A Qualitative Analysis of Adults’ Awareness, Attitudes, and Perceptions Toward Influenza Vaccination in Istanbul
Year 2025,
Issue: 19, 95 - 112
Melda Karavuş
,
Zeynep Tüzün
,
Şevval Kazez
,
Seyhan Hıdıroğlu
,
Beyza Durgut
,
Özgün Günay
,
Oğuzhan Akgünoğlu
,
Berkay Çarşanbalı
,
Nimet Emel Lüleci
,
Mehmet Emir Sayar
Abstract
Influenza is a contagious disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever, myalgia, fatigue, and varying degrees of respiratory involvement. It is a leading cause of acute respiratory infections worldwide and contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly among risk groups. Although influenza vaccination is widely recognized as the most effective method of preventing outbreaks, studies highlight that public awareness remains insufficient. This study aims to qualitatively assess the awareness, attitudes, and perceptions of adult residents of Istanbul regarding the influenza vaccine. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 individuals aged 20 to 69 who were not healthcare workers, and the data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Most participants reported limited knowledge of the influenza vaccine and expressed uncertainty about where and how to access it. Reasons for not getting vaccinated varied: some believed they could protect themselves naturally or did not perceive influenza as a serious health threat, while others stated that being healthy reduced their need for vaccination. A few participants were either unaware of the vaccine’s existence or expressed personal concerns about it. The findings suggest that attitudes toward influenza and vaccination are shaped by limited knowledge, personal experiences, social factors, and distrust that emerged in the post-pandemic period. Strengthening health communication is essential to improving awareness and addressing negative perceptions surrounding influenza vaccination.
Ethical Statement
The ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Marmara University Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee on 24.12.2024 with the protocol number 09.2024.1554.
Thanks
Bu çalışmaya katkı sunan tüm katılımcılara, değerli zamanlarını ve deneyimlerini paylaştıkları için teşekkür ederiz.
References
-
Anggoro, F. K., & Jee, B. D. (2021). The substance of cold: Indonesians’ use of cold weather theory to explain everyday illnesses. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 734044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734044
-
Attepe Özden, S., Tekindal, M., Gedik, T. E., Erim, F., Ege, A., & Tekindal, M. A. (2022). Nitel araştırmaların rapor edilmesi: COREQ kontrol listesinin Türkçe uyarlaması. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (35), 522-529. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.976957
-
Bakır-Keser, N., Lüleci, N. E., Hıdıroğlu, S., Açıl, C., Aksoy, E., Öztürk, R. A., Az, Z., & Karavuş, M. (2023). Evaluation of vaccine knowledge of sixth-year medical students during the pandemic: A qualitative study. Klinik Dergisi, 36(2), 124-129.
-
Cedraschi, C., Saya, L., Klein, P., Bordet, M. F., & Carrat, F. (2013). Representations of influenza and influenza-like illness in the community--a qualitative study. BMC family practice, 14, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14-15
-
Day, M. E., Klein, M., Sucharew, H., Carol Burkhardt, M., Reyner, A., Giles, D., Beck, A. F., & Schlaudecker, E. P. (2022). Declining influenza vaccination rates in an underserved pediatric primary care center during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine, 40(44), 6391–6396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.016
-
Dubé, E., Gagnon, D., & MacDonald, N. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and influenza vaccine hesitancy: What should we expect? Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(5), 1027–1029. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1749317
-
Galistiani, G. F., Matuz, M., Matuszka, N., Doró, P., Schváb, K., Engi, Z., & Benkő, R. (2021). Determinants of influenza vaccine uptake and willingness to be vaccinated by pharmacists among the active adult population in Hungary: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 521. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10572-8
-
Hamilton, A. B., & Finley, E. P. (2019). Qualitative methods in implementation research: An introduction. Psychiatry Research, 280, 112516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112516
-
Hemilä, H., & Chalker, E. (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013(1), CD000980. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4
-
Herrett, E., Williamson, E., van Staa, T., Ranopa, M., Free, C., Chadborn, T., Goldacre, B., & Smeeth, L. (2016). Text messaging reminders for influenza vaccine in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ open, 6(2), e010069. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010069
-
Hussain, A., Ali, S., Ahmed, M., & Hussain, S. (2018). The anti-vaccination movement: A regression in modern medicine. Cureus, 10(7), e2919. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2919
-
Karadağ Öncel, E., Büyükcam, A., Cengiz, A. B., Kara, A., Ceyhan, M., & Dogan, B. G. (2015). The evaluation of knowledge, opinions, and attitudes of hospital staff except physicians and nurses regarding seasonal influenza vaccine. Journal of Pediatric Infection, 9(2), 68-75.
