User-Centered Evaluation of Metaverse Spaces: Spatial Fidelity, Immersion, and Conceptual Continuity
Abstract
By examining the translation of architectural experience into immersive environments, the study aims to unfold the experience-based spatial outputs of metaverse contexts by deploying physical spaces. While the term metaverse is often approached from technological or social perspectives, its architectural dimension, how space is constituted, perceived, and redefined across realities, remains underexplored. In this respect, the research positions Virtual Reality (VR) as a visualization technology and a proto-metaverse condition in which architectural meaning can be preserved and reconfigured. To evaluate spatial fidelity within such conditions, the study takes the Atatürk Cultural Center (AKM) foyer as a case study where participants experienced the same space in three folds: on-site, VR real scene, and VR semi-abstracted scene. The study was conducted with 45 participants using in-situ presence and head-mounted 360° VR in both realistic and semi-abstract scene conditions. Collected data were analyzed through concept–affect mapping and a tessellation-based framework correlating perceptual concepts to predefined architectural systems. This methodology blends qualitative spatial descriptors with systematic architectural categorization, enabling a precise understanding of how spatial concepts emerge, stabilize, or diverge across different realities. Results demonstrate that while some architectural concepts remained consistent in all conditions, affective and atmospheric descriptors varied, particularly in the semi-abstracted scene, where participants reported altered immersion. Moreover, through the embodied presence, navigational thinking, and continuity in affection, metaverse environments are generated with the correlation of findings. Therefore, it cannot only be evaluated as an extension of realism but also as part of a more complex design process. The proposed methodological approach reveals a framework that can be adapted to different studies, such as interior design and extended reality (XR) environments, by enabling a system to assess spatial quality in immersive environments. With the discourse on architectural literacy, the study presents opportunities for designing competent multi-reality experiences for metaverse environments.
Keywords
Metaverse Virtual reality Spatial fidelity Architectural experience Cognitive mapping Tessellation framework
Ethical Statement
All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with ethical standards. Ethics approval was obtained from the Bahçeşehir University Research and Publication Ethics Board.
Supporting Institution
This research did not receive any outside funding or support. The authors report no involvement in the research by the sponsor that could have influenced the outcome of this work.
Thanks
We would like to thank the İzmir Academy Association, the publisher of the Journal of Metaverse.
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Design (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | October 10, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | December 12, 2025 |
| Early Pub Date | December 16, 2025 |
| Publication Date | January 8, 2026 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Issue: 6 |
Aim & Scope
Journal of Metaverse is a scientific, double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access international journal that publishes original, theoretical and/or practical articles. It aims to publish a wide range of articles in different disciplines about the metaverse and its research.
Journal of Metaverse intends to facilitate effective communication between scientists. It will reflect the significant advances that are currently ongoing in computer science. The multidisciplinary character of this field will be typified by providing readers with a broad range of articles. The articles will be original review articles, research papers written by individual researchers and research groups that appeal to the wider international community of academics and other professionals.
The journal aims to keep related researchers updated on the developments in a wide range of topics, reporting experiments, techniques, and ideas that advance the understanding of various areas of the metaverse.
- Presents the latest developments in the metaverse,
- Emphasizes emerging and multidisciplinary fields and international trends in research and development about the metaverse,
- Covers special topics in line with the progression of worldwide scientists,
- Journal of Metaverse accepts articles in English.
Journal of Metaverse started its publication life in 2021. Open access has adopted a double-blind and pre-review system.
It was published twice a year, in January and June (The first issue) and July and December (The second issue), until the end of 2025. Starting in 2026, it uses a continuous publishing model, so accepted articles are published online as soon as the publication process is complete. Under the continuous publishing model, only an issue number is used, and no volume number is assigned.
Journal of Metaverse aims to publish original research papers in all major branches of the Metaverse. Articles that are not directly related to the Metaverse but are related to topics listed below can also be in our journal's scope. However, these publications should involve the development of new technology rather than the use of existing methods. Although a submission may be related to the topics listed, the Editorial Board of Journal of Metaverse reserves the right to desk-reject manuscripts if they are deemed unlikely to attract the interest of the journal’s readership, if they are considered to offer insufficient contribution to the field, if there is already a high volume of publications on the same subject, if so many similar studies are currently under review, or if there is an excessive number of submissions from the same country or geographic region. This policy aims to maintain a balanced geographic distribution and provide opportunities for researchers from diverse regions and research areas.
We invite submissions on a wide range of research topics, including, but not limited to:
- Digital Twin
- Digital Asset
- Blockchain
- Web 3
- Digital Currency
- Non-Fungible Token (NFT)
- Marketplace /Digital Commerce
- Metaverse Infrastructure
- Gaming and Entertainment
- Digital Humans
- Virtual Reality
- Augmented Reality
- XR
- Artificial Intelligence (ChatBots, Generative AI, and LLM-related papers)
- Emerging Technologies and Applications for Metaverse
- Decentralized Architectures for Metaverse
- Al-driven Ecosystem in Metaverse
- Cryptocurrency, Token Solutions for Metaverse
- Data security and privacy mechanisms for Metaverse
- Fraud-Detection in Metaverse
- Cyber Security for Metaverse
- Operations and Maintenance in Metaverse
- Smart Contracts for Metaverse
- Data Analytics to Identify Malicious Behaviors in Metaverse
- Decentralized and Collaborative AI for Metaverse
- Interoperability for Metaverse
- Generative AI, ChatBots, and LLMs
- Immersive Hologram Technology
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Authors must provide a statement regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the preparation of their manuscript. If AI tools (such as ChatGPT, language models, or automated data analysis tools) were used in any part of the research process, such as writing, editing, data analysis, image generation, or coding, this must be explicitly disclosed in the manuscript. The declaration should specify which AI tools were used and how they contributed to the work.
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