Adli Soruşturmalarda Jeofizik Yöntemlerin Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Kayıp şahıslar ile ateşli silahlar, patlayıcılar, cesetler ve diğer suç unsurlarının araştırılması adli incelemelerin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. İşlenen suç sonrası suçta kullanılan malzemelerin gizlenmesi yaygın bir durumdur. Adli makamlarca yürütülen soruşturmalarda, suça konu gizlenmiş malzemelerin bulunmasına yönelik jeofizik yöntemlerin kullanılması suçun aydınlatılmasında pratik, hızlı ve güvenilir sonuçlar sağlayabilmektedir. Özellikle cinayet şüpheli vakalarda insan bedenini saklamak için başvurulan yöntemlerden biri gömmedir. Bu tür gömüler genellikle yer yüzeyinden 1–1,5 m derinlikte bulunmaktadır. Yüzeye yakın insan bedeni ile silah ve bıçak gibi gömülü nesnelerin tespitinde en yaygın yöntem Yer Radarı (GPR)'dır. Bu nedenle, adli soruşturmalarda jeofizik yöntemlerin kullanımı hedef odaklı arama stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine ve araştırma süreçlerinin daha etkin yürütülmesine katkı sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada adli soruşturmalarda kullanılan jeofizik yöntemler literatür ışığında değerlendirilmiş, farklı hedef türlerine yönelik avantaj ve sınırlılıkları ortaya konulmuştur. Adli jeofizik yöntemlerin diğer adli bilimlerle entegre biçimde uygulanması, adli süreçlerin etkinliğini artırmakta ve olayın aydınlatılmasına yönelik tamamlayıcı kanıtların elde edilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adli Jeofizik
• GPR
• Rezistivite
• Elektromanyetik

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Geophysical Methods in Criminal Investigations

Öz

ABSTRACT The investigation of missing persons, firearms, explosives, corpses, and other criminal evidence constitutes a significant part of forensic investigations. Concealment of materials used in crimes is common. In investigations conducted by forensic authorities, the use of geophysical methods to locate concealed materials related to crimes can provide practical, rapid, and reliable results in solving crimes. In particular, burial is one of the methods used to conceal human bodies in suspected murder cases. Such burials are usually found at a depth of 1–1.5 meters below the surface. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is the most common method for detecting buried human bodies and buried objects such as weapons and knives near the surface. Therefore, the use of geophysical methods in forensic investigations contributes to the development of targeted search strategies and the more effective conduct of investigation processes. In this study, geophysical methods used in forensic investigations are evaluated in light of the literature, and their advantages and limitations for different target types are revealed. The integrated application of forensic geophysical methods with other forensic sciences increases the effectiveness of forensic processes and allows for the acquisition of complementary evidence aimed at clarifying the incident.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Forensic Geophysics
• GPR
• Electromagnetic
• Resistivity

Kaynakça

1. Barone, P. M., Di Maggio, R. M. & Ferrara, C. (2015). Forensic Geo-Archaeology in Italy: Materials for a Standardisation. International Journal of Archaeology, 3(1-1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.s.2015030101.16.
2. Barone, P. M. & Di Maggio, R. M. (2019). Forensic geophysics: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) techniques and missing persons investigations. Forensic Sciences Research, 4(4), 337–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2019.1675353.
3. Billinger, M. S. (2009). Utilizing ground penetrating radar for the location of a potential human burial under concrete. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 42(3), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2009.10757607.
4. Cassidy, N. J. (2009). Electrical and magnetic properties of rocks, soils and fluids. In H. M. Jol (Ed.), Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Applications (pp. 41–72). Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53348-7.00002-8.
5. Conyers, L.B., & Goodman, D. 1997. Ground-Penetrating Radar, An Introduction for Archaeologists. Altimira Press, California 232p.
6. Elbek, Ş., Ekinci Y.L., Demirci, A., Koç, G., Tokcan, E. & Benibol, E. (2008). Jeofizik Yöntemlerin Adli Araştırmalarda Kullanımı: Elektrik Özdirenç Tomografi Uygulaması, GARS 2008, İzmir, Türkiye, 173-176.
7. Fediuk, A., Wunderlich, T., Wilken, D. & Rabbel, W. (2022). Ground penetrating radar measurements in shallow water environments-A case study. Remote Sensing, 14(15), 3659. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153659
8. Gamal, M., Di, Q., Zhang, J., Fu, C., Ebrahim, S. & El-Raouf, A. A. (2023). Utilizing ground-penetrating radar for water leak detection and pipe material characterization in environmental studies: A case study. Remote Sensing, 15(20), 4924. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15204924.

9. Li, C., Zheng, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, P., Liu, Y., Lv, W., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Hao, J., Sun, W., Liu, X., Jia, B., Li, J., Lan, H., Fa, W., Pan, Y. & Wu, F. (2022). Layered subsurface in Utopia Basin of Mars revealed by Zhurong rover radar. Nature, 610(7931), 308–312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05147-5.
10. Parker, R., Ruffell, A., Hughes, D. & Pringle, J. (2010). Geophysics and the search of freshwater bodies: A review. Science & Justice, 50(3), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2009.09.001.
11. Preuß, J., Strehler, M., Dressler, J., Riße, M., Anders, S. & Madea, B. (2006). Dumping after homicide using setting in concrete and/or sealing with bricks—Six case reports. Forensic Science International, 159(1), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.09.010.
12. Pringle, J. K., Stimpson, I. G., Wisniewski, K. D., Heaton, V., Davenward, B., Mirosch, N., Spencer, F. & Jervis, J. R. (2020). Geophysical monitoring of simulated homicide burials for forensic investigations. Scientific Reports, 10, 7544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64262-3
13. Richardson, T. & Cheetham, P. N. (2013). The effectiveness of geophysical techniques in detecting a range of buried metallic weapons at various depths and orientations. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 384(1), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP384.18.
14. Robert, A. (1998). Dielectric permittivity of concrete between 50 MHz and 1 GHz and GPR measurements for building materials evaluation. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 40(1–3), 89–94. https://doi:10.1016/S0926-9851(98)00009-3.
15. Ruffell, A. & McKinley, J. (2005). Forensic geoscience: Applications of geology, geomorphology and geophysics to criminal investigations. Earth-Science Reviews, 69(3–4), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.08.002.
16. Ruffell, A., Pringle, J. K. & Forbes, S. (2014). Search protocols for hidden forensic objects beneath floors and within walls. Forensic Science International, 237, 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.036.
17. Schultz, J. J. & Martin, M. M. (2011). Controlled GPR grave research: Comparison of reflection profiles between 500 and 250 MHz antennae. Forensic Science International, 209(1-3), 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.12.012.
18. Schultz, J. J., Walter, B. S. & Healy, C. (2016). Long-term sequential monitoring of controlled graves representing common burial scenarios with ground penetrating radar: Years 2 and 3. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 132, 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.06.015.
19. Wisniewski, K. D., Cooper, N., Heaton, V., Hope, C., Pirrie, D., Mitten, A. J. & Pringle, J. K. (2019). The search for “Fred”: An unusual vertical burial case. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 64(5), 1530–1539. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14035.
20. Zhang, J., Yang, W., Hu, S., Lin, Y., Fang, G., Li, C., Peng, W., Zhu, S., He, Z., Zhou, B., Lin, H., Yang, J., Liu, E., Xu, Y., Wang, J., Yao, Z., Zou, Y., Yan, J. & Ouyang, Z. (2015). Volcanic history of the Imbrium Basin: A close-up view from the lunar rover Yutu. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(17), 5342–5347. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503082112