-
Khan, A., Zhu, Y., Babcock, H. M., Busse, L. W., Duggal, A., Exline, M. C., Gaglani, M., Gibbs, K. W., Gong, M. N., Ginde, A. A., Hager, D. N., Hope, A. A., Hyde, J., Johnson, N. J., Kwon, J. H., Mohr, N. M., O'Rourke, M., Peltan, I. D., Mallow, C., … & Stubblefield, W. B. (2025). COVID-19 and influenza vaccine hesitancy among adults hospitalized in the United States, 2019–2022. Vaccine, 48, 126806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.126806
-
Kou, Z., Li, X., Liu, T. vd. (2024). A post-marketing study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent influenza split-virion vaccine in elderly people aged 60 years and older. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines, 10, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-024-00228-x
-
Langer, J., Welch, V. L., Moran, M. M., Pavilack, M., & Frohnapfel, L. (2023). High clinical burden of influenza disease in adults aged ≥ 65 years: Can we do better? A systematic literature review. Advances in Therapy, 40(4), 1601–1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-023-02432-1
-
Larson, H. J., Broniatowski, D. A., & Quinn, S. C. (2022). Understanding vaccine hesitancy post-pandemic: New patterns, same problems? Vaccine, 40(Supplement 1), A22–A26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.066
-
Le, T., Pham, D., Doan, T. T., Hoang, V. M., & Doan, T. N. (2023). A knowledge, attitude, and perception study on COVID 19 and the influenza vaccine during the pandemic: A cross sectional study in Vietnam. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1100335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1100335
-
Lee, G.M., Friedman, J.F., Ross-Degnan, D., Hibberd, P.L., Goldmann, D.A. (2003). Misconceptions about colds and predictors of health service utilization. Pediatrics, 111(2), 231-236. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.2.231
-
Ng, Q. X., Lee, D. Y. X., Ng, C. X., Yau, C. E., Lim, Y. L., & Liew, T. M. (2023). Examining the negative sentiments related to influenza vaccination from 2017 to 2022: An unsupervised deep learning analysis of 261,613 Twitter posts. Vaccines, 11(6), 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061018
-
Paget, J., Spreeuwenberg, P., Charu, V., Taylor, R. J., Iuliano, A. D., Bresee, J., Simonsen, L., & Viboud, C. (2019). Global mortality associated with seasonal influenza epidemics: New burden estimates and predictors from the GLaMOR Project. Journal of Global Health, 9(2), 020421. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020421
-
Peteranderl, C., Herold, S., & Schmoldt, C. (2016). Human influenza virus infections. Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine, 37(4), 487–500. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584801
-
Urdy, S., Hanke, M., Toledo, A. I., Ratto, N., Jacob, E., Peyronnet, E., Gourlet, J. B., Chaves, S. S., Thommes, E., Coudeville, L., Boissel, J. P., Courcelles, E., & Bruezière, L. (2024). Multi-strain modeling of influenza vaccine effectiveness in older adults and its dependence on antigenic distance. Scientific reports, 14(1), 27190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72716-1
-
Peters, M. D. J. (2022). Addressing vaccine hesitancy and resistance for COVID-19 vaccines. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 131, 104241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104241
-
Walsh, J.C., Comar, M., Folan, J., Williams, S., Kola-Palmer, S. (2022). The psychological and behavioural correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the UK. Acta Psychol (Amst), 225, 103550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103550
-
Wong, K. K., Cohen, A. L., Norris, S. A., Martinson, N. A., von Mollendorf, C., Tempia, S., Walaza, S., Madhi, S. A., McMorrow, M. L., Variava, E., Motlhaoleng, K. M., & Cohen, C. (2016) Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about influenza illness and vaccination: a cross-sectional survey in two South African communities. Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 10(5), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12388
-
Xiong, Y., Li, N. X., Duan, N., Liu, B., Zhu, H., Zhang, C., Li, L., Lu, C., & Huang, L. (2020). Traditional Chinese medicine in treating influenza: from basic science to clinical applications. Front Pharmacol, 11, 575803. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.575803
-
Zhao, H. (2022). Non pharmaceutical interventions to prevent viral respiratory infection in community settings: An umbrella review. European Respiratory Journal Open Research, 8(2), 00650-2021. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00650-2021
İstanbul’da Yetişkinlerin Grip Aşısına Yönelik Farkındalık, Tutum ve Algılarının Niteliksel Analizi
Year 2025,
Issue: 19, 95 - 112
Melda Karavuş
,
Zeynep Tüzün
,
Şevval Kazez
,
Seyhan Hıdıroğlu
,
Beyza Durgut
,
Özgün Günay
,
Oğuzhan Akgünoğlu
,
Berkay Çarşanbalı
,
Nimet Emel Lüleci
,
Mehmet Emir Sayar
Abstract
