COVID-19 Pandemisi Sonrası Türkiye’de Turist Hareketliliği ve Konaklama Tercihlerinin Mekânsal ve Davranışsal Dönüşümü

Öz

COVID-19 pandemisi, küresel ölçekte birçok sektörü olduğu gibi turizm sektörünü de derinden etkilemiş ve sektörün ne denli kırılgan bir yapıya sahip olduğunu açık biçimde ortaya koymuştur. Günümüzde benzer ölçekli sağlık krizlerinin tekrar yaşanma olasılığının artması, bu tür süreçlerin dikkatle analiz edilmesini ve etkili, uzun vadeli politikaların geliştirilmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı tarafından yayımlanan 2019–2024 yıllarına ait altı yıllık veriler doğrultusunda, Türkiye'de turizm sektörünün pandemi sürecinde ve sonrasındaki gelişimini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada yapılan analizler, pandeminin özellikle 2020 yılında hem yerli hem de yabancı turist hareketliliğinde ciddi düşüşlere yol açtığını; ancak 2021 yılı itibarıyla başlayan toparlanma sürecinin sonraki yıllarda ivme kazanarak devam ettiğini göstermektedir. Bu süreçte, yabancı turist sayısında keskin bir azalma yaşanırken, yerli turizmin görece daha dirençli bir yapı sergilediği gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, literatürde sıkça dile getirilen doğa temelli, bireysel ve izole konaklama biçimlerine yönelik yönelme beklentisinin Türkiye örneğinde belirgin bir karşılık bulmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Konaklama tercihleri büyük ölçüde geleneksel yapısını korumuş, doğa temelli alternatiflerin kullanımında kayda değer bir artış yaşanmamıştır. Öte yandan, mekânsal düzeyde yapılan analizler, pandemi sürecinde turist sayılarında yaşanan azalmaya rağmen Antalya, İstanbul ve Muğla gibi geleneksel turizm merkezlerinin güçlü konumlarını koruduklarını ve toparlanma süreciyle birlikte yeniden ön plana çıktıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye turizm sektörünün krizlere karşı daha dayanıklı bir yapıya kavuşturulması için esnek, sürdürülebilir ve yerel dinamiklere duyarlı politika yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, iç turizmin hem desteklenmesi hem de çeşitlendirilmesi, sektörel kırılganlıkların azaltılması ve gelecekte karşılaşılabilecek krizlere karşı dirençli bir yapı inşa edilmesi açısından stratejik bir öncelik olarak değerlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• Türkiye turizmi
• turist hareketliliği
• uluslararası turizm
• yerli turizm

Spatial and Behavioral Transformation of Tourist Mobility and Accommodation Preferences in Türkiye After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply affected the tourism sector, as it has many other sectors globally, and has clearly revealed how fragile the structure of the sector is. In today’s world, the increasing likelihood of similar large-scale health crises makes it necessary to carefully analyze such processes and develop effective, long-term policies. This study aims to examine the development of the tourism sector in Türkiye during and after the pandemic period, based on six years of data (2019–2024) published by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Türkiye. The analyses conducted in the study show that the pandemic caused a significant decline in both domestic and international tourist mobility, particularly in 2020; however, a recovery process that began in 2021 continued with increasing momentum in the following years. During this process, while the number of international tourists decreased sharply, domestic tourism displayed a relatively more resilient structure. Additionally, it was observed that the expectation—frequently emphasized in the literature—of a shift towards nature-based, individual, and isolated accommodation preferences did not find a clear reflection in the Turkish case. Accommodation preferences largely maintained their traditional structure, and no noteworthy increase was observed in the use of nature-based alternatives. On the other hand, spatial-level analyses revealed that, despite a decrease in tourist numbers during the pandemic, traditional tourism centers such as Antalya, Istanbul, and Muğla preserved their strong positions and reemerged as leading destinations during the recovery process. The findings indicate that in order to make Türkiye’s tourism sector more resilient to crises, flexible, sustainable, and locally responsive policy approaches must be developed. In this context, supporting and diversifying domestic tourism should be considered a strategic priority in terms of reducing sectoral vulnerabilities and building a more resilient structure against possible future crises.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• tourism in Türkiye
• tourist mobility
• international tourism
• domestic tourism

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