followed.

Example:

Figure 1.

Path diagram of the first-level confirmatory factor analysis

Table 1.

Reliability results of scale application

References:

Font size 10 pt

Hanging indent

Line spacing single, 0 pt before/after

Do not number references or study pages

4. Language and Translation
For English translations, support should be obtained from competent persons or institutions.

5. Additional Notes
For more references, please click APA Style Reference Examples.

Ethical Principles and Publication Policy

Education Science and Sports journal strictly adheres to the ethical standards established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). All editorial and publishing processes are conducted with transparency, impartiality, and academic integrity.

Authors’ Ethical Responsibilities
Authors must ensure that their submissions are original, scientifically accurate, and reproducible.
Research data must be presented in a verifiable and transparent manner, with ethical approval documents provided where necessary.
Authors are obliged to request corrections promptly if errors are identified in published work.

Multiple Publication
Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal simultaneously constitutes an ethical violation.
Manuscripts that have already been published or are under review elsewhere cannot be submitted to this journal.

Originality, Plagiarism, and Citation
All submissions must be original and free from plagiarism.
Plagiarism checks are conducted using advanced software and editorial review; manuscripts found to contain plagiarism will be rejected.
Citations must be complete, accurate, and in accordance with academic referencing standards.
Reuse of previously published data, figures, or tables is permissible only with proper authorization and citation.

Authorship
Authorship must be limited to individuals who have made significant scientific contributions to the study.
Inclusion of individuals without contribution or exclusion of contributors constitutes an ethical breach.
The order of authorship should reflect the relative contributions of each author.

Conflicts of Interest
Authors, reviewers, and editors are required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest.
Transparency in conflict of interest declarations enhances the integrity of the publication process.

Editors’ Ethical Duties and Responsibilities
Editors are responsible for managing the publication process with impartiality and academic rigor.
Reviewer selection, evaluation procedures, and decision‑making processes must be conducted transparently.
Editors are committed to enhancing the journal’s international visibility by ensuring scientific diversity and academic excellence.

Reviewers’ Ethical Responsibilities
Reviewers must conduct evaluations objectively, fairly, and within the designated timeframe.
Reviewers are required to disclose conflicts of interest.
Confidentiality must be maintained; information obtained during the review process cannot be shared or used for personal gain.

Publication Policy Decisions for 2027
Starting from 2027, our journal will implement new publication policy decisions to ensure compliance with TR Dizin and international indexing standards.

1. Ethics Committee Approval
All studies involving scales, surveys, observations, or experiments must obtain ethics committee approval.
Approval details (committee name, date, reference number) must be clearly stated in the methodology section and on the first/last page of the manuscript.

2. Limitation of Editorial Contributions
In line with principles of impartiality and academic ethics, articles authored by the publisher, editors, or members of the advisory board will no longer be published in the journal.
This decision has been taken to prevent conflicts of interest, safeguard transparency in the editorial process, and strengthen the credibility of the journal.
Only manuscripts prepared by independent researchers will be considered for evaluation, ensuring that the peer review process and scientific quality standards are rigorously upheld.

3. Peer Review Process
Peer review reports must include evaluations of scientific content and methodology, not only editorial corrections.
If a personal relationship between reviewer and author exists, this must be immediately reported to the editorial board.
Authors must highlight revisions in the manuscript using a different color.
The review process will not proceed until all revisions are clearly indicated.

4. Citation and Formatting Standards
Manuscripts must comply with international citation styles and journal formatting guidelines.
Submissions that fail to meet these standards will not be considered for review.

Reporting Unethical Conduct
In addition to the ethical responsibilities outlined above, if any unethical behavior or content is encountered in the Education Science and Sports journal, please report it via email to ilyasgorgut@hotmail.com or esasjournal@gmail.com.