Grip (influenza), ani başlayan ateş, miyalji, halsizlik ve değişken şiddette solunum yolu tutulumu ile kendini gösteren, küresel ölçekte akut solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarına yol açan ve risk gruplarında yüksek mortalite ile morbiditeye neden olan bulaşıcı bir hastalıktır. Grip aşısının salgınların önlenmesinde en etkili yöntem olduğu, ancak toplumda aşı farkındalığının istenen seviyelere ulaşamadığı literatürde vurgulanmıştır. Bu araştırma, İstanbul'da yaşayan yetişkin bireylerin grip aşısına yönelik farkındalık, tutum ve algılarını niteliksel olarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sağlık çalışanı olmayan 20-69 yaş arası 20 bireylerle derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş, veriler tematik içerik analiziyle değerlendirilmiştir. Katılımcıların büyük kısmı grip aşısı hakkında sınırlı bilgiye sahip olduğunu belirtmiş, uygulama yerleri ve aşıya ulaşım konularında belirsizlik yaşandığı görülmüştür. Grip aşısı yaptırmama gerekçeleri çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Bazı katılımcılar kendilerini gripten koruyabildiklerini ya da grip hastalığını ciddi bir sağlık sorunu olarak görmediklerini belirtmiş, bir kısmı ise sağlıklı oldukları için aşıya ihtiyaç duymadıklarını ifade etmiştir. Doğal yollarla iyileşmenin mümkün olduğuna inanan katılımcılar da bulunurken, az sayıda katılımcı aşının varlığından haberdar olmadığını veya aşıya karşı kişisel kaygılar taşıdığını dile getirmiştir. Bu çalışma, grip ve grip aşısına yönelik tutumların bilgi eksikliği, bireysel deneyimler, sosyal etkiler ve pandemi sonrası oluşan güvensizlikten etkilendiğini göstermiştir. Aşıya dair farkındalığın artırılması ve olumsuz algıların giderilmesi için etkili sağlık iletişimi büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Ethical Statement
Etik kurul onayı Marmara Üniversitesi İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Dışı Araştırmalar Etik Kurulundan 24.12.24 tarihinde 09.2024.1554 protokol numarası ile alınmıştır. Ayrıca ilgili üniversiteden kurum izni alınmıştır. Çalışma süresince Dünya Tıp Birliği Helsinki Bildirgesine uyulmuştur.
References
-
Anggoro, F. K., & Jee, B. D. (2021). The substance of cold: Indonesians’ use of cold weather theory to explain everyday illnesses. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 734044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734044
-
Attepe Özden, S., Tekindal, M., Gedik, T. E., Erim, F., Ege, A., & Tekindal, M. A. (2022). Nitel araştırmaların rapor edilmesi: COREQ kontrol listesinin Türkçe uyarlaması. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (35), 522-529. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.976957
-
Bakır-Keser, N., Lüleci, N. E., Hıdıroğlu, S., Açıl, C., Aksoy, E., Öztürk, R. A., Az, Z., & Karavuş, M. (2023). Evaluation of vaccine knowledge of sixth-year medical students during the pandemic: A qualitative study. Klinik Dergisi, 36(2), 124-129.
-
Cedraschi, C., Saya, L., Klein, P., Bordet, M. F., & Carrat, F. (2013). Representations of influenza and influenza-like illness in the community--a qualitative study. BMC family practice, 14, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14-15
-
Day, M. E., Klein, M., Sucharew, H., Carol Burkhardt, M., Reyner, A., Giles, D., Beck, A. F., & Schlaudecker, E. P. (2022). Declining influenza vaccination rates in an underserved pediatric primary care center during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine, 40(44), 6391–6396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.016
-
Dubé, E., Gagnon, D., & MacDonald, N. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and influenza vaccine hesitancy: What should we expect? Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(5), 1027–1029. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1749317
-
Galistiani, G. F., Matuz, M., Matuszka, N., Doró, P., Schváb, K., Engi, Z., & Benkő, R. (2021). Determinants of influenza vaccine uptake and willingness to be vaccinated by pharmacists among the active adult population in Hungary: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 521. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10572-8
-
Hamilton, A. B., & Finley, E. P. (2019). Qualitative methods in implementation research: An introduction. Psychiatry Research, 280, 112516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112516
-
Hemilä, H., & Chalker, E. (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013(1), CD000980. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4
-
Herrett, E., Williamson, E., van Staa, T., Ranopa, M., Free, C., Chadborn, T., Goldacre, B., & Smeeth, L. (2016). Text messaging reminders for influenza vaccine in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ open, 6(2), e010069. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010069
-
Hussain, A., Ali, S., Ahmed, M., & Hussain, S. (2018). The anti-vaccination movement: A regression in modern medicine. Cureus, 10(7), e2919. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2919
-
Karadağ Öncel, E., Büyükcam, A., Cengiz, A. B., Kara, A., Ceyhan, M., & Dogan, B. G. (2015). The evaluation of knowledge, opinions, and attitudes of hospital staff except physicians and nurses regarding seasonal influenza vaccine. Journal of Pediatric Infection, 9(2), 68-75.
-
Khan, A., Zhu, Y., Babcock, H. M., Busse, L. W., Duggal, A., Exline, M. C., Gaglani, M., Gibbs, K. W., Gong, M. N., Ginde, A. A., Hager, D. N., Hope, A. A., Hyde, J., Johnson, N. J., Kwon, J. H., Mohr, N. M., O'Rourke, M., Peltan, I. D., Mallow, C., … & Stubblefield, W. B. (2025). COVID-19 and influenza vaccine hesitancy among adults hospitalized in the United States, 2019–2022. Vaccine, 48, 126806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.126806
-
Kou, Z., Li, X., Liu, T. vd. (2024). A post-marketing study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent influenza split-virion vaccine in elderly people aged 60 years and older. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines, 10, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-024-00228-x
-
Langer, J., Welch, V. L., Moran, M. M., Pavilack, M., & Frohnapfel, L. (2023). High clinical burden of influenza disease in adults aged ≥ 65 years: Can we do better? A systematic literature review. Advances in Therapy, 40(4), 1601–1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-023-02432-1
-
Larson, H. J., Broniatowski, D. A., & Quinn, S. C. (2022). Understanding vaccine hesitancy post-pandemic: New patterns, same problems? Vaccine, 40(Supplement 1), A22–A26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.066
-
Le, T., Pham, D., Doan, T. T., Hoang, V. M., & Doan, T. N. (2023). A knowledge, attitude, and perception study on COVID 19 and the influenza vaccine during the pandemic: A cross sectional study in Vietnam. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1100335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1100335
-
Lee, G.M., Friedman, J.F., Ross-Degnan, D., Hibberd, P.L., Goldmann, D.A. (2003). Misconceptions about colds and predictors of health service utilization. Pediatrics, 111(2), 231-236. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.2.231
-
Ng, Q. X., Lee, D. Y. X., Ng, C. X., Yau, C. E., Lim, Y. L., & Liew, T. M. (2023). Examining the negative sentiments related to influenza vaccination from 2017 to 2022: An unsupervised deep learning analysis of 261,613 Twitter posts. Vaccines, 11(6), 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061018
-
Paget, J., Spreeuwenberg, P., Charu, V., Taylor, R. J., Iuliano, A. D., Bresee, J., Simonsen, L., & Viboud, C. (2019). Global mortality associated with seasonal influenza epidemics: New burden estimates and predictors from the GLaMOR Project. Journal of Global Health, 9(2), 020421. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020421
-
Peteranderl, C., Herold, S., & Schmoldt, C. (2016). Human influenza virus infections. Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine, 37(4), 487–500. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584801
-
Urdy, S., Hanke, M., Toledo, A. I., Ratto, N., Jacob, E., Peyronnet, E., Gourlet, J. B., Chaves, S. S., Thommes, E., Coudeville, L., Boissel, J. P., Courcelles, E., & Bruezière, L. (2024). Multi-strain modeling of influenza vaccine effectiveness in older adults and its dependence on antigenic distance. Scientific reports, 14(1), 27190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72716-1
-
Peters, M. D. J. (2022). Addressing vaccine hesitancy and resistance for COVID-19 vaccines. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 131, 104241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104241
-
Walsh, J.C., Comar, M., Folan, J., Williams, S., Kola-Palmer, S. (2022). The psychological and behavioural correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the UK. Acta Psychol (Amst), 225, 103550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103550
-
Wong, K. K., Cohen, A. L., Norris, S. A., Martinson, N. A., von Mollendorf, C., Tempia, S., Walaza, S., Madhi, S. A., McMorrow, M. L., Variava, E., Motlhaoleng, K. M., & Cohen, C. (2016) Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about influenza illness and vaccination: a cross-sectional survey in two South African communities. Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 10(5), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12388
-
Xiong, Y., Li, N. X., Duan, N., Liu, B., Zhu, H., Zhang, C., Li, L., Lu, C., & Huang, L. (2020). Traditional Chinese medicine in treating influenza: from basic science to clinical applications. Front Pharmacol, 11, 575803. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.575803
-
Zhao, H. (2022). Non pharmaceutical interventions to prevent viral respiratory infection in community settings: An umbrella review. European Respiratory Journal Open Research, 8(2), 00650-2021. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00650-2021