Price Policy

Indexes

Journal Boards

Scientific Publication Coordinator

İlyas GÖRGÜT

Other Fields of Education (Other), Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy

Editor-in-Chief

Erkut TUTKUN

Exercise Physiology, Physical Activity and Health, Physical Fitness

Editors

Nurgün VAROL

Education Management, Leadership in Education, Education Policy

Sinan UĞRAŞ

Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy

Section Editors

Aysun ÇOLAK

Education, Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators, Special Education and Disabled Education, Mental Disability Education, Teacher and Student Wellbeing

Turgay ALAKURT

Education, Instructional Technologies, Educational Technology and Computing

Yasin ALTIN

Scale Development, Measurement and Evaluation in Education (Other), Exercise and Sports Psychology

MD

Meryem DEMIR GÜDÜL

School Counseling, Psychological Counseling Education, Psychological Counseling and Guidance (Other)

Rahime ÇELIK GÖRGÜT

Mathematics Education

Sinan ÖZER

Classroom Education, Primary Education, Social Studies Education, Digital Game Design, Household Finance and Financial Literacy

İbrahim LIMON

Education Management

Nurullah Emir EKINCI

Physical Training and Sports, Sports and Recreation

EE

Emre ER

Education Planning

Veli Volkan GÜRSES

Sports Training

MK

Mevlüt KARA

Education Management, Leadership in Education, Educational Administration, Supervision, Planning and Economics (Other)

Ayşe Gül ÇETIN

Ceramic Design

Neslihan ARIKAN FIDAN

Comparative and Cross-Cultural Education, Sociology of Sports, History of Sports

Sevcan YAĞAN

Early Childhood Education, Child Development Education, Gender, Sexuality and Education

EK

Esra KARAKUŞ TAYŞI

Turkish Education

ÜÜ

Ümit Doğan ÜSTÜN

Sports Science and Exercise, Sports and Recreation

Muhammed Emre KARAMAN

Sport and Exercise Nutrition, Medical Biochemistry - Proteins, Peptides and Proteomics, Gene and Molecular Therapy, Exercise Physiology, Physical Activity and Health

Selçuk AYDEMIR

Education, Science Education

Utku IŞIK

Sociology of Sports, Sport and Exercise Psychology, Health Sciences, Sports Science and Exercise, Sports and Recreation, Exercise and Sports Psychology

EÖ

Eda ÖZ

Curriculum and Instration , Curriculum Development in Education, Instructional Design

Yağmur GÜLER

Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators, Development of Physical Education and Education Programs, Physical Training and Sports, Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy

Nehir YALÇINKAYA

Sports Nutrition

BC

Bayram CEYLAN

Sports Training, Exercise Physiology, Physical Fitness

Defne ÖCAL KAPLAN

Physics Anthropology, Biometry in Physical Anthropology and Paleoanthropology, Health Sciences, Sports Science and Exercise, Sports Training

Pero Duygu DUMANGÖZ

Sports Science and Exercise, Physical Training and Sports

SD

Samet DEMIR

Classroom Education

Publishing and Advisory Board

Amayra TANNOUBI

Exercise and Sports Psychology

Fatma AVCI

Curriculum and Instration , Lifelong learning, Early Childhood Education

AQ

Antonio Luis QUIÑONERO

Development of Physical Education and Education Programs

Tünay ÖZÇELIK

Curriculum and Instration , Special Talented Education, Inclusive Education

Mine KOYUNCU ŞAHIN

Education, Early Childhood Education, Gender and Politics

NÖ

Nedim ÖZDEMIR

Education Management

Barış ERIÇOK

Education, Education Management, Supervision in Education, Leadership in Education, Higher Education Policies, Higher Education Management, Internationalization in Higher Education, Philosophy of Education

GY

Gülseren YURCU

Tourism

IT

Itır TARI CÖMERT

Forensic Social Science, Forensic Psychology, Sport and Exercise Psychology, Exercise and Sports Psychology

Mehmet GÜLLÜ

Development of Physical Education and Education Programs, Sports Science and Exercise, Physical Training and Sports, Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy

Ülkü ÜLKER

Artificial Intelligence (Other), Education, Learning Theories, Curriculum Design Instructional Theories, Instructional Design, Instructional Technologies, Informal Learning, Out-of-School Learning, Lifelong learning, Adult Education, Comparative and Cross-Cultural Education, Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators, Inclusive Education, Learning, Motivation and Emotion, Learning Psychology

Wonyoung KIM

Sport and Leisure Management, Tourism Marketing

Yasemin YALÇIN

Sociology of Sports, Sport and Exercise Psychology, Sports Science and Exercise, Exercise and Sports Psychology, History of Sports

AA

Ahmet AYPAY

Higher Education Policies, Higher Education Systems, Higher Education Management

Semiyha TUNCEL

Education Management, Sociology of Sports, Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy

AV

Andriy VOVKANYCH

Education, Speech Handicapped Education, Physical Training and Sports, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation

Mehmet SINCAR

Education Management

Kürşad YILMAZ

Education, Education Management, Education Planning, Leadership in Education

Selahattin TURAN

Inspection and Planning, Leadership in Education, Educational Administration, Supervision, Planning and Economics (Other)

Tennur YERLISU LAPA

Sports and Recreation

Ramesh C. SHARMA

Virtual and Mixed Reality, Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Instructional Technologies, Educational Technology and Computing

ET

Ersin TÜRE

Curriculum Development in Education

Perihan Tuğba ŞEKER

Early Childhood Education

Dana BADAU

Sports Science and Exercise, Exercise and Sports Psychology

AV

Alfonso VALERO-VALENZUELA

Development of Physical Education and Education Programs, Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy

Davide MALFA

Exercise and Sports Psychology

MA

Mehmet Bahaddin ACAT

Education, Curriculum and Instration , Curriculum Development in Education, Instructional Technologies, Lifelong learning, Adult Education, Values education, Chemistry Education, Gender, Sexuality and Education

Turan Akman ERKILIÇ

Education Management

Hakkı KAHVECI

Education, Philosophy Education, Education Policy, Philosophy of Education, Educational Sociology

AM

A. Dilşad MIRZEOĞLU

Development of Physical Education and Education Programs, Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy

NÇ

Nazım ÇOĞALTAY

Education Management

Laurențiu-Gabriel TALAGHIR

Curriculum Development in Education, Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators, Development of Physical Education and Education Programs, Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy

Ekrem Levent İLHAN

Special Education and Disability (Other)

Taner ATMACA

Education Management, Educational Sociology

Murat POLAT

Leadership in Education, Educational Administration, Supervision, Planning and Economics (Other), Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators, Education Policy

AB

Adela BADAU

Basic Training (Other), Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy

Ali DURAN

English As A Second Language, Translation Studies, Education Management, Leadership in Education

OA

Ozan ATALAG

Sports Science and Exercise

Jerónimo GARCÍA-FERNÁNDEZ

Physical Fitness, Customer Relationship Management, Sport and Leisure Management

Murat ELIÖZ

Physical Fitness

Ahmet KILIÇ

Education Management, Leadership in Education, Values education, Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators, Religious Education

Mehmet DEMIREL

Physical Training and Sports Pedagogy, Sports and Recreation, Tourism

SK

Saffet KARAYAMAN

Management Information Systems, Education Management, Public Administration, Management Psychology, Strategy, Management and Organisational Behaviour, Industrial Organisation, Organizasyon, Organisational Behaviour, Strategy, Management and Organization Education , Strategy, Management and Organisational Behaviour (Other)

Deniz GÖRGÜLÜ

Education Management, Special Talented Education, Higher Education Management, Educational Sociology, Management Psychology

Rafael OLIVEIRA

Sports Science and Exercise, Sports Training, Physical Training and Sports, Exercise Physiology, Physical Training, Sports and Physical Activity For Disabled, Physical Activity and Health, Physical Fitness

Mehmet Şükrü BELLIBAŞ

Education Management, Leadership in Education, Educational Administration, Supervision, Planning and Economics (Other)

Zekai PEHLEVAN

Education, Sports Science and Exercise

İbrahim Hakan KARATAŞ

Education Management, Education Planning, Higher Education Policies, Higher Education Management, Internationalization in Higher Education

Ertuğ CAN

Education Management, Supervision in Education, Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators, Quality Assurance in Higher Education, Education Policy, Specialist Studies in Education (Other)

Nurper ÖZBAR

Sports Science and Exercise, Sports Training, Exercise Physiology, Physical Activity and Health, Physical Fitness, Movement Education in Sports Science

ÜZ

Ümit ZEYBEK

Health Sciences

Cengiz ARSLAN

Sports Training, Physical Training, Sports and Physical Activity For Disabled, Physical Activity and Health

Aliye MENEVŞE

Sports Science and Exercise, Exercise Physiology, Physical Activity and Health, Sport and Leisure Management

Şengül KORKUT

Classroom Measurement Practices, Curriculum Development in Education, Instructional Design, Primary Education, Social Studies Education, Child Development Education, Special Talented Education, Social Psychology, Educational Psychology

HA

Hakan ACAR

Sports Science and Exercise